Estudios en humanos con células madre embrionarias en el laboratorio Teitell son compatibles actualmente con un Instituto de Medicina Regenerativa de California (CIRM), las semillas de subvención RS1-00313. Agradecemos a la Dra. Carla Koehler (UCLA) y los miembros del laboratorio de Koehler para proporcionar asesoramiento y conocimientos en estos y otros estudios.

Alta resolución clara Electroforesis en gel nativo (hrCNE) para el Complejo mitocondrial en gel ensayos de actividad Células madre embrionarias humanas (hESCs) se mantuvieron en una monocapa de fibroblastos de ratón irradiados ˠ o mitomicina C tratados con embrionarias (MEFs), luego pasó a un crecimiento en Matrigel durante 5 días en el MEF-medio condicionado con las condiciones estándar. Para eliminar la contaminación MEFs, hESCs fueron re-chapada en Matrigel y cultivadas en MEF medio condicionado por otros 3 días. Microscopio de inmunofluorescencia para los marcadores de pluripotencia Oct-4 y SSEA 4 se utilizó para confirmar la falta de diferenciación de células madre. <ol><li> Lavar las células con PBS caliente 1x, pH 7,4, seguido de tripsinización (1 ml de tripsina 1x por pocillo en una placa de 6 pocillos) durante 5 min. </li><li> Añadir un volumen igual de fresca inhibidor de tripsina (1mg/ml en 1x PBS, pH 7,4). Las células de la cosecha y se centrifuga a 200 g, 5 min, a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Deseche las células pellets sobrenadante y resuspender en 0,8 - 1.7ml (basado en el tamaño de la celda de pellets) de hielo frío aislamiento de amortiguación mitocondrias (83 mm de sacarosa; 6.6mm imidazol / HCl, pH 7,0) con un recién preparada &quot;cóctel inhibidor de la proteasa. Incubar en hielo durante 10 min. </li><li> Dounce células con un homogeneizador (~ 40 - 50 golpes). Tinción de una parte alícuota de las células dounced con azul tripán para comprobar la integridad de la homogeneización utilizando un microscopio de luz. </li><li> Centrifugar a 20.000 g durante 10 min a 4 ° C para obtener un crudo pellet mitocondrial que también contiene núcleos y fragmentos más grandes de la célula. Se decanta y se desecha el sobrenadante y pesar el precipitado crudo mitocondrial de pellets. Los gránulos pueden ser almacenadas a -80 ° C tras la congelación instantánea en nitrógeno líquido, si esto es un punto de parada. NOTA: centrifugación diferencial o de otros procedimientos basados ​​en gradiente puede ser utilizado para el aislamiento y la recolección de una fracción pura membrana mitocondrial. Ver ref. 4 para más detalles. Este enfoque alternativo producirá la actividad mitocondrial complejo por mg de proteína mitocondrial en lugar de compleja actividad por mg de peso celular o el número de células. La concentración de proteínas mitocondriales tendrá que ser determinada después de la purificación para hacer esta comparación. Además, un aislamiento de amortiguación diferentes pueden ser necesarios para este enfoque. Para la solubilización de la fracción de membrana mitocondrial puro, vea la nota siguiente paso 6. </li><li> Solubilizar el crudo pellet mitocondrial en el hielo por agitación con tampón de solubilización de hielo frío (50 mM NaCl, 50 mM imidazol / HCl pH 7,0, 1 mM EDTA, 2 mM de 6 aminohexanoico). Ácido 6-aminohexanoico puede ser sustituido por el cóctel inhibidor de la proteasa 1x. Use 35μl de tampón de solubilización por 20 mg de peso de pellets. Añadir 20μl de 10% w / v digitonina por 20 mg de peso pellet y mezclar agitando el tubo. Incubar durante 50-10 min en hielo. Dodecil-bD-maltoside o Triton X-100 puede ser sustituido por digitonina para solubilizar las proteínas. La elección del detergente y su cantidad puede afectar la formación de supercomplexes o formas multiméricas de los complejos mitocondriales. Para más información, consulte ref.1. NOTA: La cantidad de detergente para solubilizar una fracción pura membrana mitocondrial corresponde a una relación en peso de detergente / proteína que van desde 2-6 g / g. La relación óptima para solubilizar las membranas mitocondriales es 2,5 g / g de dodecil-bD-maltoside, 3 g / g de Triton X-100, y 6 g / g de digitonina. </li><li> Centrifugar el sedimento solubilizada a 100.000 g durante 15 min a 4 ° C. Recoger el sobrenadante claro. </li><li> Añadir tampón de carga a una definitiva del 5% w / v de glicerol y 0,01% w / v Ponceau S (utilice un 50% w / v de glicerol, 0,1% w / v buffer Ponceau S carga solución madre). </li><li> Pozos de carga de gel con un volumen que contiene 20-40mg del crudo pellet mitocondrial por carril. Use un gel con gradiente de acrilamida (4 -13%) con un 3,5% gel de apilamiento. Nota: