This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of our institution (approval number: 20150128).

All methods described here have been approved by the Institutional Review Board of Keio University School of Medicine.
NOTE: Joint kinematics are measured by reconstructing the motion of a moving bone around a fixed bone. For knee joint kinematics, the femur is defined as the fixed bone and the tibia is defined as the moving bone.
1. CT imaging protocol
<ol>
	<li>Set up the CT machine. Acquire CT examinations with a 320-detector-row CT system to allow for multiple...

<ol>
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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+registration+of+3-D+shapes.">A method for registration of 3-D shapes.</a> IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 14 (2), 239-256 (1992).</li><li>Wu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ISB+recommendation+on+definitions+of+joint+coordinate+system+of+various+joints+for+the+reporting+of+human+joint+motion--part+I:+ankle,+hip,+and+spine.">ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion--part I: ankle, hip, and spine.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 35 (4), 543-548 (2002).</li><li>Wu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ISB+recommendation+on+definitions+of+joint+coordinate+systems+of+various+joints+for+the+reporting+of+human+joint+motion--Part+II:+shoulder,+elbow,+wrist+and+hand.">ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion--Part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 38 (5), 981-992 (2005).</li><li>Crawford, N. 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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+analysis+of+the+scaphoid+using+gated+four-dimensional+CT.">Kinematic analysis of the scaphoid using gated four-dimensional CT.</a> Clinical Radiology. 72 (9), e791-e799 (2017).</li><li>Tanaka, M. J., Elias, J. J., Williams, A. A., Demehri, S., Cosgarea, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+patellar+maltracking+using+dynamic+kinematic+CT+imaging+in+patients+with+patellar+instability.">Characterization of patellar maltracking using dynamic kinematic CT imaging in patients with patellar instability.</a> Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 24 (11), 3634-3641 (2016).</li><li>Troupis, J. 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Our method allows visualization and quantification of the motions of whole bones and provides numerical positional data of the moving bone with respect to the fixed bone from 4DCT data. Many tools have been suggested for measuring joint kinematics. Motion skin markers can analyze total body motions over a long time. However, this method contains skin motion errors3. Joint kinematics should be estimated from the motion of adjacent bones. The 2D-3D registration method uses fluoroscopy and infers 3D ...

Joint kinematics have been described using a number of methodologies, such as motion capture sensors, 2D-3D registration, and cadaveric studies. Each method has specific advantages and disadvantages. For example, motion capture sensors can measure fast, large-scale motions using infrared cameras with or without sensors on the subject1,2. However, these methods measure skin motion to infer joint kinematics, and therefore contain skin motion errors3.
Cadaveric studies have been used to evaluate ranges of motion, instability, and contact areas4,5,6. This approach can measure small changes in small joints using CT or optical sensors attached directly to bone using pins or screws. Cadaveric models can mainly evaluate passive motions, although multiple actuators have been used to apply external forces to tendons to simulate dynamic motion7. Active joint motion can be measured by 2D-3D registration techniques, matching 3DCT images to 2D fluoroscopy images. Although the accuracy of the registration process remains controversial, the reported accuracy is generally high enough for large joint kinematics8,9. However, this method cannot be applied to small bones or multiple bones in narrow spaces.
In contrast, 4DCT is a dynamic CT method that obtains a series of volumetric data. Active joint motions can be analyzed using this approach10. This technology provides precise 3D positional data of all substances inside the CT gantry. The 3D joint motions are clearly visualized in a viewer. However, describing joint kinematics from such a series of volume data is still difficult, because all the bones are moving and no landmarks can be traced during the active motions in vivo.
We developed a method for 4DCT analysis that provides the in vivo joint kinematics of the whole bones around the joint during active motions. The aim of this article is to present our method, the sequential 3D-3D registration technique for 4DCT analysis, and show representative results obtained using this method.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>4DCT scanner</td>
			<td>Canon medical systems (Tochigi, Japan)</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>4DCT scan, Static 3DCT scan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AVIZO(9.3.0)*</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific (OR, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Image processing software. 
			Surface reconstruction from CT DICOM data and point cloud data. 
			* Ryan, T. M. &#38; Walker, A. Trabecular bone structure in the humeral and femoral heads of anthropoid primates. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 293 (4), 719-729, doi:10.1002/ar.21139, (2010).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Meshlab**</td>
			<td>ISTI (Pisa, Italy)</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Surface trimming and landmark picking 
			** MeshLab: an Open-Source Mesh Processing Tool. Sixth Eurographics Italian Chapter Conference, page 129-136, 2008. 
			P. Cignoni, M. Callieri, M. Corsini, M. Dellepiane, F. Ganovelli, G. Ranzuglia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VTK(6.3.0)***</td>
			<td>Kitware (New York, USA)</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Iterative Closest Points algorithm. Used in python language programming. 
			*** https://vtk.org</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Python(3.6.1)</td>
			<td>Python Software Foundation</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>DICOM file processing to extract the point cloud from the bone cortex (&#39;dicom.py&#39; module). 
			Calculation of the rotation matrices. (Numpy module) 
			Sequential image regestration using ICP algorithm</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

