Ce travail a été financé par le Programme de la Communauté européenne septième programme-cadre (FP7/2007-2013) sous convention de subvention n ° 201024 et n ° 202213 (Réseau European Stroke). Un financement supplémentaire a été donnée par le Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Centre for Stroke Research à Berlin), et la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Exzellenzcluster NEUROCURE). Les auteurs tiennent à remercier Mareike Thielke (Dép. des Experimental Neurology, Charité de Berlin) pour le soutien lors de l&#39;opération et Elke Ludwig (services vidéo de la Charité) pour la production de l&#39;animation.

Pour garantir une haute qualité et de reproductibilité, nous recommandons l&#39;utilisation de procédures opérationnelles normalisées (SOP). Dans cette vidéo, IPO a publié aussi développée et utilisée dans notre laboratoire sont appliquées 1. 1. Occlusion Artère cérébrale moyenne <ol><li> Les souris sont anesthésiées avec un régime approprié anesthésique consulter le personnel vétérinaire. (Par exemple, induction avec 1,5 - 2% isoflurane et de l&#39;entretien avec 1,0 - 1,5% isoflurane dans 2 / 3 de N2O et 1 / 3 O2 aide d&#39;un vaporisateur). <ol><li> La température corporelle des souris est maintenu à 36,5 ° C ± 0,5 ° C pendant une intervention chirurgicale avec une plaque chauffante. Un coussin chauffant rétroaction contrôlée, ce qui réchauffe en fonction de la température rectale de la souris, est fortement recommandée. </li><li> Désinfecter la peau et la fourrure entourant avec un agent approprié (par exemple l&#39;alcool éthylique à 70%) et le sécher ensuite. </li></ol></li><li> Une incision est faite ligne médiane du cou et les tissus mous sont séparés. </li><li> L&#39;artère carotide commune gauche (ACCV) est soigneusement disséquée par les nerfs environnants (sans nuire au nerf vagal) et une ligature est faite en utilisant 6.0/7.0 chaîne. Chaîne de 5.0 peut également être utilisé. </li><li> La gauche l&#39;artère carotide externe (LECA) est ensuite séparé et un second nœud est fait. </li><li> Ensuite, l&#39;artère carotide interne gauche (LICA) est isolé et un noeud est préparé avec un filament de 6,0. </li><li> Après l&#39;obtention de bonne vue de l&#39;artère carotide interne gauche (LICA) et l&#39;artère ptérygo (APL), les deux artères sont coupées, à l&#39;aide d&#39;un clip microvasculaires. </li><li> Un petit trou est coupé dans la LCCA avant qu&#39;il ne bifurque à l&#39;LECA et la LICA. Un monofilament en nylon enduit avec 8,0 mélange durcisseur de silicium (voir ci-dessous) est alors introduit dans la LICA, jusqu&#39;à ce qu&#39;il s&#39;arrête à la pince. Attention, doit être payé à ne pas saisir l&#39;artère occipitale. (Figure 1) </li><li> Les artères coupées sont ouvertes tandis que le filament est inséré dans la LICA pour occlure l&#39;origine de la LMCA dans le cercle de Willis. </li><li> Le troisième noeud sur la LICA est fermé pour fixer le filament en position. </li><li> Les souris reçoivent une solution saline 0,5 ml par voie sous cutanée que réapprovisionnement en volume. Pour soulager la douleur, lidocaïne gel est appliqué localement dans la plaie. </li><li> Si la reperfusion est destiné, souris séjour pour 30 à 90 min d&#39;occlusion dans une cage chauffée, la blessure pourrait être fermé avec un clip de suture petits. Ensuite, une deuxième anesthésie est effectuée, le troisième noeud sur le ICA est momentanée ouvert et le filament retirée. </li><li> Les sutures restantes sont raccourcis et la peau est adaptée avec une suture chirurgicale. </li><li> Tous les animaux reçoivent une reconstitution second volume tel que décrit ci-dessus. </li><li> Les animaux sont mis dans une cage chauffée pendant deux heures pour contrôler la température du corps. <ol><li> Les animaux doivent être contrôlés quotidiennement après la chirurgie pour des signes d&#39;inconfort. Les souris pourraient montrer une certaine perte de poids post-chirurgicales. Ils reçoivent de la nourriture en purée dans un boîte de Petri placées sur le plancher pour l&#39;encourager à manger. La nourriture est remplacé par jour pendant sept jours. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Sham Fonctionnement <ol><li> Pour les opérations de simulacre le filament est inséré à occlure LMCA et retiré immédiatement pour permettre la reperfusion instantanée (1,8). L&#39;opération suivante est identique à celle pratiquée sur les animaux subissant une ischémie cérébrale (01.09 à 01.14), y compris une seconde anesthésie. </li></ol> 3. Préparation du filament <ol><li> Stérilité du filament doit être envisagée. L&#39;utilisation de l&#39;équipement stérilisé ainsi que d&#39;un traitement approprié du filament est ensuite une condition préalable à une chirurgie stérile. Désinfection du filament est difficile, car la plupart des méthodes de stérilisation commune peut nuire à la qualité du filament. Cependant les méthodes telles que le rayonnement, par exemple avec une lumière UV ou les rayons γ, ou la stérilisation chimique, par exemple avec des gaz hautement réactifs tels que l&#39;oxyde d&#39;éthylène, sont applicables. </li><li> 8,0 filaments de nylon est coupé en longueurs de 11 mm sous le microscope </li><li> La pointe filament doit être revêtue complètement et uniformément sur une longueur de 8 mm avec un mélange durcisseur de Xantopren M muqueuse et Activator NF Optosil </li></ol> 4. Les résultats représentatifs Selon la durée de la restriction du flux sanguin, le moteur différentes et de comportement résulte des déficits. Les deux après 30 et 60 min d&#39;ischémie cérébrale, les animaux dans la plupart des cas présentent une résistance réduite à poussée latérale et indirecte en raison de perturbations dans la locomotion. Milder manifestent des lésions comme une position fléchisseurs de l&#39;avant liMBS. Ces signes facilement observables peut être utilisé comme un score de base pour le succès de l&#39;opération 2. Morphologiquement la lésion peut être évaluée en utilisant soit l&#39;histologie ou l&#39;imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM). Soixante minutes d&#39;occlusion de l&#39;artère cérébrale moyenne produit pannecrosis tissus dans une zone comprenant à la fois le striatum et le néocortex, alors que 30 minutes d&#39;ischémie provoquer la mort cellulaire neuronale essentiellement limitée dans le striatum. 3 (figure 2) En termes de volume de l&#39;infarctus, nous nous attendons une déviation standard inférieure à 30% en un ensemble d&#39;opérations. La mortalité dépend du temps d&#39;occlusion avec près de 5% après 30 min d&#39;ischémie et 10 - 20% après 60 min. Une autre possibilité minimale invasive est l&#39;utilisation de laser Doppler (LDF) pendant l&#39;opération, ce qui permet un contrôle direct de son succès. Dans un animal en particulier, la réduction à 10 - 20% des valeurs preocclusion indique clairement l&#39;induction réussie d&#39;une ischémie cérébrale focale 4 Toutefois, LDF ne peut pas être utilisée comme une méthode pour les comparaisons interindividuelles, depuis FDL ne peut mesurer les changements quantitatifs (en pourcentage) de sang. écoulement dans un volume d&#39;échantillon de tissu de petites et limitées. Il ne donne pas d&#39;information sur l&#39;étendue spatiale de la réduction du flux sanguin. 5 Il existe plusieurs tests pour évaluer les aspects comportementaux après un AVC, y compris la démarche d&#39;analyse 6,7, Rotarod 8, Pôle de test 9,10, test de suppression adhésive 11,12, 13,14 test de l&#39;escalier, le test barreau d&#39;échelle et de 15,16 labyrinthe d&#39;eau de Morris 17. Dans tous ces tests, les souris soumises à MCAo effectuent moins de succès que les animaux témoins. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2423/2423fig1.jpg" alt="Figure 1" /> Figure 1. Schéma de l&#39;architecture des navires irriguant le cerveau (représentée en arrière-plan) chez la souris. Différentes souches peuvent présenter des variations, par exemple l&#39;artère occipitale laisse parfois de l&#39;artère carotide interne. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2423/2423fig2.jpg" alt="Figure 2" /> Figure 2. Illustration schématique de la taille des lésions typiques après différents temps de la reperfusion dans le modèle proximale MCAo. Au milieu, le parcours typique de l&#39;activité fonctionnelle et le débit sanguin cérébral après MCAo sont représentés. (MCAo: artère cérébrale moyenne d&#39;occlusion, LDF: mesure laser Doppler)