La preparación del gel y las condiciones de electroforesis: Para la preparación de gel, use un acrilamida / bis-acrilamida (AA / bisAA) 3 mezcla de la siguiente manera: 48 gramos de acrilamida y 1,5 g de bisacrilamida (49,5% T, 3% C. Donde T es la concentración total de AA y bisAA y C es el porcentaje de entrecruzamiento (bisAA) a monómero total). Gel buffer (3 &#39;): 1,5 millones 6 aminohexanoico; 75mm imidazol, pH 7,0 </li></ol><table style="padding-left: 60px;" border="0"><tbody><tr><td> En gel de gradiente: </td><td> 4% </td><td> 13% </td><td> Gel de apilamiento: </td><td> 3,5% </td></tr><tr><td> AA / 3 bisAA mezcla </td><td> 2 ml </td><td> 6,5 ml </td><td></td><td> 0,6 ml </td></tr><tr><td> Gel de amortiguación 3 &#39; </td><td> 8,3 ml </td><td> 8,3 ml </td><td></td><td> 2,7 ml </td></tr><tr><td> Glicerol </td><td></td><td> 5 g </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> H 2 O </td><td> 14,7 ml </td><td> 5 ml </td><td></td><td> 4,7 ml </td></tr><tr><td> Volumen total </td><td> 25 ml </td><td> 25 ml </td><td></td><td> 8 ml </td></tr><tr><td> 10% de APS </td><td> 139 l </td><td> 125 l </td><td></td><td> 67 l </td></tr><tr><td> TEMED </td><td> 14 l </td><td> 12,5 l </td><td></td><td> 6,7 l </td></tr></tbody></table> Ánodo de buffer: 25 mM imidazol / HCl, pH 7,0 Tampón catódico: Tricina 50 mM, 7,5 mm de imidazol / HCl, 0,02% w / v dodecil-bD-maltoside, 0.05% w / v desoxicolato, pH 7,0 Vierta y ejecutar los geles en un cuarto frío (4-7 ° C). La tensión inicial utilizada es de 100V. Cuando la muestra ha entrado en el gel de apilamiento, la tensión se eleva a 500 V con la corriente limitada a 15 mA (de 0.15 &#39;14&#39; 14 cm de gel). La electroforesis es detenido después de 3-4 horas cuando la línea divisoria de colorante rojo punzó el S se acerca a la parte delantera de gel. Por otra parte, un gel puede ser ejecutado durante la noche con una tensión constante en el 70-100V. <ol><li> En gel de ensayos de actividad. El tiempo de incubación para cada ensayo depende de la eficiencia de solubilización de proteínas y la cantidad de material cargado por pozo. Complejos I, IV y V por lo general el rendimiento señales más fuertes que los complejos II y III. </li></ol> Complejo I (CI) Incubar la rebanada de gel con CI de amortiguación (5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7,4; 0.1mg/ml NADH; 2.5mg/ml NBT) a temperatura ambiente durante varias horas. IC del búfer: Añadir por cada 100 ml de 5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7,4: 0,01 g NADH 0,25 g de NBT Fijar el gel en el 50% de metanol y ácido acético 10% para 15-45 min. El gel se mantiene fija en 10% de ácido acético. El complejo II (CII) Incubar la rebanada de gel con la CII buffer (20 mM succinato de sodio; methasulfate fenazina 0.2mm; 2.5mg/ml NBT, 5 mM Tris-HCl pH 7,4) a temperatura ambiente durante varias horas. CII búfer: Añadir por cada 100 ml de 5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7,4: 200μl succinato sódico 1M 80μl methasulfate fenazina (PMS 250 mm disuelto en DMSO) 0,25 g de NBT Fijar el gel como se describe para el Complejo I El complejo III (CIII) Incubar la rebanada de gel con CIII buffer (fosfato de sodio 50 mM, pH 7,2, 0,05% de 3,3 &#39;-diaminobenzidina tetrahidrocloruro (DAB)) a temperatura ambiente durante varias horas. CIII búfer: Añadir por cada 100 ml de 50 mM de sodio-fosfato, pH 7,2: 50mg tetrahidrocloruro diaminobenzidina Fijar el gel como se describe para el Complejo I Complejo IV (CIV) Incubar la rebanada de gel con CIV buffer (fosfato de sodio 50 mM, pH 7,2, 0,05% de 3,3 &#39;-diaminobenzidina tetrahidrocloruro (DAB), 50 micras caballo corazón citocromo c) a temperatura ambiente durante varias horas. CIV búfer: Añadir por cada 100 ml de 50 mM de sodio-fosfato, pH 7,2: 50mg tetrahidrocloruro diaminobenzidina 0,1 g de caballos corazón del citocromo c Fijar el gel como se describe para el Complejo I Complejo V (CV) Incubar la rebanada de gel con tampón CV (35 mm Tris-base, 270 mm glicina, pH 8,3 a 25 ° C, 14 mm de MgSO 4, 0,2% w / v Pb (NO 3) 2, 8 mm ATP) a temperatura ambiente durante varias horas. CV búfer: 100 ml por la solución de añadir: <table border="0"><tbody><tr><td> Tris-base </td><td> 0.424g </td></tr><tr><td> Glicina </td><td> 2.026g </td></tr><tr><td> MgSO4 </td><td> 0.345g </td></tr><tr><td> Pb (NO 3) 2 </td><td> 0.29g </td></tr></tbody></table> No hay necesidad de ajustar el pH (debe ser 8.3) - no utilizar ácido o base. Filtrar y añadir <table border="0"><tbody><tr><td> ATP </td><td> 0.441g </td></tr></tbody></table> Fijar el gel en el 50% de metanol durante 30 minutos y la transferencia de agua.