four-dimensional ct analysis using sequential 3d-3d registration

Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) provides a series of volume data and visualizes joint motions. However, numerical analysis of 4DCT data remains difficult because segmentation in all volumetric frames is time-consuming. We aimed to analyze joint kinematics using a sequential 3D-3D registration technique to provide the kinematics of the moving bone with respect to the fixed bone semiautomatically using 4DCT DICOM data and existing software. Surface data of the source bones are reconstructed from 3DCT. The trimmed surface data are respectively matched with surface data from the first frame in 4DCT. These trimmed surfaces are sequentially matched until the last frame. These processes provide positional information for target bones in all frames of the 4DCT. Once the coordinate systems of the target bones are decided, translation and rotation angles between any two bones can be calculated. This 4DCT analysis offers advantages in kinematic analyses of complex structures such as carpal or tarsal bones. However, fast or large-scale motions cannot be traced because of motion artifacts.

We describe the motion of the tibia during knee extension. The knee joint was positioned in the CT gantry. A triangle pillow was used to support the femur at the starting position. The knee was extended to a straight position over the course of 10 s. Radiation exposure was measured. In addition to 4DCT, static 3DCT of the whole femur, tibia, and patella was performed. Surface data of the whole femur and tibia were reconstructed. The threshold for HU numbers of the bone cortex was set as 2...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration at JoVE.com

Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration

We analyzed joint kinematics from four-dimensional computed tomography data. The sequential 3D-3D registration method semiautomatically provides the kinematics of the moving bone with respect to the subject bone from four-dimensional computed tomography data.

Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) provides a series of volume data and visualizes joint motions. However, numerical analysis of 4DCT data ...

