Name: comprehensive understanding of inactivity-induced gait alteration in rodents
Uploaded: 2022-07-06T13:10:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Comprehensive Understanding of Inactivity-Induced Gait Alteration in Rodents at JoVE.com

This study was supported in part by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (no. 18H03129, 21K19709, 21H03302, 15K10441) and the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) (no. 15bk0104037h0002).

The present study was approved by the Kyoto University Animal Experimental Committee (Med Kyo 14033) and performed in compliance with National Institute of Health guidelines (Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 8th Edition). 7-week-old male Wistar rats were used for the present study. A schematic representing the sequence of procedures is provided in Supplementary File 1.
1.&#160;Familiarizing rats with treadmill walking
<p class="jove_content"...

     

<ol>
	<li>Bloomfield, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+musculoskeletal+structure+and+function+with+prolonged+bed+rest.">Changes in musculoskeletal structure and function with prolonged bed rest.</a> Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 29 (2), 197-206 (1997).</li><li>Booth, F. W., Roberts, C. K., Laye, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lack+of+exercise+is+a+major+cause+of+chronic+diseases.">Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases.</a> Comprehensive Physiology. 2 (2), 1143-1211 (2012).</li><li>Walton, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postnatal+development+under+conditions+of+simulated+weightlessness+and+space+flight.">Postnatal development under conditions of simulated weightlessness and space flight.</a> Brain Research Reviews. 28 (1-2), 25-34 (1998).</li><li>Canu, M. H., Falempin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+hindlimb+unloading+on+locomotor+strategy+during+treadmill+locomotion+in+the+rat.">Effect of hindlimb unloading on locomotor strategy during treadmill locomotion in the rat.</a> European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 74 (4), 297-304 (1996).</li><li>Shpakov, A. V., Voronov, A. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+of+the+effects+of+simulated+weightlessness+and+lunar+gravitation+on+the+biomechanical+parameters+of+gait+in+humans.">Studies of the effects of simulated weightlessness and lunar gravitation on the biomechanical parameters of gait in humans.</a> Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. 48 (2), 199-206 (2018).</li><li>Kawano, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tension-+and+afferent+input-associated+responses+of+neuromuscular+system+of+rats+to+hindlimb+unloading+and/or+tenotomy.">Tension- and afferent input-associated responses of neuromuscular system of rats to hindlimb unloading and/or tenotomy.</a> American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 287 (1), 76-86 (2004).</li><li>Canu, M. H., Falempin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+hindlimb+unloading+on+interlimb+coordination+during+treadmill+locomotion+in+the+rat.">Effect of hindlimb unloading on interlimb coordination during treadmill locomotion in the rat.</a> European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 78 (6), 509-515 (1998).</li><li>Canu, M. H., Falempin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+hindlimb+unloading+on+two+hindlimb+muscles+during+treadmill+locomotion+in+rats.">Effect of hindlimb unloading on two hindlimb muscles during treadmill locomotion in rats.</a> European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 75 (4), 283-288 (1997).</li><li>Walker, J. L., Evans, J. M., Meade, P., Resig, P., Sisken, B. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gait-stance+duration+as+a+measure+of+injury+and+recovery+in+the+rat+sciatic+nerve+model.">Gait-stance duration as a measure of injury and recovery in the rat sciatic nerve model.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 52 (1), 47-52 (1994).</li><li>Rui, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gait+cycle+analysis+parameters+sensitive+for+functional+evaluation+of+peripheral+nerve+recovery+in+rat+hind+limbs.">Gait cycle analysis parameters sensitive for functional evaluation of peripheral nerve recovery in rat hind limbs.</a> Annals of Plastic Surgery. 73 (4), 405-411 (2014).</li><li>Ueno, M., Yamashita, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+analyses+reveal+impaired+locomotion+following+injury+of+the+motor+cortex+in+mice.">Kinematic analyses reveal impaired locomotion following injury of the motor cortex in mice.</a> Experimental Neurology. 230 (2), 280-290 (2011).</li><li>Z&#246;rner, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Profiling+locomotor+recovery:+Comprehensive+quantification+of+impairments+after+CNS+damage+in+rodents.">Profiling locomotor recovery: Comprehensive quantification of impairments after CNS damage in rodents.</a> Nature Methods. 7 (9), 701-711 (2010).</li><li>Wang, T., Ito, A., Tajino, J., Kuroki, H., Aoyama, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+kinematic+analysis+for+the+functional+evaluation+in+the+rat+model+of+sciatic+nerve+crush+injury.">3D kinematic analysis for the functional evaluation in the rat model of sciatic nerve crush injury.