<ol>
	<li>Wittig, I., Braun, H. -. P., Sch&#747;gger, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blue+native+PAGE.">Blue native PAGE.</a> Nature Protocols. 1, 418-428 (2006).</li><li>Wittig, I., Karas, M., Sch&#747;gger, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+Resolution+Clear+Native+Electrophoresis+for+In-gel+Functional+Assays+and+Fluorescence+Studies+of+Membrane+Protein+Complexes.++6.">High Resolution Clear Native Electrophoresis for In-gel Functional Assays and Fluorescence Studies of Membrane Protein Complexes. 6.</a> Molecular &amp; Cellular Proteomics. 6, 1215-1225 (2007).</li><li>Wittig, I., Carrozzo, R., Santorelli, F. M., Sch&#747;gger, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+assays+in+high-resolution+clear+native+gels+to+quantify+mitochondrial+complexes+in+human+biopsies+and+cell+lines.">Functional assays in high-resolution clear native gels to quantify mitochondrial complexes in human biopsies and cell lines.</a> Electrophoresis. 28, 3811-3820 (2007).</li><li>Castle, J. D., Coligan, J. E., Dunn, B. M., Speicher, D. W., Wingfield, P. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+Organelles+from+Mammalian+Cells.">Purification of Organelles from Mammalian Cells.</a> Current Protocols in Protein Science. 4.2, 4.2.1-4.2.57 (2007).</li></ol>

En este vídeo, que hemos descrito la extracción de complejos de proteínas mitocondriales de células madre embrionarias humanas, la separación de alta resolución clara electroforesis en gel nativo (hrCNE), y el posterior análisis en gel de ensayos de actividad catalítica. hrCNE resuelve complejos proteína de la membrana mitocondrial con una resolución comparable a la de la electroforesis en gel nativo azul y es superior para los ensayos de actividad en gel. Esta técnica se puede emplear no sólo para cuantificar respiratoria mitoc...