<ol>
	<li>Dirnagl, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standard+operating+procedures+(SOP)+in+experimental+stroke+research:+SOP+for+middle+cerebral+artery+occlusion+in+the+mouse.">Standard operating procedures (SOP) in experimental stroke research: SOP for middle cerebral artery occlusion in the mouse.</a> Nature Precedings. , (2010).</li><li>Bederson, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rat+middle+cerebral+artery+occlusion:+evaluation+of+the+model+and+development+of+a+neurologic+examination.">Rat middle cerebral artery occlusion: evaluation of the model and development of a neurologic examination.</a> Stroke. 17, 472-476 (1986).</li><li>Katchanov, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+neuronal+vulnerability+following+mild+focal+brain+ischemia+in+the+mouse.">Selective neuronal vulnerability following mild focal brain ischemia in the mouse.</a> Brain Pathol. 13, 452-464 (2003).</li><li>Dirnagl, U., Dirnagl, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Complexities, Confounders, and Challenges in Experimental Stroke Research: A checklist for researchers and reviewers in Rodent models of stroke. , 267-267 (2010).</li><li>Dirnagl, U., Kaplan, B., Jacewicz, M., Pulsinelli, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+measurement+of+cerebral+cortical+blood+flow+by+laser-Doppler+flowmetry+in+a+rat+stroke+model.">Continuous measurement of cerebral cortical blood flow by laser-Doppler flowmetry in a rat stroke model.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 9, 589-596 (1989).</li><li>Wang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comprehensive+analysis+of+gait+impairment+after+experimental+stroke+and+the+therapeutic+effect+of+environmental+enrichment+in+rats.">A comprehensive analysis of gait impairment after experimental stroke and the therapeutic effect of environmental enrichment in rats.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 28, 1936-1950 (2008).</li><li>Lubjuhn, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+testing+in+a+mouse+stroke+model+induced+by+occlusion+of+the+distal+middle+cerebral+artery.">Functional testing in a mouse stroke model induced by occlusion of the distal middle cerebral artery.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 184, 95-103 (2009).</li><li>Jones, B. J., Roberts, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+quantiative+measurement+of+motor+inco-ordination+in+naive+mice+using+an+acelerating+rotarod.">The quantiative measurement of motor inco-ordination in naive mice using an acelerating rotarod.</a> J Pharm Pharmacol. 20, 302-304 (1968).</li><li>Matsuura, K., Kabuto, H., Makino, H., Ogawa, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pole+test+is+a+useful+method+for+evaluating+the+mouse+movement+disorder+caused+by+striatal+dopamine+depletion.">Pole test is a useful method for evaluating the mouse movement disorder caused by striatal dopamine depletion.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 73, 45-48 (1997).</li><li>Bouet, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensorimotor+and+cognitive+deficits+after+transient+middle+cerebral+artery+occlusion+in+the+mouse.">Sensorimotor and cognitive deficits after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the mouse.</a> Exp Neurol. 203, 555-567 (2007).</li><li>Freret, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+administration+of+deferoxamine+reduces+brain+damage+and+promotes+functional+recovery+after+transient+focal+cerebral+ischemia+in+the+rat.">Delayed administration of deferoxamine reduces brain damage and promotes functional recovery after transient focal cerebral ischemia in the rat.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 23, 1757-1765 (2006).</li><li>Modo, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurological+sequelae+and+long-term+behavioural+assessment+of+rats+with+transient+middle+cerebral+artery+occlusion.">Neurological sequelae and long-term behavioural assessment of rats with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 104, 99-109 (2000).</li><li>Montoya, C. P., Campbell-Hope, L. J., Pemberton, K. D., Dunnett, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+"staircase+test":+a+measure+of+independent+forelimb+reaching+and+grasping+abilities+in+rats.">The "staircase test": a measure of independent forelimb reaching and grasping abilities in rats.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 36, 2-3 (1991).</li><li>Baird, A. L., Meldrum, A., Dunnett, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+staircase+test+of+skilled+reaching+in+mice.">The staircase test of skilled reaching in mice.</a> Brain Res Bull. 54, 243-250 (2001).