Name: a virtual simulation experiment of mechanics: material deformation and failure based on scanning electron microscopy
Uploaded: 2023-01-20T13:50:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Virtual Simulation Experiment of Mechanics: Material Deformation and Failure Based on Scanning Electron Microscopy at JoVE.com

This work was supported in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant 2042022kf1059; the Nature Science Foundation of Hubei Province under Grant 2022CFB757; the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant 2022TQ0244; the Wuhan University Experiment Technology Project Funding under Grant WHU-2021-SYJS-11; the Provincial Teaching and Research Projects in Hubei Province&#39;s Colleges and Universities in 2021 under Grant 2021038; and the Provincial Laboratory Research Project in Hubei Province&#39;s Colleges and Universities under Grant HBSY2021-01.

In this work, the procedures of the microcantilever beam fracture experiment with cracks are discussed as follows, which is open for free access via&#160;http://civ.whu.rofall.net/virexp/clqd. All the&#160;steps are conducted in the online system based on the virtual simulation approach. Institutional Review Board approval was not required for this study. Consent was obtained from the student volunteers who took part in this study.
1. Accessing the system and entering the interf...

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K., Yin, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-situ+SEM+cyclic+nanoindentation+of+pre-sintered+and+sintered+zirconia+materials.">In-situ SEM cyclic nanoindentation of pre-sintered and sintered zirconia materials.</a> Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 126, 105068 (2022).</li><li>Nautiyal, P., Boesl, B., Agarwal, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Challenges+during+in-situ+mechanical+testing:+Some+practical+considerations+and+limitations.">Challenges during in-situ mechanical testing: Some practical considerations and limitations.</a> In-situ Mechanics of Materials. , 227-238 (2020).</li><li>Nautiyal, P., Zhang, C., Loganathan, A., Boesl, B., Agarwal, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-temperature+mechanics+of+boron+nitride+nanotube+&amp;#34;Buckypaper&amp;#34;+for+engineering+advanced+structural+materials.">High-temperature mechanics of boron nitride nanotube &amp;#34;Buckypaper&amp;#34; for engineering advanced structural materials.</a> ACS Applied Nano Materials. 2 (7), 4402-4416 (2019).</li><li>Cao, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correlations+between+microstructure,+fracture+morphology,+and+fracture+toughness+of+nanocrystalline+Ni-W+alloys.">Correlations between microstructure, fracture morphology, and fracture toughness of nanocrystalline Ni-W alloys.</a> Scripta Materialia. 113, 84-88 (2016).</li><li>Lei, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+a+web-based+digital+twin+thermal+power.">Toward a web-based digital twin thermal power.</a> IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. 18 (3), 1716-1725 (2022).</li><li>Lei, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+virtual+simulation+to+digital+twins+in+online+laboratories.">From virtual simulation to digital twins in online laboratories.</a> 2021 40th Chinese Control Conference. , 8715-8720 (2021).</li><li>Dede, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immersive+interfaces+for+engagement+and+learning.">Immersive interfaces for engagement and learning.</a> Science. 323 (5910), 66-69 (2009).</li><li>Sun, X., Liu, H., Wu, G., Zhou, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Training+effectiveness+evaluation+of+helicopter+emergency+relief+based+on+virtual+simulation.">Training effectiveness evaluation of helicopter emergency relief based on virtual simulation.</a> Chinese Journal of Aeronautics. 31 (10), 2000-2012 (2018).</li><li>Lei, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interactive+and+visualized+online+experimentation+system+for+engineering+education+and+research.">Interactive and visualized online experimentation system for engineering education and research.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 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One of the advantages of virtual simulation experiments is that they allow users to conduct the experiments without concerns regarding damaging the physical system or causing any harm to themselves11. Thus, users can conduct any operations, including either correct or wrong operations. However, the system gives the user a warning message that is integrated into the interactive experiment to guide them to conduct the experiments correctly when a wrong operation is conducted. In this way, users can ...