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (156), e60267 (2020).</li><li>Canu, M. H., Garnier, C., Lepoutre, F. X., Falempin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+3D+analysis+of+hindlimb+motion+during+treadmill+locomotion+in+rats+after+a+14-day+episode+of+simulated+microgravity.">A 3D analysis of hindlimb motion during treadmill locomotion in rats after a 14-day episode of simulated microgravity.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 157 (2), 309-321 (2005).</li><li>Gruner, J. A., Altman, J., Spivack, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+arrested+cerebellar+development+on+locomotion+in+the+rat:+Cinematographic+and+electromyographic+analysis.">Effects of arrested cerebellar development on locomotion in the rat: Cinematographic and electromyographic analysis.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 40 (4), 361-373 (1980).</li><li>Bou&#235;t, V., Borel, L., Harlay, F., Gah&#233;ry, Y., Lacour, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematics+of+treadmill+locomotion+in+rats+conceived,+born,+and+reared+in+a+hypergravity+field+(2+g):+Adaptation+to+1+g.">Kinematics of treadmill locomotion in rats conceived, born, and reared in a hypergravity field (2 g): Adaptation to 1 g.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 150 (1-2), 207-216 (2004).</li><li>Bojados, M., Herbin, M., Jamon, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematics+of+treadmill+locomotion+in+mice+raised+in+hypergravity.">Kinematics of treadmill locomotion in mice raised in hypergravity.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 244, 48-57 (2013).</li><li>Morey-Holton, E. R., Globus, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hindlimb+unloading+rodent+model:+Technical+aspects.">Hindlimb unloading rodent model: Technical aspects.</a> Journal of Applied Physiology. 92 (4), 1367-1377 (2002).</li><li>Tajino, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discordance+in+recovery+between+altered+locomotion+and+muscle+atrophy+induced+by+simulated+microgravity+in+rats.">Discordance in recovery between altered locomotion and muscle atrophy induced by simulated microgravity in rats.</a> Journal of Motor Behavior. 47 (5), 397-406 (2015).</li><li>Liu, x., Gao, X., Tong, J., Yu, L., Xu, M., Zhang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improvement+of+Osteoporosis+in+Rats+With+Hind-Limb+Unloading+Treated+With+Pulsed+Electromagnetic+Field+and+Whole-Body+Vibration.">Improvement of Osteoporosis in Rats With Hind-Limb Unloading Treated With Pulsed Electromagnetic Field and Whole-Body Vibration.</a> Physical Therapy &#38; Rehabilitation Journal. , (2022).</li><li>Thota, A. K., Watson, S. C., Knapp, E., Thompson, B., Jung, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuromechanical+control+of+locomotion+in+the+rat.">Neuromechanical control of locomotion in the rat.</a> Journal of Neurotrauma. 22 (4), 442-465 (2005).</li><li>Canu, M. H., Langlet, C., Dupont, E., Falempin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+hypodynamia-hypokinesia+on+somatosensory+evoked+potentials+in+the+rat.">Effects of hypodynamia-hypokinesia on somatosensory evoked potentials in the rat.</a> Brain Research. 978 (1-2), 162-168 (2003).</li><li>Dupont, E., Canu, M. H., Falempin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+14-day+period+of+hindpaw+sensory+deprivation+enhances+the+responsiveness+of+rat+cortical+neurons.">A 14-day period of hindpaw sensory deprivation enhances the responsiveness of rat cortical neurons.</a> Neuroscience. 121 (2), 433-439 (2003).</li><li>Langlet, C., Bastide, B., Canu, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hindlimb+unloading+affects+cortical+motor+maps+and+decreases+corticospinal+excitability.">Hindlimb unloading affects cortical motor maps and decreases corticospinal excitability.</a> Experimental Neurology. 237 (1), 211-217 (2012).</li><li>Trinel, D., Picquet, F., Bastide, B., Canu, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+spine+remodeling+induced+by+hindlimb+unloading+in+adult+rat+sensorimotor+cortex.">Dendritic spine remodeling induced by hindlimb unloading in adult rat sensorimotor cortex.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 249, 1-7 (2013).</li><li>Alkner, B. A., Norrbrand, L., Tesch, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuromuscular+adaptations+following+90+days+bed+rest+with+or+without+resistance+exercise.">Neuromuscular adaptations following 90 days bed rest with or without resistance exercise.</a> Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 87 (7), 610-617 (2016).</li><li>English, K. L., Bloomberg, J. J., Mulavara, A. P., Ploutz-Snyder, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exercise+countermeasures+to+neuromuscular+deconditioning+in+spaceflight.">Exercise countermeasures to neuromuscular deconditioning in spaceflight.</a> Comprehensive Physiology. 10 (1), 171-196 (2020).</li><li>Parks, M. T., Wang, Z., Siu, K. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+low-cost+video-based+motion+analysis+options+for+clinical+rehabilitation:+A+systematic+review.">Current low-cost video-based motion analysis options for clinical rehabilitation: A systematic review.</a> Physical Therapy. 99 (10), 1405-1425 (2019).</li></ol>