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>0.5M EDTA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>BP120-1</td>
<td>adjust pH to 8.0 with NaOH </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1M NaCl</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S3014-500MG</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>1M Sodium succinate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific </td>
<td>S413-500</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>0.1M Sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>BP332-1 and BP329-1</td>
<td>Mix 68.4 ml of 1M Na2HPO4 and 31.6 ml of 1M NaH2PO4 to prepare 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer with pH 7.2 at 25 C </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1M Tricine, pH 7.0 (adjusted with NaOH)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>EMD</td>
<td>9010</td>
<td>store at 4 C </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1M imidazole/HCl, pH 7.0</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>I-2399</td>
<td>store at 4 C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1M Tris-HCl, pH 7.4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific </td>
<td>BP153-1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>20% (wt/vol) dodecyl-b-D-maltoside (DDM)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fluka</td>
<td>44205-500MG</td>
<td>Dissolved in water. Store 1 ml aliquots at &#x2013;20 C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10% (wt/vol) digitonin (>50% purity, used without recrystallization)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fluka</td>
<td>37008-1G</td>
<td>Dissolved in water. Store 0.1&#x2013;1 ml aliquots at &#x2013;20 C. Should be warmed up to 95 C before use.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2M 6-aminohexanoic acid</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fluka</td>
<td>07260-100G</td>
<td>store at 4 C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10x Ponceau S/glycerol stock solution</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P-3504 and G6279-1L</td>
<td>0.1% Ponceau S, 50% glycerol, (wt/vol) in water.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10% w/v sodium deoxycholate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fluka </td>
<td>30970-25G</td>
<td>Dissolved in water. Must be protected from light. Adjust pH to 7.0 with HCl, filter and store at room temperature.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>250 mM phenazine methasulfate (PMS)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>TCI America</td>
<td>P0083</td>
<td>Dissolved in DMSO and aliquoted. Store at &#x2013;20 C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Amresco </td>
<td>0329-1G</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>3,3&#x2019;-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>TCI America </td>
<td>D0078</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Pb(NO3)2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific </td>
<td>L62-100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MgSO4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific </td>
<td>BP213-1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tris base </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific </td>
<td>BP152-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glycine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>G45-212</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Adenosine 5&#x2019;-triphosphate disodium salt (ATP)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma </td>
<td>A2383-5G</td>
<td>Grade I, minimum 99%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>beta-nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) reduced form </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma </td>
<td>N-8129</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cytochrome c From horse heart</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma </td>
<td>C2506-250MG</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sucrose </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific </td>
<td>BP220-212</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>100x protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma </td>
<td>P8340</td>
<td>Store at &#x2013; 20 C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>D128-500</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Trypan blue Stain 0.4%</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Gibco </td>
<td>15250-061</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>10x Trypsin (0.5%)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Gibco </td>
<td>15400-054</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Trypsin Inhibitor </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Gibco </td>
<td>17075-029</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

probing for mitochondrial complex activity in human embryonic stem cells

Las mitocondrias son orgánulos citoplásmicos que tienen un papel primordial en el metabolismo celular y la homeostasis, la regulación de la red de señalización celular y muerte celular programada. Las mitocondrias producen ATP, regulan el estado redox citoplasmático y Ca2 + equilibrio, catabolizar ácidos grasos, síntesis del grupo hemo, nucleótidos, hormonas esteroides, aminoácidos, y ayudar a armar hierro-azufre en las proteínas. Las mitocondrias también tienen un papel esencial en la producción de calor. Las mutaciones del genoma mitocondrial causar varios tipos de trastornos humanos. La acumulación de mutaciones en el ADNmt se correlaciona con la edad y se sospecha que tienen un papel importante en el desarrollo del cáncer. Debido a su papel de vital importancia en todos los tipos de células, la función de las mitocondrias también se debe ser crítico para las células madre. Principales avances se han hecho en nuestra comprensión de la viabilidad de las células madre, proliferación y capacidad de diferenciación. Sin embargo, la actividad funcional de las células madre, en su condición particular de la energía, no se ha estudiado en detalle. Casi nada se sabe acerca de las propiedades de las mitocondrias de células madre embrionarias humanas (hESCs) y su progenie diferenciada precursor. Una manera de entender y evaluar el papel de la mitocondria en células madre y la función potencial de desarrollo es medir directamente la actividad de los complejos respiratorios mitocondriales. A continuación, describimos alta resolución clara electroforesis en gel nativo y la posterior visualización en gel de la actividad como un método para el análisis de los cinco complejos de la cadena respiratoria de hESCs.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

En este video, te mostramos cómo los complejos de la cadena respiratoria mitocondrial de las células madre embrionarias humanas pueden ser analizadas utilizando en ensayos de actividad gel.

Sondeo de la actividad mitocondrial complejo en células estaminales embrionarias humanas

Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles that have a primary role in cellular metabolism and homeostasis, regulation of the cell signaling network, and ...

probing-for-mitochondrial-complex-activity-human-embryonic-stem

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.2K vistas.  University of California, Los Angeles. En este video, te mostramos cómo los complejos de la cadena respiratoria mitocondrial de las células madre embrionarias humanas pueden ser analizadas utilizando en ensayos de actividad gel.