Mechanics is one of the basic disciplines in engineering, as shown by the emphasis placed on the foundation of mathematical mechanics and theoretical knowledge and the attention given to the cultivation of students&#39; practical abilities. With the rapid advancement of modern science and technology, nanoscience and technology have had a huge impact on human life and the economy. Rita Colwell, the former director of the US National Science Foundation (NSF), declared in 2002 that nanoscale technology would have an impact equal to the Industrial Revolution1 and noted that nanotechnology is truly a portal to a new world2. The mechanical properties of materials at the nanoscale are one of the most fundamental and necessary factors for the development of high-tech applications, such as nano-devices3,4,5. The mechanical behavior of materials at the nanoscale and the structural evolution under stress have become important issues in current nanomechanical research.
In recent years, the development and improvement of nanoindentation technology, electron microscopy technology, scanning probe microscopy, etc., have made &#34;in situ mechanics&#34; experiments an advanced testing technique important in nanomechanics research6,7. Obviously, from the perspective of teaching and scientific research, it is necessary to introduce frontier experimental techniques into the traditional teaching content regarding mechanical experiments.
However, experiments of microscopic mechanics are significantly different from macroscopic basic mechanics experiments. On the one hand, although the relevant instruments and equipment have been popularized in almost all colleges and universities, their number is limited because of the high price and maintenance cost. In the short term, it is impossible to purchase enough equipment for offline teaching. Even if there are financial resources, the management and maintenance costs of offline experiments are too high, since this type of equipment has high-precision characteristics.
On the other hand, in situ mechanics experiments such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are very comprehensive, with high operational requirements and an extremely long experimental period8,9. Offline experiments require students to be highly focused for a long time, and misoperation can damage the instrument. Even with very skilled individuals, a successful experiment requires a few days to complete, from preparing qualified specimens to loading the specimens for in situ mechanics experiments. Therefore, the efficiency of offline experimental teaching is extremely low.
To address the above issues, virtual simulation can be utilized. The development of virtual simulation experiment teaching can address the cost and quantity bottleneck of in situ mechanics experimental equipment and, thus, allow students to easily use various advanced pieces of equipment without damaging high-tech instruments. Simulation experiment teaching also enables students to access the virtual simulation experiment platform via the internet anytime and anywhere. Even for some low-cost instruments, students can use virtual instruments in advance for training and practice, which may improve teaching efficiency.
Considering the accessibility and availability of web-based systems10, in this work, we present a web-based virtual simulation experimentation system that can provide a set of experiments related to fundamental operations in mechanics and materials, with a focus on the in situ mechanics experiment.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Virtual interface</td>
			<td>None</td>
			<td>None</td>
			<td>http://civ.whu.rofall.net/virexp/clqd</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a virtual simulation experiment of mechanics: material deformation and failure based on scanning electron microscopy

This work presents a set of comprehensive virtual experiments to detect material deformation and failure. The most commonly used pieces of equipment in mechanics and material disciplines, such as a metallographic cutting machine and a high-temperature universal creep testing machine, are integrated into a web-based system to provide different experimental services to users in an immersive and interactive learning environment. The protocol in this work is divided into five subsections, namely, the preparation of the materials, molding the specimen, specimen characterization, specimen loading, nanoindenter installation, and SEM in situ experiments, and this protocol aims to provide an opportunity for users regarding the recognition of different equipment and the corresponding operations, as well as the enhancement of laboratory awareness, etc., using a virtual simulation approach. To provide clear guidance for the experiment, the system highlights the equipment/specimen to be used in the next step and marks the pathway that leads to the equipment with a conspicuous arrow. To mimic the hands-on experiment as closely as possible, we designed and developed a three-dimensional laboratory room, equipment, operations, and experimental procedures. Moreover, the virtual system also considers interactive exercises and registration before using chemicals during the experiment. Incorrect operations are also allowed, resulting in a warning message informing the user. The system can provide interactive and visualized experiments to users at different levels.

The system provides clear guidance for the user&#39;s operations. First, beginner-level training is integrated when a user enters the system. Second, the equipment and the laboratory room to be used for the next-step operation are highlighted.
The system can be used for several different educational purposes for different levels of students. For example, Figure 1 includes seven of the most commonly used types of equipment in the mechanical and mat...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Virtual Simulation Experiment of Mechanics: Material Deformation and Failure Based on Scanning Electron Microscopy at JoVE.com

A Virtual Simulation Experiment of Mechanics: Material Deformation and Failure Based on Scanning Electron Microscopy

This work presents a three-dimensional virtual simulation experiment for material deformation and failure that provides visualized experimental processes. Through a set of experiments, users can become familiar with the equipment and learn the operations in an immersive and interactive learning environment.