A method to reconstruct the motion of a moving bone with respect to the fixed bone from 4D CT data, facilitating the description of detailed joint kinematics. Once the soft of the whole bone has been created, and your reference points have been selected, most of the reconstruction processes will be completed automatically. With the target joint of the subject inside the CT gantry of the 4D CT image, ask the subject to move the joint during the 10-second scan time, while obtaining a series of volume data.For surface semi-automatic segmentation of the 3D CT data, load the CT DICOM data into the appropriate software, and click Edit New Label Field to open the label field. Identify which threshold CT attenuation value is appropriate to extract cortical bone from the source bone, and select materials with CT attenuation values above the threshold. Check the label for bone cortex selection and use an appropriate editing tool to manually modify the demarkation.To generate the surface data from the labeled bone cortex position data, click Generate Surface and use the slider to smooth the extent. Then click Apply. To save the surface data in STL format, click File and Export Data As, and select STL binary Little Endian.To perform an automatic segmentation of the 4D CT volume data, use the DICOM reading module in the programming software to extract the geometric data showing the CT attenuation values above the threshold from all 51 frames of the 4D CT data. Then use a batch processing script to reconstruct all of the surface data of the point cloud with higher CT attenuation values than the threshold for all of the 4D CT frames in the image processing software. To perform surface registration from static 3D CT to the first frame of the 4D CT, use the selecting phase function to trim the bones in a static 3D CT into partial segment data that are included in all of the frames of the 4D CT movie data.The 4D CT surface data are only partial segments that will be included in each volume image, because the surface registration requires that one surface data point is included in another surface. Use the Pick Points function to select three landmarks in the fixed and moving bones that can be easily identified from the trimmed 3D CT surface and the surface data of the first frame of 4D CT in the 3D mesh editing software. Then match the partial fixed and moving bones roughly on the first frame of the 4D CT surface data according to the picked landmarks, and use the iterative closest-point algorithm to perform surface registration in the open-source software.To perform a sequential surface registration, use the iterative closest-point module in the open-source software to first match the partial surfaces of the fixed bone in the first 4D CT frame onto the surface data of the second frame. Then, reconstruct moving bone motion with respect to the fixed bone. When the rotation parameters have been measured, define the coordinate systems of the fixed and moving bones.The example data of knee kinematics shows that the Varus angle of the tibia gradually decreases as the tibia is extended. The tibial external rotation increases at the end of the extension, corresponding with the home movement of the knee in previous reports. Graphs of the error for translation and rotation show that the error is tolerable for femur lengths longer than 9%of the whole length, and tibia lengths longer than 7%of the whole length, as the CT slice thickness is 0.5 milimeters, and exceeds the error size.In addition, the calculation of patellar kinematics demonstrates that the lateral tilt of the patella corresponds to the knee flexion angle. The surface reconstruction of the bone cortex should be visually checked and may require manual segmentation. Recently, many studies of automatic segmentations have used Using these techniques, reconstruction can performed automatically.

four-dimensional-ct-analysis-using-sequential-3d-3d-registration

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7.7K Views.  Keio University School of Medicine. A method to reconstruct the motion of a moving bone with respect to the fixed bone from 4D CT data, facilitating the description of detailed joint kinematics. Once the soft of the whole bone has been created, and your reference points have been selected, most of the reconstruction processes will be completed automatically. With the target joint of the subject inside the CT gantry of the 4D CT image, ask the subject to move the joint during the 10-second scan time, while obtaining a series of ...

Video: Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration

We analyzed joint kinematics from four-dimensional computed tomography data. The sequential 3D-3D registration method semiautomatically provides the kinematics of the moving bone with respect to the subject bone from four-dimensional computed tomography...

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Autophagy is a ubiquitous process that enables cells to degrade and recycle proteins and organelles. We apply advanced fluorescence microscopy to visualize and quantify the small, but essential, physical changes associated with the induction of autophagy, including the formation and distribution of autophagosomes and lysosomes, and their fusion into...

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This protocol describes a novel method for the 3D comparison of whole-heart myocardial tissue with MRI. This is designed for the accurate assessment of intramyocardial injections in the infarct border zone of a chronic porcine model of myocardial infarction.

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Provided here is a practical tutorial for an open-access, standardized image processing pipeline for the purpose of lesion-symptom mapping. A step-by-step walkthrough is provided for each processing step, from manual infarct segmentation on CT/MRI to subsequent registration to standard space, along with practical recommendations and illustrations with exemplary...

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A 3-dimensional 3D-printed Template for High Throughput Zebrafish Embryo Arraying

Here, we present a protocol to design and fabricate a zebrafish embryo arraying template, followed by a detailed procedure on the use of such template for high throughput zebrafish embryo arraying into a 96-well...

A 3-dimensional (3D)-printed Template for High Throughput Zebrafish Embryo Arraying

in vitro assessment of aortic regurgitation using four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging

In vitro Assessment of Aortic Regurgitation Using Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Aortic regurgitation is an aortic valve heart disease. This manuscript demonstrates how four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging can evaluate aortic regurgitation using in vitro heart valves mimicking aortic...

