Name: four-dimensional ct analysis using sequential 3d-3d registration
Uploaded: 2019-11-23T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration at JoVE.com

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of our institution (approval number: 20150128).

All methods described here have been approved by the Institutional Review Board of Keio University School of Medicine.
NOTE: Joint kinematics are measured by reconstructing the motion of a moving bone around a fixed bone. For knee joint kinematics, the femur is defined as the fixed bone and the tibia is defined as the moving bone.
1. CT imaging protocol
<ol>
	<li>Set up the CT machine. Acquire CT examinations with a 320-detector-row CT system to allow for multiple...

<ol>
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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+registration+of+3-D+shapes.">A method for registration of 3-D shapes.</a> IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 14 (2), 239-256 (1992).</li><li>Wu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ISB+recommendation+on+definitions+of+joint+coordinate+system+of+various+joints+for+the+reporting+of+human+joint+motion--part+I:+ankle,+hip,+and+spine.">ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion--part I: ankle, hip, and spine.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 35 (4), 543-548 (2002).</li><li>Wu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ISB+recommendation+on+definitions+of+joint+coordinate+systems+of+various+joints+for+the+reporting+of+human+joint+motion--Part+II:+shoulder,+elbow,+wrist+and+hand.">ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion--Part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 38 (5), 981-992 (2005).</li><li>Crawford, N. 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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+analysis+of+the+scaphoid+using+gated+four-dimensional+CT.">Kinematic analysis of the scaphoid using gated four-dimensional CT.</a> Clinical Radiology. 72 (9), e791-e799 (2017).</li><li>Tanaka, M. J., Elias, J. J., Williams, A. A., Demehri, S., Cosgarea, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+patellar+maltracking+using+dynamic+kinematic+CT+imaging+in+patients+with+patellar+instability.">Characterization of patellar maltracking using dynamic kinematic CT imaging in patients with patellar instability.</a> Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 24 (11), 3634-3641 (2016).</li><li>Troupis, J. 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Our method allows visualization and quantification of the motions of whole bones and provides numerical positional data of the moving bone with respect to the fixed bone from 4DCT data. Many tools have been suggested for measuring joint kinematics. Motion skin markers can analyze total body motions over a long time. However, this method contains skin motion errors3. Joint kinematics should be estimated from the motion of adjacent bones. The 2D-3D registration method uses fluoroscopy and infers 3D ...

Joint kinematics have been described using a number of methodologies, such as motion capture sensors, 2D-3D registration, and cadaveric studies. Each method has specific advantages and disadvantages. For example, motion capture sensors can measure fast, large-scale motions using infrared cameras with or without sensors on the subject1,2. However, these methods measure skin motion to infer joint kinematics, and therefore contain skin motion errors3.
Cadaveric studies have been used to evaluate ranges of motion, instability, and contact areas4,5,6. This approach can measure small changes in small joints using CT or optical sensors attached directly to bone using pins or screws. Cadaveric models can mainly evaluate passive motions, although multiple actuators have been used to apply external forces to tendons to simulate dynamic motion7. Active joint motion can be measured by 2D-3D registration techniques, matching 3DCT images to 2D fluoroscopy images. Although the accuracy of the registration process remains controversial, the reported accuracy is generally high enough for large joint kinematics8,9. However, this method cannot be applied to small bones or multiple bones in narrow spaces.
In contrast, 4DCT is a dynamic CT method that obtains a series of volumetric data. Active joint motions can be analyzed using this approach10. This technology provides precise 3D positional data of all substances inside the CT gantry. The 3D joint motions are clearly visualized in a viewer. However, describing joint kinematics from such a series of volume data is still difficult, because all the bones are moving and no landmarks can be traced during the active motions in vivo.
We developed a method for 4DCT analysis that provides the in vivo joint kinematics of the whole bones around the joint during active motions. The aim of this article is to present our method, the sequential 3D-3D registration technique for 4DCT analysis, and show representative results obtained using this method.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>4DCT scanner</td>
			<td>Canon medical systems (Tochigi, Japan)</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>4DCT scan, Static 3DCT scan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AVIZO(9.3.0)*</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific (OR, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Image processing software. 
			Surface reconstruction from CT DICOM data and point cloud data. 
			* Ryan, T. M. &#38; Walker, A. Trabecular bone structure in the humeral and femoral heads of anthropoid primates. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 293 (4), 719-729, doi:10.1002/ar.21139, (2010).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Meshlab**</td>
			<td>ISTI (Pisa, Italy)</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Surface trimming and landmark picking 
			** MeshLab: an Open-Source Mesh Processing Tool. Sixth Eurographics Italian Chapter Conference, page 129-136, 2008. 
			P. Cignoni, M. Callieri, M. Corsini, M. Dellepiane, F. Ganovelli, G. Ranzuglia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VTK(6.3.0)***</td>
			<td>Kitware (New York, USA)</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Iterative Closest Points algorithm. Used in python language programming. 
			*** https://vtk.org</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Python(3.6.1)</td>
			<td>Python Software Foundation</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>DICOM file processing to extract the point cloud from the bone cortex (&#39;dicom.py&#39; module). 
			Calculation of the rotation matrices. (Numpy module) 
			Sequential image regestration using ICP algorithm</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

four-dimensional ct analysis using sequential 3d-3d registration

Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) provides a series of volume data and visualizes joint motions. However, numerical analysis of 4DCT data remains difficult because segmentation in all volumetric frames is time-consuming. We aimed to analyze joint kinematics using a sequential 3D-3D registration technique to provide the kinematics of the moving bone with respect to the fixed bone semiautomatically using 4DCT DICOM data and existing software. Surface data of the source bones are reconstructed from 3DCT. The trimmed surface data are respectively matched with surface data from the first frame in 4DCT. These trimmed surfaces are sequentially matched until the last frame. These processes provide positional information for target bones in all frames of the 4DCT. Once the coordinate systems of the target bones are decided, translation and rotation angles between any two bones can be calculated. This 4DCT analysis offers advantages in kinematic analyses of complex structures such as carpal or tarsal bones. However, fast or large-scale motions cannot be traced because of motion artifacts.

We describe the motion of the tibia during knee extension. The knee joint was positioned in the CT gantry. A triangle pillow was used to support the femur at the starting position. The knee was extended to a straight position over the course of 10 s. Radiation exposure was measured. In addition to 4DCT, static 3DCT of the whole femur, tibia, and patella was performed. Surface data of the whole femur and tibia were reconstructed. The threshold for HU numbers of the bone cortex was set as 2...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration at JoVE.com

Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration

We analyzed joint kinematics from four-dimensional computed tomography data. The sequential 3D-3D registration method semiautomatically provides the kinematics of the moving bone with respect to the subject bone from four-dimensional computed tomography data.

Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) provides a series of volume data and visualizes joint motions. However, numerical analysis of 4DCT data ...

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