This work presents a set of comprehensive virtual experiments to detect material deformation and failure. The most commonly used pieces of equipment in ...

The system may be used to instruct our students in experimental protocols, equipment use, and the theoretical verification, allowing them to repeatedly enhance their operations and the laboratory skills. A side of three dimensional virtual simulation experiments can be conducted to detect the material deformation and the failure without fear of harming the physical system or injuring themselves. After accessing and entering the interface, follow the guidance provided in the picture to virtually reach the high temperature universal creep testing machine, and place the stack specimens between the plate clamps of the machine.Once the virtual computer on the left side of the testing machine is highlighted, click on the virtual computer and set the test scheme on the control computer of the machine. Then click on the highlighted heating and vacuum pumping equipment and turn on the power supply. Open the virtual mechanical pump and backing valve in the interface by clicking on the respective highlighted buttons to complete the system vacuum control settings.On the control panel in the universal creep testing machine, click the clear button to clear the data, followed by clicking the run button to complete the experiment of copying the pattern on the mold to the metal sheet using the parallel plate compression molding method. After completing the mold casting, click on the virtual computer again and check the experimental data on the control computer of the universal creep testing machine. Open the cover plate on the metallographic specimen inlaying machine, and place the specimen.To pour the prepared powder, click on the highlighted polymethyl methacrylate, or PMMA powder. Then click on the highlighted mold to place it on top of the PMMA powder. Next, click on the highlighted hand wheel and adjust the position of the mold to cover the cover plate automatically.Click the on, off button to turn on the inlaying machine. Take out the inlaid PMMA specimen after cooling. Enter the room for polishing and corrosion following the pathway guidance shown in the picture.Find the highlighted polishing machine and click on the gripper of the machine to mount the inlaid specimen to the gripper. Set the speed to grind and polish the specimen by removing the molded material substrate. Grind the mold on one side until the pattern on the mold is exposed.For performing specimen characterization, virtually open the chemical storage cabinet and take out the solid potassium hydroxide. Click on the highlighted beaker and solid potassium hydroxide for corrosion liquid preparation to make a 10%potassium hydroxide solution. Select the highlighted potassium hydroxide solution and the specimen to corrode the ladder into a metallographic specimen.Next, clean the specimen after removing the silicon substrate and run a characterized testing with a prepared specimen under an optical microscope. Load the specimen onto the sample stage of the nanoindenter and choose the cone and indenter to mount it to the driver of the micro and nano mechanics testing system. Click on the highlighted drive to connect it with the nanoindenter.After installing the nanoindenter and loading the specimen in the SEM control software, click the vent button. Open the SEM chamber after breaking the vacuum, install the nanoindenter on the SEM sample stage, and connect the wires as shown in the picture. Then open the control software of the nanoindenter, and sequentially select loaded indenter range.Select experimental protocol. Start controller and init to initiate the sample stage initialization. After initialization, close the SEM chamber and click on the pump button on the SEM control software.Next, click on the up or down button in the SEM control software to adjust the position of the sample stage along the SEM field of view. Fix the position by clicking the okay button. Turn on the electron gun by selecting the highlighted EHT button.Switch to the electron microscopy observation mode by selecting the camera button. Finally, click run on the nanoindenter control software. To terminate the experiment, click the stop button on the control software of the nanoindenter.The system enhanced the experimental scheme design by combining it with the operations, providing instant validation. For example, as the user chose the placement direction of the specimen, the interface for using the metallographic specimen inlaying machine showed the results. Similarly, by analyzing the resulting displacement time and stress strain curves from an inside mechanic's experiment of a micro cantilever beam with present cracks, the user could determine how the results were obtained.In the simulated scenario, the students had to evaluate the load size and loading time according to the length to diameter ratio of the specimen to be prepared before conducting rheological experiment, instead of the often used trial and error approach. Further, with integrated exercise following the experiments, users could systematically review the entire experiment process and connect the theory with the experimentation. Using the web-based virtual simulation, students on average completed the experiment in about 73 minutes, verifying the efficiency of the approach.The online exam results of two groups of engineering mechanic students showed that those with the virtual interface experience performed better than those without, further demonstrating the efficiency of the approach. This have teaching students research interest and the sense of innovation by training them to master the testing techniques, method, and principles of advanced micro and nano skill mechanical experiments.

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