In vitro Assessment of Aortic Regurgitation Using Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging

three and four-dimensional visualization and analysis approaches to study vertebrate axial elongation and segmentation

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation

Here, we describe computational tools and methods that allow visualization and analysis of three and four-dimensional image data of mouse embryos in the context of axial elongation and segmentation, obtained by in toto optical projection tomography, and by live imaging and whole-mount immunofluorescence staining using multiphoton microscopy.

basic three-dimensional (3d) intestinal model system with an immune component

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Compounds on Intestinal Tissue Using 3D Human Cell Line Models 

Here we describe constructing a basic three-dimensional (3D) intestinal cell line model system and a paraffin embedding protocol for light microscopic evaluation of fixed intestinal equivalents. Staining of selected proteins permits the analysis of multiple visual parameters from a single experiment for potential use in preclinical drug screening...

Basic Three-Dimensional (3D) Intestinal Model System with an Immune Component

four-dimensional computed tomography-guided valve sizing for transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement

Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography-Guided Valve Sizing for Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement

This study assessed a new methodology with a straightened model generated from the four-dimensional cardiac computed tomography sequence to obtain the desired measurements for valve sizing in the application of transcatheter pulmonary valve...

spheroid generation from cell lines: a three-dimensional (3d) cell culture method

Spheroids are a type of 3D cell culture model used to more accurately represent a cell&#8217;s environment compared to 2D cell culture monolayer models. In the example protocol, we will see scientists generate spheroids from a colorectal cancer cell line and apply live-cell imaging to track the spheroids&#8217;...

Spheroid Generation from Cell Lines: A Three-Dimensional (3D) Cell Culture Method

exploring mitochondrial energy metabolism of single 3d microtissue spheroids using extracellular flux analysis

Exploring Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism of Single 3D Microtissue Spheroids Using Extracellular Flux Analysis

These protocols will help users probe mitochondrial energy metabolism in 3D cancer cell-line-derived spheroids using Seahorse extracellular flux analysis.

establishment and analysis of three-dimensional (3d) organoids derived from patient prostate cancer bone metastasis specimens and their xenografts

Establishment and Analysis of Three-Dimensional 3D Organoids Derived from Patient Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis Specimens and their Xenografts

Three-dimensional cultures of patient BMPC specimens and xenografts of bone metastatic prostate cancer maintain the functional heterogeneity of their original tumors resulting in cysts, spheroids and complex, tumor-like organoids. This manuscript provides an optimization strategy and protocol for 3D culture of heterogeneous patient derived samples and their analysis using...

Establishment and Analysis of Three-Dimensional (3D) Organoids Derived from Patient Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis Specimens and their Xenografts

clinical anthropometrics and body composition from 3-dimensional optical imaging

Author Spotlight: Advancements in 3D Optical Imaging for Comprehensive Body Composition Assessment in Modern Research

The procedures for body size, shape, and composition assessment through commercially available solutions for three-dimensional optical imaging enable the rapid collection of accurate and reproducible data. Clinicians could implement the acquisition of innovative and useful biomarkers (&#34;e-tape&#34; measurements) in routine evaluations of patients to assist in characterizing&#160;their health...

3D Optical Imaging for Rapid Body Size and Composition Assessment

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3d kinematic gait analysis for preclinical studies in rodents

3D Kinematic Gait Analysis for Preclinical Studies in Rodents

Presented here is a protocol to collect and analyze three-dimensional kinematics of quadrupedal locomotion in rodents for preclinical studies.

building up skin models for numerous applications - from two-dimensional (2d) monoculture to three-dimensional (3d) multiculture

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Skin Model Diversity with Cost-Effective 3D Cellular Models

Here, we present inexpensive and simple procedures to introduce various 3D skin models for routine research in a cell culture laboratory. Researchers can create models tailored to their needs without relying on commercially available...

Building Up Skin Models for Numerous Applications - from Two-Dimensional (2D) Monoculture to Three-Dimensional (3D) Multiculture

visualization and analysis of pharyngeal arch arteries using whole-mount immunohistochemistry and 3d reconstruction

Visualization and Analysis of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries using Whole-mount Immunohistochemistry and 3D Reconstruction

Here, we describe a protocol to visualize and analyze the pharyngeal arch arteries 3, 4, and 6 of mouse embryos using whole-mount immunofluorescence, tissue clearing, confocal microscopy, and 3D...

