Name: sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy for endometrial cancer at early stage with laparoscopy
Uploaded: 2021-08-19T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping and Biopsy for Endometrial Cancer at Early Stage with Laparoscopy at JoVE.com

This work was supported in part by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81772777), Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Medical Guidance Project (18411963700), Clinical Research Plan of SHDC (No. SHDC2020CR4079); Shanghai Pujiang Talents Project (17PJ1401400). We thank the timely help given by Fenghua Ma from radiology department for MR images and Chao Wang from pathology department for pathologic images from Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University.

All surgery procedures related to the patient described here were approved by the Ethics Committees of Obstetrics &#38; Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University in Shanghai, China. Informed consent was acquired from the patient.
1. Indications for SLN mapping with ICG in EC patients
<ol>
	<li>Ensure that patients are clinically diagnosed with primary EC confined to the uterus with low-risk factors (grade 1 or 2 endometrioid carcinomas, pre-surgical endometrial lesion &#8804;2 cm, and myometri...

<ol>
	<li>Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., Jemal, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+statistics,+2019.">Cancer statistics, 2019.</a> CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 69 (1), 7-34 (2019).</li><li>Bray, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+cancer+statistics+2018:+GLOBOCAN+estimates+of+incidence+and+mortality+worldwide+for+36+cancers+in+185+countries.">Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries.</a> CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 68 (6), 394-424 (2018).</li><li>Morice, P., Leary, A., Creutzberg, C., Abu-Rustum, N., Darai, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endometrial+cancer.">Endometrial cancer.</a> Lancet. 387 (10023), 1094-1108 (2016).</li><li>de Boer, S. 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A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.</a> Cancer. 60 (8), 2035-2041 (1987).</li><li>Bodurtha Smith, A., Fader, A., Tanner, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sentinel+lymph+node+assessment+in+endometrial+cancer:+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Sentinel lymph node assessment in endometrial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> American Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology. 216 (5), 459-476 (2017).</li><li>Rossi, E. 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A review on novel surgical techniques.</a> Endocrine. 62 (2), 340-350 (2018).</li><li>Gonzalez, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sentinel+lymph+node+biopsy:+Past+and+present+implications+for+the+management+of+cutaneous+melanoma+with+nodal+metastasis.">Sentinel lymph node biopsy: Past and present implications for the management of cutaneous melanoma with nodal metastasis.</a> American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 19, 24-30 (2018).</li><li>Levenback, C. 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M., Badawi, R. D., Cherry, S. R., Jones, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra+staging+to+unmask+the+prescribing+of+adjuvant+therapy+in+cancer+patients:+the+future+opportunity+to+image+micrometastases+using+total-body+18F-FDG+PET+scanning.">Ultra staging to unmask the prescribing of adjuvant therapy in cancer patients: the future opportunity to image micrometastases using total-body 18F-FDG PET scanning.</a> The Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 55 (4), 696-697 (2014).</li><li>Concin, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ESGO/ESTRO/ESP+Guidelines+for+the+management+of+patients+with+endometrial+carcinoma.">ESGO/ESTRO/ESP Guidelines for the management of patients with endometrial carcinoma.</a> Virchows Archiv: An International Journal of Pathology. 478 (2), 153-190 (2021).</li><li>FIGO Committee on Gynecologic Oncology. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FIGO+staging+for+carcinoma+of+the+vulva,+cervix,+and+corpus+uteri.">FIGO staging for carcinoma of the vulva, cervix, and corpus uteri.</a> International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 125 (2), 97-98 (2014).</li><li>Barlin, J. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+importance+of+applying+a+sentinel+lymph+node+mapping+algorithm+in+endometrial+cancer+staging:+beyond+removal+of+blue+nodes.">The importance of applying a sentinel lymph node mapping algorithm in endometrial cancer staging: beyond removal of blue nodes.