Video: Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem ES Cells

Propagación de la madre embrionarias humanas (ES) Células

Investigación

Biología

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass. 


The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass.

Derivación de células estaminales embrionarias humanas por Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are characterized by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and multipotency that allows a stem cell to differentiate into virtually any cell type 1. The progression stem cell to differentiated cell is characterized by loss of multipotency, structural and morphological changes and the hierarchic activity of transcription factors and signaling molecules, whose activities establish and maintain cell-type specific gene expression patterns. At the molecular level, cell differentiation involves dynamic changes of the structure and composition of chromatin and the detection of those dynamic changes can provide valuable insights into the functional features of stem cells and the cell differentiation process 2,3. Chromatin is a highly compacted DNA-protein complex that forms when cells package chromosomal DNA with proteins, mainly histones 4. Stemcellness and cell differentiation has been correlated with the presence of specific arrays of regulatory proteins such as epigenetic factors, histone variants, and transcription factors 2,3,5.
 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) provides a valuable method to monitor the presence of RNA, proteins, and protein modifications in chromatin 6,7. The comparison of chromatin from different cell types can elucidate dynamic changes in protein-chromatin associations that occur during cell differentiation.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation involves the purification of in vivo cross-linked chromatin. The isolated chromatin is reduced to smaller fragments by enzymatic digestion or mechanical force. Chromatin fragments are precipitated using specific antibodies to target proteins or protein and DNA modifications. The precipitated DNA or RNA is purified and used as a template for PCR or DNA microarray based assays. Prerequisites for a successful ChIP are high quality antibodies to the desired antigen and the availability of chromatin from control cells that do not express the target molecule. ChIP can correlate the presence of proteins, protein and RNA modifications, and RNA with specific target DNA, and depending on the choice of outread tool, detects the association of target molecules at specific target genes or in the context of an entire genome. The comparison of the distribution of proteins in the chromatin of differentiating cells can elucidate the dynamic changes of chromatin composition that coincide with the progression of cells along a cell lineage.

The differentiation of ESC coincides with cell-type specific changes in the structure and composition of chromatin. The detection of those changes provides valuable insights into the mechanisms that define stemcellness and cell differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) represents a valuable method to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell differentiation.

Inmunoprecipitación de la cromatina de células estaminales embrionarias humanas

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are ...

In vitro Labeling of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have demonstrated the ability to restore the injured myocardium. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as one of the predominant imaging modalities to assess the restoration of the injured myocardium. Furthermore, ex-vivo labeling agents, such as iron-oxide nanoparticles, have been employed to track and localize the transplanted stem cells. However, this method does not monitor a fundamental cellular biology property regarding the viability of transplanted cells. It has been known that manganese chloride (MnCl2) enters the cells via voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels when the cells are biologically active, and accumulates intracellularly to generate T1 shortening effect. Therefore, we suggest that manganese-guided MRI can be useful to monitor cell viability after the transplantation of hESC into the myocardium.
In this video, we will show how to label hESC with MnCl2 and how those cells can be clearly seen by using MRI in vitro. At the same time, biological activity of Ca2+-channels will be modulated utilizing both Ca2+-channel agonist and antagonist to evaluate concomitant signal changes.

In this video, we are showing how to label human embryonic stem cells (hESC) with manganese chloride (MnCl2) which can enter cells via voltage-gated calcium channels when the cells are biologically active. Additionally, we show the use of MnCl2 as cellular MRI contrast agent to determine the in vitro viability of hESC.

En el etiquetado in vitro de células estaminales embrionarias humanas de Resonancia Magnética

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have demonstrated the ability to restore the injured myocardium. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as one of ...

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells  

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be  fed  every day by performing a complete medium change to replenish lost nutrients and to keep the cultures free of unwanted differentiation factors. Although a small amount of differentiation is normal and expected in stem cell cultures, the culture should be routinely cleaned up by manually removing, or "picking" differentiated areas. Identifying and removing excess differentiation from hES cell cultures are essential techniques in the maintenance of a healthy population of cells.

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

This protocol demonstrates how to maintain healthy, undifferentiated human embryonic stem (ES) cells.

La cultura y el mantenimiento de células estaminales embrionarias humanas

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be ...