Improved Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Drug Effects Using Micropatterned Cells

To date, most HCA (High Content Analysis) studies are carried out with adherent cell lines grown on a homogenous substrate in tissue-culture treated micro-plates. Under these conditions, cells spread and divide in all directions resulting in an inherent variability in cell shape, morphology and behavior. The high cell-to-cell variance of the overall population impedes the success of HCA, especially for drug development. The ability of micropatterns to normalize the shape and internal polarity of every individual cell provides a tremendous opportunity for solving this critical bottleneck 1-2.
To facilitate access and use of the micropatterning technology, CYTOO has developed a range of ready to use micropatterns, available in coverslip and microwell formats. In this video article, we provide detailed protocols of all the procedures from cell seeding on CYTOOchip micropatterns, drug treatment, fixation and staining to automated acquisition, automated image processing and final data analysis. With this example, we illustrate how micropatterns can facilitate cell-based assays. Alterations of the cell cytoskeleton are difficult to quantify in cells cultured on homogenous substrates, but culturing cells on micropatterns results in a reproducible organization of the actin meshwork due to systematic positioning of the cell adhesion contacts in every cell. Such normalization of the intracellular architecture allows quantification of even small effects on the actin cytoskeleton as demonstrated in these set of protocols using blebbistatin, an inhibitor of the actin-myosin interaction.

Adhesive micropatterns that normalize cellular architecture can be used to increase sensitivity in the detection of drug effects, improve reproducibility and simplify automated image acquisition and analysis. Such technology will benefit drug/siRNA screening assays, performed on conventional cell culture supports and consequently suffering from excessive cell-to-cell variability.

To date, most HCA (High Content Analysis) studies are carried out with adherent cell lines grown on a homogenous substrate in tissue-culture treated ...

Bioluminescence Imaging for Assessment of Immune Responses Following Implantation of Engineered Heart Tissue (EHT)

Various techniques of cardiac tissue engineering have been pursued in the past decades including scaffolding strategies using either native or bioartificial scaffold materials, entrapment of cardiac myocytes in hydrogels such as fibrin or collagen and stacking of myocyte monolayers 1. These concepts aim at restoration of compromised cardiac function (e.g. after myocardial infarction) or as experimental models (e.g. predictive toxicology and substance screening or disease modelling). Precise monitoring of cell survival after implantation of engineered heart tissue (EHT) has now become possible using in-vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) techniques 2. Here we describe the generation of fibrin-based EHT from a transgenic rat strain with ubiquitous expression of firefly luciferase (ROSA/luciferase-LEW Tg; 3). Implantation is performed into the greater omentum of different rat strains to assess immune responses of the recipient organism following EHT implantation. Comparison of results generated by BLI and the Enzyme Linked Immuno Spot Technique (ELISPOT) confirm the usability of BLI for the assessment of immune responses.

Bioluminescence Imaging for Assessment of Immune Responses Following Implantation of Engineered Heart Tissue EHT

This video demonstrates the use of in vivo bioluminescence imaging to study immune responses after implantation of Engineered Heart Tissue (EHT) in rats.

Various techniques of cardiac tissue engineering have been pursued in the past decades including scaffolding strategies using either native or ...

Non-destructive volume visualization can be achieved only by tomographic techniques, of which the most efficient is the x-ray micro computerized tomography (&mu;CT).
High resolution &mu;CT is a very versatile yet accurate (1-2 microns of resolution) technique for 3D examination of ex-vivo biological samples1, 2. As opposed to electron tomography, the &mu;CT allows the examination of up to 4 cm thick samples. This technique requires only few hours of measurement as compared to weeks in histology. In addition, &mu;CT does not rely on 2D stereologic models, thus it may complement and in some cases can even replace histological methods3, 4, which are both time consuming and destructive. Sample conditioning and positioning in &mu;CT is straightforward and does not require high vacuum or low temperatures, which may adversely affect the structure. The sample is positioned and rotated 180&deg; or 360&deg;between a microfocused x-ray source and a detector, which includes a scintillator and an accurate CCD camera, For each angle a 2D image is taken, and then the entire volume is reconstructed using one of the different available algorithms5-7. The 3D resolution increases with the decrease of the rotation step. The present video protocol shows the main steps in preparation, immobilization and positioning of the sample followed by imaging at high resolution.