Alteration of environments leads to fluctuating functional aspects and musculoskeletal components of locomotor systems26,27. Aberrations in contractile structures or environments may affect functional abilities, persisting even after resolving mechanical/environmental distortions19. Objective motion analysis helps to measure those functional abilities quantitatively. As shown above, video analysis is a powerful methodology for acquiring su...

Lack of physical activity or disuse leads to the deterioration of locomotor effectors, such as muscle atrophy and bone loss1 and whole-body deconditioning2. Moreover, it has recently been noticed that inactivity affects not only structural aspects of musculoskeletal components but also qualitative aspects of the movement. For example, the limb positions of rats exposed to a simulated microgravity environment were different from those of intact animals even 1 month after the intervention ended3,4. Nevertheless, little has been reported on motion deficits caused by inactivity. Also, comprehensive motion characteristics of the deteriorations have not been fully determined.
The current protocol demonstrates and discusses the application of kinematic evaluation to visualize motion alterations by referring to gait motion deficits evoked through disuse in rats subjected to hindlimb unloading.
It has been shown that hyperextensions of limbs in walking after a simulated microgravity environment are observed both in humans5 and animals4,6,7,8. Therefore, for universality, we focused on general parameters in this study: angles of the knee and ankle joints and vertical distance between the metatarsophalangeal joint and hip (roughly equivalent to the height of the hip) at the middle point of the stance phase (midstance). Further, potential applications of video kinematic evaluation are suggested in the discussion.
A series of kinematic analyses may be an effective measure to assess functional aspects of neural control. However, although motion analyses have been developed from footprint observation or simple measuring on captured video9,10 to multiple camera systems11,12, universal methods and parameters are yet to be established. The method in this study is intended to provide this joint motion analysis with comprehensive parameters.
In the previous work13, we tried illustrating gait alterations in nerve lesion model rats using comprehensive video analysis. However, in general, the potential outcomes of motion analyses are often restricted to predetermined variables provided in the analysis frameworks. For this reason, the present study further detailed how to incorporate user-defined parameters that are broadly applicable. Kinematic evaluations using video analyses may be of further use if proper parameters are implemented.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive Tape</td>
			<td>NICHIBAN CO.,LTD.</td>
			<td>SEHA25F</td>
			<td>Adhesive tape to secure thread on tails of rats for hindlimb unloading</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthetic Apparatus for Small Animals</td>
			<td>SHINANO MFG CO.,LTD.</td>
			<td>SN-487-0T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Auto clicker</td>
			<td>N.A.</td>
			<td>N.A.</td>
			<td>free software available to download to PC (https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-1-d&#38;q=auto+clicker)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD Camera</td>
			<td>Teledyne FLIR LLC</td>
			<td>GRAS-03K2C-C</td>
			<td>CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) cameras for video capture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton Thread</td>
			<td>N.A.</td>
			<td>N.A.</td>
			<td>Thread to hang tails of rats from the ceiling of cage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ISOFLURANE Inhalation Solution</td>
			<td>Pfizer Japan Inc.</td>
			<td>(01)14987114133400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Joint marker</td>
			<td>TOKYO MARUI Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>0.12g BB</td>
			<td>6 mm airsoft pellets that were used as semispherical markers with modification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kine Analyzer</td>
			<td>KISSEI COMTEC CO.,LTD.</td>
			<td>N.A.</td>
			<td>Software for analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Konishi Aron Alpha</td>
			<td>TOAGOSEI CO.,LTD.</td>
			<td>#31204</td>
			<td>Super glue to attach spherical markers on randmarks of rats</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motion Recorder</td>
			<td>KISSEI COMTEC CO.,LTD.</td>
			<td>N.A.</td>
			<td>Software for video recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paint Marker</td>
			<td>MITSUBISHI PENCIL CO., LTD</td>
			<td>PX-21.13</td>
			<td>Oil based paint marker to mark toes of animals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Three-dimensional motion capture apparatus (KinemaTracer for small animals)</td>
			<td>KISSEI COMTEC CO.,LTD.</td>
			<td>N.A.</td>
			<td>3D motion analysis system that consists of four cameras (https://www.kicnet.co.jp/solutions/biosignal/animals/kinematracer-for-animal/ or https://micekc.com/en/)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Three-dimensional(3D) Calculator</td>
			<td>KISSEI COMTEC CO.,LTD.</td>
			<td>N.A.</td>
			<td>Software fo marker tracking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Treadmill</td>
			<td>MUROMACHI KIKAI CO.,LTD</td>
			<td>MK-685</td>
			<td>Treadmill equipped with transparent housing, electrical shocker, and speed control unit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wistar Rats (male, 7-week old)</td>
			<td>N.A.</td>
			<td>N.A.</td>
			<td>Commercially available at experimental animal sources</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