</li><li>Metz, G. A., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+and+subcortical+lesions+impair+skilled+walking+in+the+ladder+rung+walking+test:+a+new+task+to+evaluate+fore-+and+hindlimb+stepping,+placing,+and+co-ordination.">Cortical and subcortical lesions impair skilled walking in the ladder rung walking test: a new task to evaluate fore- and hindlimb stepping, placing, and co-ordination.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 115, 169-179 (2002).</li><li>Farr, T. D., Liu, L., Colwell, K. L., Whishaw, I. Q., Metz, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bilateral+alteration+in+stepping+pattern+after+unilateral+motor+cortex+injury:+a+new+test+strategy+for+analysis+of+skilled+limb+movements+in+neurological+mouse+models.">Bilateral alteration in stepping pattern after unilateral motor cortex injury: a new test strategy for analysis of skilled limb movements in neurological mouse models.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 153, 104-113 (2006).</li><li>Morris, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developments+of+a+water-maze+procedure+for+studying+spatial+learning+in+the+rat.">Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 11, 47-60 (1984).</li><li>Koizumi, J., Yoshida, Y., Nakazawa, T., Ooneda, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+studies+of+ischemic+brain+edema.+I:+a+new+experimental+model+of+cerebral+embolism+in+rats+in+which+recirculation+can+be+introduced+in+the+ischemic+area.">Experimental studies of ischemic brain edema. I: a new experimental model of cerebral embolism in rats in which recirculation can be introduced in the ischemic area.</a> Jpn J Stroke. 8, 1-8 (1986).</li><li>Longa, E. Z., Weinstein, P. R., Carlson, S., Cummins, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+middle+cerebral+artery+occlusion+without+craniectomy+in+rats.">Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats.</a> Stroke. 20, 84-91 (1989).</li><li>Endres, M., Dirnagl, U., Alzheimer, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroprotective+Strategies+in+Animal+and+in+vitro-Models+of+Neuronal+Damage:+Ischemia+and+Stroke.">Neuroprotective Strategies in Animal and in vitro-Models of Neuronal Damage: Ischemia and Stroke.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology of Neuroprotection in the CNS. , 455-474 (2003).</li><li>Dirnagl, U., Iadecola, C., Moskowitz, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathobiology+of+ischaemic+stroke:+an+integrated+view.">Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view.</a> Trends Neurosci. 22, 391-397 (1999).</li><li>Liu, S., Zhen, G., Meloni, B. P., Campbell, K., Winn, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rodent+Stroke+Model+Guidelines+for+Preclinical+Stroke+Trials+(1st+Edition).">Rodent Stroke Model Guidelines for Preclinical Stroke Trials (1st Edition).</a> J Exp Stroke Transl Med. 2, 2-27 (2009).</li><li>Chen, Y., Ito, A., Takai, K., Saito, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blocking+pterygopalatine+arterial+blood+flow+decreases+infarct+volume+variability+in+a+mouse+model+of+intraluminal+suture+middle+cerebral+artery+occlusion.">Blocking pterygopalatine arterial blood flow decreases infarct volume variability in a mouse model of intraluminal suture middle cerebral artery occlusion.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 174, 18-24 (2008).</li><li>Tsuchiya, D., Hong, S., Kayama, T., Panter, S. S., Weinstein, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+suture+size+and+carotid+clip+application+upon+blood+flow+and+infarct+volume+after+permanent+and+temporary+middle+cerebral+artery+occlusion+in+mice.">Effect of suture size and carotid clip application upon blood flow and infarct volume after permanent and temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice.</a> Brain Res. 970, 1-2 (2003).</li><li>Beckmann, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+resolution+magnetic+resonance+angiography+non-invasively+reveals+mouse+strain+differences+in+the+cerebrovascular+anatomy+in+vivo.">High resolution magnetic resonance angiography non-invasively reveals mouse strain differences in the cerebrovascular anatomy in vivo.</a> Magn Reson Med. 44, 252-258 (2000).</li><li>Barone, F. C., Knudsen, D. J., Nelson, A. H., Feuerstein, G. Z., Willette, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+strain+differences+in+susceptibility+to+cerebral+ischemia+are+related+to+cerebral+vascular+anatomy.">Mouse strain differences in susceptibility to cerebral ischemia are related to cerebral vascular anatomy.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 13, 683-692 (1993).