Non-destructive volume visualization can be achieved only by tomographic techniques, of which the most efficient is the x-ray micro computerized tomography ( CT).

Non-destructive volume visualization can be achieved only by tomographic techniques, of which the most efficient is the x-ray micro computerized ...

Self-reporting Scaffolds for 3-Dimensional Cell Culture

Culturing cells in 3D on appropriate scaffolds is thought to better mimic the in vivo microenvironment and increase cell-cell interactions. The resulting 3D cellular construct can often be more relevant to studying the molecular events and cell-cell interactions than similar experiments studied in 2D. To create effective 3D cultures with high cell viability throughout the scaffold the culture conditions such as oxygen and pH need to be carefully controlled as gradients in analyte concentration can exist throughout the 3D construct. Here we describe the methods of preparing biocompatible pH responsive sol-gel nanosensors and their incorporation into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) electrospun scaffolds along with their subsequent preparation for the culture of mammalian cells. The pH responsive scaffolds can be used as tools to determine microenvironmental pH within a 3D cellular construct. Furthermore, we detail the delivery of pH responsive nanosensors to the intracellular environment of mammalian cells whose growth was supported by electrospun PLGA scaffolds. The cytoplasmic location of the pH responsive nanosensors can be utilized to monitor intracellular pH (pHi) during ongoing experimentation.

Biocompatible pH responsive sol-gel nanosensors can be incorporated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) electrospun scaffolds. The produced self-reporting scaffolds can be used for in&#160;situ monitoring of microenvironmental conditions whilst culturing cells upon the scaffold. This is beneficial as the 3D cellular construct can be monitored in real-time without disturbing the experiment.

Culturing cells in 3D on appropriate scaffolds is thought to better mimic the in vivo microenvironment and increase cell-cell interactions. The resulting ...

Characterization Of Multi-layered Fish Scales (Atractosteus spatula) Using Nanoindentation, X-ray CT, FTIR, and SEM

The hierarchical architecture of protective biological materials such as mineralized fish scales, gastropod shells, ram&#8217;s horn, antlers, and turtle shells provides unique design principles with potentials for guiding the design of protective materials and systems in the future. Understanding the structure-property relationships for these material systems at the microscale and nanoscale where failure initiates is essential. Currently, experimental techniques such as nanoindentation, X-ray CT, and SEM provide researchers with a way to correlate the mechanical behavior with hierarchical microstructures of these material systems1-6. However, a well-defined standard procedure for specimen preparation of mineralized biomaterials is not currently available. In this study, the methods for probing spatially correlated chemical, structural, and mechanical properties of the multilayered scale of A. spatula using nanoindentation, FTIR, SEM, with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis, and X-ray CT are presented.

Characterization Of Multi-layered Fish Scales Atractosteus spatula Using Nanoindentation, X-ray CT, FTIR, and SEM

This paper presents the methods used for probing spatially correlated chemical, structural, and mechanical properties of the multilayered scale of Atractosteus spatula (A. spatula) using nanoindentation, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT). The experimental results have been used to investigate the design principles of protective biological materials.

The hierarchical architecture of protective biological materials such as mineralized fish scales, gastropod shells, ram&#8217;s horn, antlers, and turtle ...

Microscale Vortex-assisted Electroporator for Sequential Molecular Delivery

Electroporation has received increasing attention in the past years, because it is a very powerful technique for physically introducing non-permeant exogenous molecular probes into cells. This work reports a microfluidic electroporation platform capable of performing multiple molecule delivery to mammalian cells with precise and molecular-dependent parameter control. The system&#8217;s ability to isolate cells with uniform size distribution allows for less variation in electroporation efficiency per given electric field strength; hence enhanced sample viability. Moreover, its process visualization feature allows for observation of the fluorescent molecular uptake process in real-time, which permits prompt molecular delivery parameter adjustments in situ for efficiency enhancement. To show the vast capabilities of the reported platform, macromolecules with different sizes and electrical charges (e.g., Dextran with MW of 3,000 and 70,000 Da) were delivered to metastatic breast cancer cells with high delivery efficiencies (&#62;70%) for all tested molecules. The developed platform has proven its potential for use in the expansion of research fields where on-chip electroporation techniques can be beneficial.

