Name: functional transcranial doppler ultrasound for monitoring cerebral blood flow
Uploaded: 2021-03-15T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound for Monitoring Cerebral Blood Flow at JoVE.com

This project is based on research that was partially supported by the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station with funding from the Hatch Act (Accession Number 0223605) through the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

All human subject research was performed in accordance with the Institutional Review Board of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and informed consent was obtained from all subjects.
1. Locating the MCA signal by freehand TCD
NOTE: &#8220;Freehand&#8221; TCD refers to operation of TCD with a handheld transducer to find a CBFV signal before beginning an fTCD experiment.
<ol>
	<li>Setting TCD parameters
	<ol>
		<li>Keep the power at a reasonably high value (e.g., 40...

<ol>
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Critical steps in the protocol include 1) finding the MCA, 2) placing the headband, and 3) performing the breath-holding maneuver.
Modifications may be necessary depending on the subjects in the study. For example, subjects with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease may have difficulty following instructions, necessitating the use of a capnograph to ensure compliance with breath-holding instructions15. Young children may have difficulty following i...

In neuroscience research, it is often desirable to monitor real-time brain activity noninvasively in a variety of environments. However, conventional functional neuroimaging modalities have limitations that impede the ability to capture localized and/or rapid activity changes. The true (non-jittered, non-retrospective) temporal resolution of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently of the order of a few seconds1, which may not capture transient hemodynamic changes linked to transient neural activation. In another example, although functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has high temporal resolution (milliseconds) and reasonable spatial resolution, it can only probe hemodynamic changes within the cerebral cortex and cannot provide information about changes taking place in the larger arteries supplying the brain.
In contrast, fTCD&#8212;classified as a neuroimaging modality&#8212;&#8220;imaging&#8221; refers to the dimensions of time and space, rather than two orthogonal spatial directions that are more familiar in an &#8220;image&#8221;. fTCD provides complementary information to other neuroimaging modalities by measuring high temporal resolution (typically 10 ms) hemodynamic changes at precise locations within vessels of the basal cerebral circulation.&#160;As with other neuroimaging modalities, fTCD may be used for a variety of experiments such as studying lateralization of cerebral activation during language-related tasks2,3,4, studying neural activation in response to various somatosensory stimuli5, and exploring neural activation in various cognitive stimuli such as visual tasks6, mental tasks7, and even tool production8.
Although fTCD offers several advantages for use in functional imaging, including low cost of equipment, portability, and enhanced safety (compared to Wada test3 or positron emission tomography [PET] scans), operation of a TCD machine requires skills obtained by practice. Some of these skills, which must be learned by a TCD operator, include the ability to identify various cerebral arteries and the motor skills necessary to precisely manipulate the ultrasound probe during the search for the relevant artery. The goal of this Methods paper is to present a technique for using fTCD to perform a functional imaging experiment. First, the basic steps for identifying and optimizing the signal from the MCA, which perfuses 80% of the cerebral hemisphere9, will be listed. Next, placement of a fixation device for holding the TCD probe in place during the experiment will be described. Finally, the breath-holding experiment, which is one example of a functional imaging experiment using fTCD, will be described, and representative results will be shown.

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	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Aquasonic</td>
			<td>Parker Laboratories, Inc., Fairfield, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>01-50</td>
			<td>Ultrasound Gel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Doppler Box X</td>
			<td>DWL Compumedics Gmbh, Singen, Germany</td>
			<td>Model &#34;BoxX&#34;</td>
			<td>Transcranial Doppler with 2-MHz monitoring probes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimwipes</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark Professional</td>
			<td>34256</td>
			<td>Delicate Task Wipers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transeptic&#160;</td>
			<td>Parker Laboratories, Inc., Fairfield, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>09-25</td>
			<td>Cleaning Spray</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

functional transcranial doppler ultrasound for monitoring cerebral blood flow

Functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTCD) is the use of transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) to study neural activation occurring during stimuli such as physical movement, activation of tactile sensors in the skin, and viewing images. Neural activation is inferred from an increase in the cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) supplying the region of the brain involved in processing sensory input. For example, viewing bright light causes increased neural activity in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex, leading to increased blood flow in the posterior cerebral artery, which supplies the occipital lobe. In fTCD, changes in CBFV are used to estimate changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF).
With its high temporal resolution measurement of blood flow velocities in the major cerebral arteries, fTCD complements other established functional imaging techniques. The goal of this Methods paper is to give step-by-step instructions for using fTCD to perform a functional imaging experiment. First, the basic steps for identifying the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and optimizing the signal will be described. Next, placement of a fixation device for holding the TCD probe in place during the experiment will be described. Finally, the breath-holding experiment, which is a specific example of a functional imaging experiment using fTCD, will be demonstrated.

Figure 3 shows sample Doppler spectra and color M-modes from the midpoint of the M1 segment of the MCA. Figure 3A,B were taken at the same position on the scalp, but at different angles. Note how a very small change in angle, without changing the contact position on the scalp, can greatly improve Doppler signal strength, as shown by the higher-intensity yellow coloring of the spectrogram in Figure 3B. Note ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound for Monitoring Cerebral Blood Flow at JoVE.com

Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound for Monitoring Cerebral Blood Flow

Functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound complements other functional imaging modalities, with its high temporal resolution measurement of stimulus-induced changes in cerebral blood flow within the basal cerebral arteries. This Methods paper gives step-by-step instructions for using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound to perform a functional imaging experiment.&#160;

Functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTCD) is the use of transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) to study neural activation occurring during stimuli ...

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