Chromosomal Spread Preparation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Karyotyping

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture conditions they become prone to acquire chromosomal anomalies such as addition of whole or parts of chromosomes. Indeed, during long-term culture, karyotypic alterations are observed when enzymatic or chemical dissociation are used 2,3,4, while manual dissection of colonies for passaging retains a stable karyotype 5. Besides, changes in the environment such as the removal of feeder cells also seem to compromise the genetic integrity of hESC 3,6. Once chromosomal alterations could affect cellular physiology, the characterization of the genetic integrity of hESC in vitro is crucial considering hESC as an essential tool in embryogenesis studies and drug testing. Furthermore, for future therapeutic purposes chromosomal changes are a real concern as it is frequently associated to carcinogenesis.
Here we show a simple and useful method to obtain high quality chromosome spreads for subsequent analysis of chromosome set by G-banding, FISH, SKY or CGH techniques 7,8. We recommend checking the chromosomal status routinely with intervals of 5 passages in order to monitor the appearance of translocations and aneuploidies
Priscila Britto and Rafaela Sartore contributed equally to the paper.

Karyotyping is a simple and useful technique widely used for detecting genetic alterations. Here we describe a step by step protocol for chromosome spread preparation of human embryonic stem cells for monitoring the chromosomal status of these cells maintained in culture.

Preparación Extienda los cromosomas de las células estaminales embrionarias para cariotipo

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture ...

Freezing and Thawing Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

Congelación y descongelación células estaminales embrionarias humanas

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells ...

Video Bioinformatics Analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colony Growth

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer software.  Video bioinformatics is a powerful quantitative approach for extracting spatio-temporal data from video images using computer software to perform dating mining and analysis. In this article, we introduce a video bioinformatics method for quantifying the growth of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) by analyzing time-lapse videos collected in a Nikon BioStation CT incubator equipped with a camera for video imaging. In our experiments, hESC colonies that were attached to Matrigel were filmed for 48 hours in the BioStation CT.  To determine the rate of growth of these colonies, recipes were developed using CL-Quant software which enables users to extract various types of data from video images.  To accurately evaluate colony growth, three recipes were created. The first segmented the image into the colony and background, the second enhanced the image to define colonies throughout the video sequence accurately, and the third measured the number of pixels in the colony over time.  The three recipes were run in sequence on video data collected in a BioStation CT to analyze the rate of growth of individual hESC colonies over 48 hours. To verify the truthfulness of the CL-Quant recipes, the same data were analyzed manually using Adobe Photoshop software. When the data obtained using the CL-Quant recipes and Photoshop were compared, results were virtually identical, indicating the CL-Quant recipes were truthful. The method described here could be applied to any video data to measure growth rates of hESC or other cells that grow in colonies. In addition, other video bioinformatics recipes can be developed in the future for other cell processes such as migration, apoptosis, and cell adhesion.  

Video bioinformatics is the automated processing, analysis, understanding, and data mining of biological spatio-temporal data extracted from microscopic videos. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate a method for measuring human embryonic stem cell colony growth using a video bioinformatics method.

Vídeo Bioinformática Análisis de Crecimiento Humano Colonia células madre embrionarias

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer ...

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

La diferenciación de células madre embrionarias en los precursores de oligodendrocitos

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...

Fate Mapping of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Teratoma Formation

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have an unlimited capacity for self-renewal, and the ability to differentiate into cells derived from all three embryonic germ layers (1). Directed differentiation of hESCs into specific cell types has generated much interest in the field of regenerative medicine (e.g., (2-5)), and methods for determining the in vivo fate of selected or manipulated hESCs are essential to this endeavor. We have adapted a highly efficient teratoma formation assay for this purpose. A small number of specifically selected hESCs is mixed with undifferentiated wild type hESCs and Phaseolus vulgaris lectin to form a cell pellet. This is grafted beneath the kidney capsule in an immunodeficient mouse. As few as 2.5 x 105 hESCs are needed to form a 16 cm3 teratoma within 8-12 weeks. The fate of the originally selected hESCs can then be determined by immunohistochemistry. This method provides a valuable tool for characterizing tissue-specific reagents for cell-based therapy.

Directed differentiation of hESCs into specific cells has generated much interest in regenerative medicine. We provide a concise, step-by-step protocol for determining the in vivo fate of selected hESCs that provides a valuable tool for characterizing tissue-specific reagents for cell-based therapy.