A microfluidic vortex assisted electroporation platform was developed for sequential delivery of multiple molecules into identical cell populations with precise and independent dosage control. The system&#8217;s size based target cell purification step preceding electroporation aided to enhance molecular delivery efficiency and processed cell viability.

Electroporation has received increasing attention in the past years, because it is a very powerful technique for physically introducing non-permeant ...

Fabricating Complex Culture Substrates Using Robotic Microcontact Printing (R-&#181;CP) and Sequential Nucleophilic Substitution

In tissue engineering, it is desirable to exhibit spatial control of tissue morphology and cell fate in culture on the micron scale. Culture substrates presenting grafted poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) brushes can be used to achieve this task by creating microscale, non-fouling and cell adhesion resistant regions as well as regions where cells participate in biospecific interactions with covalently tethered ligands. To engineer complex tissues using such substrates, it will be necessary to sequentially pattern multiple PEG brushes functionalized to confer differential bioactivities and aligned in microscale orientations that mimic in vivo niches. Microcontact printing (&#956;CP) is a versatile technique to pattern such grafted PEG brushes, but manual &#956;CP cannot be performed with microscale precision. Thus, we combined advanced robotics with soft-lithography techniques and emerging surface chemistry reactions to develop a robotic microcontact printing (R-&#956;CP)-assisted method for fabricating culture substrates with complex, microscale, and highly ordered patterns of PEG brushes presenting orthogonal &#8216;click&#8217; chemistries. Here, we describe in detail the workflow to manufacture such substrates.

Fabricating Complex Culture Substrates Using Robotic Microcontact Printing R- &amp;#181;CP and Sequential Nucleophilic Substitution

Cell culture substrates functionalized with microscale patterns of biological ligands have immense utility in the field of tissue engineering. Here, we demonstrate the versatile and automated manufacture of tissue culture substrates with multiple, micropatterned poly(ethylene glycol) brushes presenting orthogonal chemistries that enable spatially precise and site-specific immobilization of biological ligands.

In tissue engineering, it is desirable to exhibit spatial control of tissue morphology and cell fate in culture on the micron scale. Culture substrates ...

Substructure Analyzer: A User-Friendly Workflow for Rapid Exploration and Accurate Analysis of Cellular Bodies in Fluorescence Microscopy Images

The last decade has been characterized by breakthroughs in fluorescence microscopy techniques illustrated by spatial resolution improvement but also in live-cell imaging and high-throughput microscopy techniques. This led to a constant increase in the amount and complexity of the microscopy data for a single experiment. Because manual analysis of microscopy data is very time consuming, subjective, and prohibits quantitative analyses, automation of bioimage analysis is becoming almost unavoidable. We built an informatics workflow called Substructure Analyzer to fully automate signal analysis in bioimages from fluorescent microscopy. This workflow is developed on the user-friendly open-source platform Icy and is completed by functionalities from ImageJ. It includes the pre-processing of images to improve the signal to noise ratio, the individual segmentation of cells (detection of cell boundaries) and the detection/quantification of cell bodies enriched in specific cell compartments. The main advantage of this workflow is to propose complex bio-imaging functionalities to users without image analysis expertise through a user-friendly interface. Moreover, it is highly modular and adapted to several issues from the characterization of nuclear/cytoplasmic translocation to the comparative analysis of different cell bodies in different cellular sub-structures. The functionality of this workflow is illustrated through the study of the Cajal (coiled) Bodies under oxidative stress (OS) conditions. Data from fluorescence microscopy show that their integrity in human cells is impacted a few hours after the induction of OS. This effect is characterized by a decrease of coilin nucleation into characteristic Cajal Bodies, associated with a nucleoplasmic redistribution of coilin into an increased number of smaller foci. The central role of coilin in the exchange between CB components and the surrounding nucleoplasm suggests that OS induced redistribution of coilin could affect the composition and the functionality of Cajal Bodies.