</li><li>Florian, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+hypothermia+reduces+infarct+volume+in+aged+rats+after+focal+ischemia.">Long-term hypothermia reduces infarct volume in aged rats after focal ischemia.</a> Neurosci Lett. 438, 180-185 (2008).</li><li>Noor, R., Wang, C. X., Shuaib, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+hyperthermia+on+infarct+volume+in+focal+embolic+model+of+cerebral+ischemia+in+rats.">Effects of hyperthermia on infarct volume in focal embolic model of cerebral ischemia in rats.</a> Neurosci Lett. 349, 130-132 (2003).</li><li>Barber, P. A., Hoyte, L., Colbourne, F., Buchan, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature-regulated+model+of+focal+ischemia+in+the+mouse:+a+study+with+histopathological+and+behavioral+outcomes.">Temperature-regulated model of focal ischemia in the mouse: a study with histopathological and behavioral outcomes.</a> Stroke. 35, 1720-1725 (2004).</li><li>Shin, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mild+induced+hypertension+improves+blood+flow+and+oxygen+metabolism+in+transient+focal+cerebral+ischemia.">Mild induced hypertension improves blood flow and oxygen metabolism in transient focal cerebral ischemia.</a> Stroke. 39, 1548-1555 (2008).</li><li>Bottiger, B. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+cerebral+ischemia+due+to+cardiocirculatory+arrest+in+mice+causes+neuronal+degeneration+and+early+induction+of+transcription+factor+genes+in+the+hippocampus.">Global cerebral ischemia due to cardiocirculatory arrest in mice causes neuronal degeneration and early induction of transcription factor genes in the hippocampus.</a> Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 65, 135-142 (1999).</li><li>Kapinya, K. J., Prass, K., Dirnagl, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isoflurane+induced+prolonged+protection+against+cerebral+ischemia+in+mice:+a+redox+sensitive+mechanism.">Isoflurane induced prolonged protection against cerebral ischemia in mice: a redox sensitive mechanism.</a> Neuroreport. 13, 1431-1435 (2002).</li><li>Endres, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+stroke+protection+by+physical+activity.">Mechanisms of stroke protection by physical activity.</a> Ann Neurol. 54, 582-590 (2003).</li><li>Gertz, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+activity+improves+long-term+stroke+outcome+via+endothelial+nitric+oxide+synthase-dependent+augmentation+of+neovascularization+and+cerebral+blood+flow.">Physical activity improves long-term stroke outcome via endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent augmentation of neovascularization and cerebral blood flow.</a> Circ Res. 99, 1132-1140 (2006).</li><li>Richter, S. H., Garner, J. P., Wurbel, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+standardization:+cure+or+cause+of+poor+reproducibility+in+animal+experiments.">Environmental standardization: cure or cause of poor reproducibility in animal experiments.</a> Nat Methods. 6, 257-261 (2009).</li><li>Liesz, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+spectrum+of+systemic+immune+alterations+after+murine+focal+ischemia:+immunodepression+versus+immunomodulation.">The spectrum of systemic immune alterations after murine focal ischemia: immunodepression versus immunomodulation.</a> Stroke. 40, 2849-2858 (2009).</li><li>Meisel, C., Schwab, J. M., Prass, K., Meisel, A., Dirnagl, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+nervous+system+injury-induced+immune+deficiency+syndrome.">Central nervous system injury-induced immune deficiency syndrome.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 6, 775-786 (2005).</li><li>Engel, O., Meisel, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Models+of+Infection+Before+and+After+Stroke:+Investigating+New+Targets.">Models of Infection Before and After Stroke: Investigating New Targets.</a> Infect Disord Drug Targets. 9, (2010).</li><li>Dirnagl, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bench+to+bedside:+the+quest+for+quality+in+experimental+stroke+research.">Bench to bedside: the quest for quality in experimental stroke research.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 26, 1465-1478 (2006).</li><li>Macleod, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Good+laboratory+practice:+preventing+introduction+of+bias+at+the+bench.">Good laboratory practice: preventing introduction of bias at the bench.</a> Stroke. 40, 50-52 (2009).</li><li>Group, S. T. A. I. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recommendations+for+standards+regarding+preclinical+neuroprotective+and+restorative+drug+development.">Recommendations for standards regarding preclinical neuroprotective and restorative drug development.</a> Stroke. 30, 2752-2758 (1999).</li></ol>