comprehensive understanding of inactivity-induced gait alteration in rodents

It is well known that disuse affects neural systems and that joint motions become altered; however, which outcomes properly exhibit these characteristics is still unclear. The present study describes a motion analysis approach that utilizes three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction from video captures. Using this technology, disuse-evoked alterations of walking performances were observed in rodents exposed to a simulated microgravity environment by unloading their hindlimb by their tail. After 2 weeks of unloading, the rats walked on a treadmill, and their gait motions were captured with four charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras. 3D motion profiles were reconstructed and compared to those of control subjects using the image processing software. The reconstructed outcome measures successfully portrayed distinct aspects of distorted gait motion: hyperextension of the knee and ankle joints and higher position of the hip joints during the stance phase. Motion analysis is useful for several reasons. First, it enables quantitative behavioral evaluations instead of subjective observations (e.g., pass/fail in certain tasks). Second, multiple parameters can be extracted to fit specific needs once the fundamental datasets are obtained. Despite hurdles for broader application, the disadvantages of this method, including labor intensity and cost, may be alleviated by determining comprehensive measurements and experimental procedures.

12 animals were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the unloading group (UL, n = 6) or the control group (Ctrl, n = 6). For the UL group, the hindlimbs of the animals were unloaded by the tail for 2 weeks (UL period), whereas the Ctrl group animals were left free. 2 weeks after unloading, the UL group showed a distinct gait pattern compared with the Ctrl group. Figure 1 shows normalized joint trajectories of representative subjects. During the stance phase, the UL group exhibited further...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Comprehensive Understanding of Inactivity-Induced Gait Alteration in Rodents at JoVE.com

Comprehensive Understanding of Inactivity-Induced Gait Alteration in Rodents

The present protocol describes three-dimensional motion tracking/evaluation to depict gait motion alteration of rats after exposure to a simulated disuse environment.