We present a freely available workflow built for rapid exploration and accurate analysis of cellular bodies in specific cell compartments in fluorescence microscopy images. This user-friendly workflow is designed on the open-source software Icy and also uses ImageJ functionalities. The pipeline is affordable without knowledge in image analysis.

The last decade has been characterized by breakthroughs in fluorescence microscopy techniques illustrated by spatial resolution improvement but also in ...

Effective Co-Registration of Two Preclinical Imaging Modalities Across Devices

Multimodal Cross-Device and Marker-Free Co-Registration of Preclinical Imaging Modalities

Integrated preclinical multimodal imaging systems, such as X-ray computed tomography (CT) combined with positron emission tomography (PET) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with PET, are widely available and typically provide robustly co-registered volumes. However, separate devices are often needed to combine a standalone MRI with an existing PET-CT or to incorporate additional data from optical tomography or high-resolution X-ray microtomography. This necessitates image co-registration, which involves complex aspects such as multimodal mouse bed design, fiducial marker inclusion, image reconstruction, and software-based image fusion. Fiducial markers often pose problems for in vivo data due to dynamic range issues, limitations on the imaging field of view, difficulties in marker placement, or marker signal loss over time (e.g., from drying or decay). These challenges must be understood and addressed by each research group requiring image co-registration, resulting in repeated efforts, as the relevant details are rarely described in existing publications.
This protocol outlines a general workflow that overcomes these issues. Although a differential transformation is initially created using fiducial markers or visual structures, such markers are not required in production scans. The requirements for the volume data and the metadata generated by the reconstruction software are detailed. The discussion covers achieving and verifying requirements separately for each modality. A phantom-based approach is described to generate a differential transformation between the coordinate systems of two imaging modalities. This method showcases how to co-register production scans without fiducial markers. Each step is illustrated using available software, with recommendations for commercially available phantoms. The feasibility of this approach with different combinations of imaging modalities installed at various sites is showcased.

Author Spotlight: An Efficient and Robust Software for Automated Fusion of Multiple Preclinical Imaging Modalities

The combination of multiple imaging modalities is often necessary to gain a comprehensive understanding of pathophysiology. This approach utilizes phantoms to generate a differential transformation between the coordinate systems of two modalities, which is then applied for co-registration. This method eliminates the need for fiducials in production scans.

Integrated preclinical multimodal imaging systems, such as X-ray computed tomography (CT) combined with positron emission tomography (PET) or magnetic ...

Semi-Automated Mechanical-Enzymatic Tissue Dissociation for Single-Cell Analysis

Mechanical Dissociation of Tissues for Single Cell Analysis Using a Motorized Device

Being able to isolate and prepare single cells for the analysis of tissue samples has rapidly become crucial for new biomedical discoveries and research. Manual protocols for single-cell isolations are highly time-consuming and prone to user variability. Automated mechanical protocols are able to reduce processing time and sample variability but aren't easily accessible or cost-effective in lower-resourced research settings. The device described here was designed for semi-automated tissue dissociation using commercially available materials as a low-cost alternative for academic laboratories. Instructions to fabricate, assemble, and operate the device design have been provided. The dissociation protocol reliably produces single-cell suspensions with comparable cell yields and sample viability to manual preparations across multiple mouse tissues. The protocol provides the ability to process up to 12 tissue samples simultaneously per device, making studies requiring large sample sizes more manageable. The accompanying software also allows for customization of the device protocol to accommodate varying tissues and experimental constraints.

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Nanoparticle Technology for Drug Delivery and Immunotherapy

A general protocol for the combined enzymatic and semi-automated mechanical dissociation of tissues to generate single-cell suspensions for downstream analyses, such as flow cytometry, is provided. Instructions for the fabrication, assembly, and operation of the low-cost mechanical device developed for this protocol are included.

Being able to isolate and prepare single cells for the analysis of tissue samples has rapidly become crucial for new biomedical discoveries and research. ...