</a> Gynecologic Oncology. 125 (3), 531-535 (2012).</li><li>Amin, M. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 8th edition. , (2017).</li><li>Eriksson, A. G. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Update+on+sentinel+lymph+node+biopsy+in+surgical+staging+of+endometrial+carcinoma.">Update on sentinel lymph node biopsy in surgical staging of endometrial carcinoma.</a> Clinical Medicine. 10 (14), (2021).</li><li>Kelley, M. C., Hansen, N., McMasters, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lymphatic+mapping+and+sentinel+lymphadenectomy+for+breast+cancer.">Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer.</a> The American Journal of Surgery. 188 (1), 49-61 (2004).</li><li>Sakorafas, G. H., Peros, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sentinel+lymph+node+biopsy+in+breast+cancer:+what+a+physician+should+know,+a+decade+after+its+introduction+in+clinical+practice.">Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: what a physician should know, a decade after its introduction in clinical practice.</a> European Journal of Cancer Care. 16 (4), 318-321 (2007).</li><li>Niikura, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracer+injection+sites+and+combinations+for+sentinel+lymph+node+detection+in+patients+with+endometrial+cancer.">Tracer injection sites and combinations for sentinel lymph node detection in patients with endometrial cancer.</a> Gynecologic Oncology. 131 (2), 299-303 (2013).</li><li>Backes, F. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prospective+clinical+trial+of+robotic+sentinel+lymph+node+assessment+with+isosulfane+blue+(ISB)+and+indocyanine+green+(ICG)+in+endometrial+cancer+and+the+impact+of+ultrastaging+(NCT01818739).">Prospective clinical trial of robotic sentinel lymph node assessment with isosulfane blue (ISB) and indocyanine green (ICG) in endometrial cancer and the impact of ultrastaging (NCT01818739).</a> Gynecologic Oncology. 153 (3), 496-499 (2019).</li><li>Holloway, R. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sentinel+lymph+node+mapping+and+staging+in+endometrial+cancer:+A+Society+of+Gynecologic+Oncology+literature+review+with+consensus+recommendations.">Sentinel lymph node mapping and staging in endometrial cancer: A Society of Gynecologic Oncology literature review with consensus recommendations.</a> Gynecologic Oncology. 146 (2), 405-415 (2017).</li><li>Ballester, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+rate+and+diagnostic+accuracy+of+sentinel-node+biopsy+in+early+stage+endometrial+cancer:+a+prospective+multicentre+study+(SENTI-ENDO).">Detection rate and diagnostic accuracy of sentinel-node biopsy in early stage endometrial cancer: a prospective multicentre study (SENTI-ENDO).</a> The Lancet. Oncology. 12 (5), 469-476 (2011).</li><li>Rossi, E. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+sentinel+lymph+node+biopsy+to+lymphadenectomy+for+endometrial+cancer+staging+(FIRES+trial):+a+multicentre,+prospective,+cohort+study.">A comparison of sentinel lymph node biopsy to lymphadenectomy for endometrial cancer staging (FIRES trial): a multicentre, prospective, cohort study.</a> The Lancet. Oncology. 18 (3), 384-392 (2017).</li><li>Mayoral, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=F-FDG+PET/CT+and+sentinel+lymph+node+biopsy+in+the+staging+of+patients+with+cervical+and+endometrial+cancer.+Role+of+dual-time-point+imaging.">F-FDG PET/CT and sentinel lymph node biopsy in the staging of patients with cervical and endometrial cancer. Role of dual-time-point imaging.</a> Revista Espanola de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular. 36 (1), 20-26 (2017).</li><li>Lecointre, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+accuracy+and+clinical+impact+of+sentinel+lymph+node+sampling+in+endometrial+cancer+at+high+risk+of+recurrence:+A+meta-analysis.">Diagnostic accuracy and clinical impact of sentinel lymph node sampling in endometrial cancer at high risk of recurrence: A meta-analysis.</a> Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9 (12), (2020).</li><li>Bodurtha Smith, A. J., Fader, A. N., Tanner, E. 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SLN mapping and biopsy is a more selective and tailored lymph node dissection approach that has been applied in the clinic for nearly 20 years. In the field of EC, SLN mapping and biopsy have been increasingly recommended by several guidelines due to their high diagnostic efficiency in early-stage EC, achieving overall and bilateral detection rates of 89%-95% and 52%-82%, respectively, with a sensitivity of 84%-100% and negative predictive value of 97%-100%22. The present study reports a typical E...

Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common diseases in gynecological oncology, and its incidence is rising1,2. Surgery is the first-line treatment for early-stage EC3,4. The evaluation of lymph node metastasis is an essential part of surgical staging in EC. The Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) study 33 demonstrated that lymph node metastases are associated with poor prognosis5.
As a new and essential technique for evaluating lymph node metastasis, sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping and biopsy have emerged in recent years and have been recommended to be employed for patients with apparent uterine-confined EC according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for uterine cancer6,7,8,9,10. SLN mapping has also been extensively applied in tumors such as breast cancer11, lung cancer12, thyroid cancer13, and melanoma14. Pathologic ultrastaging has achieved good performance in colorectal and gynecological cancer15,16,17 and is recommended by the authoritative European guidelines18. Although principles of SLN mapping for EC staging have been provided in international guidelines10,19, there are no detailed manipulations of surgery in other present works.
This work presents the protocol for detailed SLN mapping and biopsy with ICG in a 28-year-old female who had been clinically diagnosed with early-stage EC, thus, improving and promoting the diagnosis of patients.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2-mL syringe</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company, USA</td>
			<td>301940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coagulation forceps</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instrument (Group) Co., Ltd. Surgical Instrument Factory</td>
			<td>D0A010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX73</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Harmonic scalpel</td>
			<td>Soering GmbH</td>
			<td>SONOCA190</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin-eosin staining</td>
			<td>Beyotime Biotechnologies Corporation,CN</td>
			<td>C0107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immunohistochemical cytokeratin staining</td>
			<td>MXB Biotechnologies Corporation, CN</td>
			<td>Kit-0020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Indocyanine green (ICG)</td>
			<td>Dandong Medical Innovation Pharmaceutical Corporation.</td>
			<td>3599-32-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pararaffin</td>
			<td>Sangon biotech Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>A601889</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pinpoint Endoscopic Fluorescence Imaging system</td>
			<td>Novadaq Technoloies Bonita, Springs, FL</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propofol Injection</td>
			<td>Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH D-61346 Bad Homburg v.d.H., Germany</td>
			<td>H20030124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silk Braided non-absorbable suture</td>
			<td>Shanghai Ethicon</td>
			<td>SA854G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silk thread</td>
			<td>Beijing AKIN AIEN International Medical Technology Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td>VCPP71D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suction-Irrigation Tube</td>
			<td>Shanghai SMAF</td>
			<td>YX980D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toothless forceps</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instrument (Group) Co., Ltd. Surgical Instrument Factory</td>
			<td>J41010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trocar</td>
			<td>ETHICON Co,. Ltd, USA</td>
			<td>B10LT, B5LT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy for endometrial cancer at early stage with laparoscopy

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping and biopsy is a promising technique for visualizing and evaluating lymph node status in cancer. This approach has been recommended for low-risk endometrial cancer (EC) patients by authoritative international guidelines, but it has not been performed broadly in China and worldwide. This work aims to describe detailed SLN mapping and biopsy procedures to promote the clinical application. SLN mapping and postoperative pathologic ultrastaging were conducted in a patient with low-risk EC using indocyanine green (ICG) dye to track the SLNs under laparoscopy and resecting them completely for ultrastaging. In conclusion, this protocol describes details of ICG injection, and SLN mapping and biopsy in EC patients based on the experiences gained during clinical practice.

The patient in the present case was a 28-year-old female with irregular vaginal bleeding for 2 years, and she was diagnosed with an abnormality of the endometrium 4 months ago. Transvaginal ultrasound examination revealed a heterogeneous endometrial thickness with an adnexal mass. Abdominopelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a 51 mm x 56 mm x 88 mm mass with a clear boundary within the uterine cavity under a high T2WI&#160;signal in a local hospital. Then, she was evaluated by hysteroscopy, and the endome...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping and Biopsy for Endometrial Cancer at Early Stage with Laparoscopy at JoVE.com

Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping and Biopsy for Endometrial Cancer at Early Stage with Laparoscopy

This protocol describes the identification and resection of sentinel lymph nodes to make the operation as easy and minimally invasive as possible.