It is well known that disuse affects neural systems and that joint motions become altered; however, which outcomes properly exhibit these characteristics ...

Our protocol provides a comprehensive procedure to determine parameters for joint motion analysis. Joint motion analyses are often complicated due to lack of comprehensive definition of parameters. We show standard schematics of parameter definitions that are universally applicable to related fields.To begin, open the MotionRecorder app. Place the rat on the treadmill belt. Increase the belt speed to 20 centimeters per second.As the rat begins walking normally at the desired speed, click on the Record icon to start the video capture. Once 5 to 10 consecutive steps are obtained, stop the capture by clicking on the Record icon. Open the 3DCalculator app, and the video file to be analyzed.Crop the video by adjusting the horizontal slider bar on the top, to contain enough numbers of consecutive steps. To capture the markers, drag the marker legends on the stick-picture model to the corresponding marker on the captured video, and release the button. Click on the Automatic Trace icon.If the system does not accurately track markers, or the tracking process halts due to marker loss, switch to manual mode by clicking the Manual icon. Click the missing marker legend on the stick picture, and the corresponding marker on the video. Open the KineAnalyzer app and load the file.Go to View, and click on Edit Marker Master menu. It will open the Marker master edit window. Click on the desired label or landmark on the marker"tab, then click on the desired color.This process designates each marker to a specific landmark. Then on the link"tab, create lines that correspond to each limb by clicking on two markers consecutively. Assign colors to the created lines by selecting the desired color from the Color column.Define angles on the angle"tab. After naming the angle, assign Vector A as the reference line, and Vector B as the moving line, by clicking on the markers corresponding to each landmark. Then define the direction of the angle with a value in the operate"section in the same tab.Next, on the distance"tab, define the distance parameter. Select two corresponding markers in the Distance Setting section. Six animals each were randomly assigned to either the unloading group, in which the hind limbs of the animal were unloaded by the tail for two weeks, or the control group, in which the animals were left free.The normalized joint trajectories for the knee and ankle during the stance phase showed that the unloaded group exhibited further extensions in the knee and ankle than the control group. Two weeks after unloading, quantitative measures such as knee angle at the mid-stance and ankle angle of the unloaded group were significantly greater than those of the control group. The metatarso-hip distance, which is virtually equivalent to the height of the hip joint at mid-stance, was also considerably higher in the unloaded group.This method gave researchers the fundamentals of how to determine joint motion parameters. This way they can set up specific frameworks to address their own research questions.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Preparing Undercut Model of Posttraumatic Epileptogenesis in Rodents

Partially isolated cortex ("undercut") is an animal model of posttraumatic epileptogenesis. The surgical procedure involves cutting through the ...

Habituation and Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic Startle in Rodents

The acoustic startle response is a protective response, elicited by a sudden and intense acoustic stimulus. Facial and skeletal muscles are activated ...

Large-scale Recording of Neurons by Movable Silicon Probes in Behaving Rodents

A major challenge in neuroscience is linking behavior to the collective activity of neural assemblies. Understanding of input-output relationships of ...

A Low Cost Setup for Behavioral Audiometry in Rodents

In auditory animal research it is crucial to have precise information about basic hearing parameters of the animal subjects that are involved in the ...

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, ...

Deep Brain Stimulation with Simultaneous fMRI in Rodents

In order to visualize the global and downstream neuronal responses to deep brain stimulation (DBS) at various targets, we have developed a protocol for ...

Acrylic Resin Molding Based Head Fixation Technique in Rodents

Head fixation is a technique of immobilizing animal's head by attaching a head-post on the skull for rigid clamping. Traditional head fixation requires ...

Transcranial Electrical Brain Stimulation in Alert Rodents

Transcranial electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical excitability and plasticity in humans and rodents. The most common form of stimulation in ...

Automated Gait Analysis in Mice with Chronic Constriction Injury

The von Frey test is a classical method that has been widely used to examine the sensory function of neuropathic pain animals. However, it has some ...

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents

Pain is a salient sensory experience with affective and cognitive dimensions. However, central mechanisms for pain remain poorly understood, hindering the ...