Expériences sur les animaux ont été effectuées en conformité avec les directives et les règlements stipulés par Landesamt für Gesundheit und Soziales, Berlin, Allemagne.

Le modèle de transitoire, occlusion proximale MCA 18,19 présenté imite ici l&#39;un des types les plus communs de l&#39;AVC ischémique chez les patients. Basé sur 20 heures de reperfusion variable, le modèle propose différentes qualités de dommages allant de l&#39;attaque ischémique transitoire (AIT) à grande infarctus, y compris de grandes parties de l&#39;hémisphère ischémique. Cela permet au chercheur d&#39;étudier différents mécanismes physiopathologiques après un AVC. 20,21 La chirurgie peut être réalisée dans un court laps de temps et produit des lésions hautement reproductibles. Néanmoins, cela nécessite un contrôle approfondi des facteurs confondants. 22 petites différences dans la technique de l&#39;exploitation peut tenir compte des effets différents sur l&#39;infarctus. 23,24 De plus, en raison de variations dans l&#39;anatomie vasculaire cérébral, différentes souches de souris montrent un résultat différent. 25,26 Body température affecte dommages neurologiques, avec une hypothermie menant à des lésions plus petites 27 et hyperthermie à plus de graves déficits. 28 En conséquence de contrôle de température, et l&#39;entretien est très pertinente dans ce modèle. 29 En outre, la pression sanguine et les gaz du sang sont les facteurs de confusion importants du résultat et la nécessité de être surveillés. 30,31 L&#39;utilisation de méthodes rapides et peu invasive (mesure non invasive de la pression artérielle, adapté et facilement accessible des sites de collecte du sang) est recommandé. Le choix de l&#39;anesthésique est également très important, car certains peuvent avoir des effets neuroprotecteurs et / ou être vasodilatateurs, comme par exemple l&#39;isoflurane. 32 Par conséquent, l&#39;exposition à l&#39;anesthésie doit être aussi courte que possible et standardisés. Nous excluons les animaux qui ont subi une intervention chirurgicale pendant plus de 15 min. Rasage du site opératoire produit microabrasions et l&#39;inflammation et des communiqués de fragments de cheveux. Cela peut encore augmenter l&#39;inflammation et de favoriser une infection locale, qui peuvent avoir une incidence sur la physiopathologie course. Les conditions de logement, en particulier l&#39;utilisation de l&#39;enrichissement, pourrait affecter les résultats de l&#39;AVC et devrait être standardisé et décrits dans les rapports de recherche. 6,33,34 L&#39;utilisation de l&#39;enrichissement de l&#39;environnement et ses effets sur la reproductibilité est un sujet de discussion. 35 Un autre facteur de confusion important est le course des risques induits par l&#39;infection en particulier après des durées plus longues de l&#39;ischémie 36, ce qui conduit à une morbidité et une mortalité accrue supplémentaires. 37,38 Comme les infections deviennent symptomatiques à environ 3 à 5 jours, cela a des conséquences importantes pour le long terme le suivi de ces modèles. Pour produire des résultats pertinents pour le développement de nouvelles stratégies de traitement de l&#39;AVC, la normalisation et de contrôle de qualité est très importante dans la recherche préclinique course de translation 39 &quot;Bonnes Pratiques de Laboratoire&quot; 40,41 mandats.: <ol><li> une description appropriée et détaillée des animaux utilisés; </li><li> Calcul de la taille de l&#39;échantillon et les rapports sur l&#39;ampleur de l&#39;effet attendu; </li><li> critères d&#39;inclusion et d&#39;exclusion, mis en place avant l&#39;étude; </li><li> randomisation de l&#39;affectation dans les groupes; </li><li> dissimulation de l&#39;affectation à l&#39;égard des enquêteurs; </li><li> rapports des animaux exclus de l&#39;analyse; </li><li> évaluation en aveugle des résultats; </li><li> déclaration des conflits d&#39;intérêt potentiels et le financement d&#39;études. </li></ol>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Surgical scissors (skin cut)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>14028-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>2 Dumont forceps (Medical #5 straight tip)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>11253-20</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Spring scissors (according to Vannas)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>15000-00</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Applying forceps for micro clamps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>00072-14</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Micro vascular clamp (e.g. S&amp;G B1-V)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>00396-01</td>
<td>Also Serrefine possible</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2 Hemostats according to Hartmann</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>13002-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Needle holder (according Olsen-Hegar or other)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>12002-14</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Standard anatomical forceps (for wound closure)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>11000-12</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>5/0 sutures </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Suprama</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>for vascular ligatures</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6/0 sutures </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Suprama</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>for skin suture, 5/0 also possible</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Lidocaine (e.g. Xylocain Gel 2%)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Astra Zeneca</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>or other local pain relief</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dissecting microscope (stereo microscope), magnification 6x to max. 40x</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Leica Zeiss</td>
<td>MZ6 Stemi2000C</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cold light source</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Leica</td>
<td>KL1500</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Temperature feedback controlled heating pad system</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>21052-00</td>
<td>With mouse pad and small probe</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Anaethesia system for isoflurane</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Isoflurane</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Abott</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Veterinary Recovery Chamber</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Peco Services</td>
<td>V1200</td>
<td>Heated cage</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8.0 nylon filament</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Suprama</td>
<td>TEL181005</td>
<td>for coating</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Scalpel</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>For cutting filament in pieces</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ruler</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>To cut correct length of filament</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Xantopren M Mucosa</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Heraeus Kulzer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Activator Universal Plus</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Heraeus Kulzer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Optosil - Xantopren</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2 Dumont forceps (Medical #5 straight tip)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>11253-20</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>A soft underlay for storing and grasping the uncoated filaments</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>e.g. swabs, foam, &#x2026;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Receptacle for new build filaments</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>e.g. petri dish, flexible foam,&#x2026;</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