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping and biopsy is a promising technique for visualizing and evaluating lymph node status in cancer. This approach has been ...

This protocol was summarized based on a cumulative experience of sentinel lymph node mapping in at least 500 cases of endometrial carcinoma to help beginners successfully implement this technique. This technique is minimally invasive, reduces complications and medical costs, and improves the detection rate of lymph node metastases through pathological ultrastaging. A learning curve of about 20 cases of SLN mapping is required with experience of injection into the cervix and observation of the first mapped lymph node case on each hemipelvis.After anesthetizing the patient, use two towel forceps to grasp the skin around the umbilicus and elevate the abdominal wall, then make an approximately 10-millimeter wide incision in the skin of the umbilicus and through the fascia and peritoneum. Next insert a 10-millimeter trocar through the umbilicus, producing the pneumoperitoneum with an intraperitoneal pressure of about 13 to 14 millimeters of mercury, then insert the laparoscope via the trocar. Next make another three five-millimeter wide small incisions in the lower abdomen and insert five-millimeter trocars through the abdominal wall into the cavity.Then insert instruments for manipulation via these trocars. Identify the fallopian tubes using the laparoscope, then grasp and elevate the tubes close to the fimbriae and tie a ligature around the tube with a 2-0 T silk suture. Before handling or manipulating the uterus, perform peritoneal washings with 100 milliliters of normal saline and collect the washing fluid for cytology.After opening the fluorescence mode of the endoscopic fluorescence imaging system, lift the unilateral pelvic infundibulum ligament and uterus to reveal the lateral peritoneum and observe the fluorescence lymphatic vessels. To map the sentinel lymph node, or SLN, lift and open the peritoneum, then separate the subperitoneal fat and connective tissues to reveal the necessary structures according to the indication of the green fluorescence lymphatic lines and to protect them from injury. Locate the SLN, which is the first mapped lymph node along the drainage from the parametrium in each hemipelvis and confirm the location using multiple modes, then fully expose the SLNs for complete resection.Next, using toothless forceps, grasp and elevate the SLN, then perform a complete resection of the lymph node along its periphery in white light and confirm the SLN by multiple modes after resection. Simultaneously resect the enlarged or suspicious lymph nodes during the operation and send them for a pathological examination. Place the removed SLNs in the obturator fossa.After completely removing the uterus through the vagina, remove the bilateral SLNs entirely through the vagina rather than the five-millimeter trocar opening to avoid fragmentation. After performing a total hysterectomy plus bilateral salpingectomy, indwell a drainage tube for potential residual fluid in the pelvis, then remove the laparoscope and release the gas from the abdomen. Shown here are magnetic resonance images of a 28-year-old female endometrial cancer patient.An irregular signal on the endometrium located in the lower uterus cavity is visible on the T1 and T2 weighted images. For performing a total hysterectomy along with bilateral salpingectomy and SLN mapping, the cervix was injected with diluted indocyanine green at the three and nine o'clock positions, superficially and deeply. The SLNs and lymphatic vessels were fluorescently labeled, allowing their recognition under various color modes in the pinpoint endoscopic fluorescence imaging system.Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed for the MIO invasion in endometrial cancer and the SLN. Immunohistochemistry staining of the SLN with AE1 and AE3 was also conducted. Further immunohistochemistry staining of the SLN with estrogen and progesterone receptors, P53, KI67, MLH1, MSH2, PMS2, and MSH6 revealed a negative metastasis output.SLN mapping has become an alternative option in early stage uterine-confined endometrium cancer. However, more evidence is required for its application in intermediate to high risk endometrial cancers.

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

MicroRNA Based Liquid Biopsy: The Experience of the Plasma miRNA Signature Classifier (MSC) for Lung Cancer Screening

MicroRNA Based Liquid Biopsy: The Experience of the Plasma miRNA Signature Classifier MSC for Lung Cancer Screening

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Analysis of Lymph Node Volume by Ultra-High-Frequency Ultrasound Imaging in the Braf/Pten Genetically Engineered Mouse Model of Melanoma

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