modeling stroke in mice - middle cerebral artery occlusion with the filament model

L&#39;AVC est une des causes les plus fréquentes de décès et d&#39;invalidité chez les adultes, en particulier dans les pays hautement développés. Cependant, les options de traitement à ce jour sont très limitées. Pour répondre au besoin de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques, de recherche expérimentale course emploie fréquemment des modèles de rongeurs d&#39;ischémie cérébrale focale. La plupart des chercheurs utilisent une occlusion permanente ou transitoire de l&#39;artère cérébrale moyenne (ACM) à des souris ou des rats. Occlusion proximale de l&#39;artère cérébrale moyenne (MCA) via la technique de suture intraluminale (dits de filaments ou d&#39;un modèle de suture) est probablement le modèle le plus fréquemment utilisé dans la recherche expérimentale course. Le modèle intraluminale MCAO offre l&#39;avantage d&#39;induire une ischémie transitoire ou reproductibles permanents du territoire MCA d&#39;une manière relativement non invasive. Des approches intraluminale interrompre le flux sanguin de l&#39;ensemble du territoire de cette artère. Filament d&#39;occlusion proximale de débit ainsi arrestations pour les artères lenticulo-striées, qui fournissent les noyaux gris centraux. Filament l&#39;occlusion de la MCA résultats dans les lésions reproductibles dans le cortex et le striatum et peut être soit permanent ou transitoire. En revanche, les modèles induisant distale (à l&#39;embranchement des artères lenticulo-striée) MCA occlusion généralement épargner le striatum et concernent principalement le néocortex. En outre, ces modèles ne nécessitent craniectomie. Dans le modèle montré dans cet article, un fil enduit de silicone est introduit dans l&#39;artère carotide commune et avancé le long de la carotide interne dans le cercle de Willis, où il bloque l&#39;origine de l&#39;artère cérébrale moyenne. Chez les patients, les occlusions de l&#39;artère cérébrale moyenne sont parmi les causes les plus fréquentes d&#39;accident vasculaire cérébral ischémique. Depuis des intervalles variables ischémique peut être choisi librement dans ce modèle selon le point de temps de reperfusion, des lésions ischémiques avec des degrés de gravité peut être produite. Reperfusion par l&#39;enlèvement du filament occultant au moins partiellement les modèles de la restauration du flux sanguin après spontanés ou thérapeutiques (tPA) lyse d&#39;un caillot de thrombo-emboliques chez les humains. Dans cette vidéo, nous allons présenter la technique de base ainsi que les écueils majeurs et les facteurs de confusion qui peut limiter la valeur prédictive de ce modèle.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling Stroke in Mice - Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion with the Filament Model at JoVE.com

Modeling Stroke in Mice - Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion with the Filament Model

L&#39;occlusion filamenteux de l&#39;artère cérébrale moyenne est un modèle commun pour l&#39;étude de l&#39;AVC ischémique chez la souris.

Course de modélisation chez la souris - Moyen-occlusion artérielle cérébrale avec le modèle filamentaire

Stroke is among the most frequent causes of death and adult disability, especially in highly developed countries. However, treatment options to date are ...

modeling-stroke-mice-middle-cerebral-artery-occlusion-with-filament

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

91.2K vues.  Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin. L'occlusion filamenteux de l'artère cérébrale moyenne est un modèle commun pour l'étude de l'AVC ischémique chez la souris.

Vidéo: Modeling Stroke in Mice - Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion with the Filament Model

Mouse Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Stroke is the most common fatal neurological disease in the United States 1. The majority of strokes (88%) result from blockage of blood vessels in the brain (ischemic stroke) 2. Since most ischemic strokes (~80%) occur in the territory of middle cerebral artery (MCA) 3, many animal stroke models that have been developed have focused on this artery. The intraluminal monofilament model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) involves the insertion of a surgical filament into the external carotid artery and threading it forward into the internal carotid artery (ICA) until the tip occludes the origin of the MCA, resulting in a cessation of blood flow and subsequent brain infarction in the MCA territory 4. The technique can be used to model permanent or transient occlusion 5. If the suture is removed after a certain interval (30 min, 1 h, or 2 h), reperfusion is achieved (transient MCAO); if the filament is left in place (24 h) the procedure is suitable as a model of permanent MCAO. This technique does not require craniectomy, a neurosurgical procedure to remove a portion of skull, which may affect intracranial pressure and temperature 6. It has become the most frequently used method to mimic permanent and transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats and mice 7,8. To evaluate the extent of cerebral infarction, we stain brain slices with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to identify ischemic brain tissue 9. In this video, we demonstrate the MCAO method and the determination of infarct size by TTC staining.

We demonstrate in the video a method for producing a middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult mice using an intraluminal monofilament. We also show how to evaluate the extent of cerebral infarction by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining.

Modèle murin d&#39;occlusion artère cérébrale moyenne

Stroke is the most common fatal neurological disease in the United States 1. The majority of strokes (88%) result from blockage of blood vessels in the ...

Recherche

Médecine

Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) Model for Ischemic Stroke with Laser Doppler Flowmetry Guidance in Mice

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of disability in the world, with an estimated cost of near $70 billion 
in the United States in 20091,2. The intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was developed by Koizumi4 in 1986 to simulate this 
impactful human pathology in the rat. A modification of the MCAO method was later presented by Longa3. Both techniques have been widely used to identify 
molecular mechanisms of brain injury resulting from ischemic stroke and potential therapeutic modalities5. This relatively noninvasive method in rats has been 
extended to use in mice to take advantage of transgenic and knockout strains6,7. To model focal cerebral ischemia, an intraluminal suture is advanced via 
the internal carotid artery to occlude the base of the MCA. Retracting the suture after a specified period of time mimics spontaneous reperfusion, but the 
suture can also be permanently retained. This video will be demonstrating the two major approaches for performing intraluminal MCAO procedure in mice in a 
stepwise fashion, as well as providing insights for potential drawbacks and pitfalls. The ischemic brain tissue will subsequently be stained by 
2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to evaluate the extent of cerebral infarction8.

Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion MCAO Model for Ischemic Stroke with Laser Doppler Flowmetry Guidance in Mice

The intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model is the most frequent used model among experimental ischemic stroke models. Here we will demonstrate the entire model in detail with the guide of Laser Doppler flowmetry, and its representative results.

Intraluminale Occlusion Artère cérébrale moyenne (MCAO) Modèle pour l&#39;AVC ischémique avec guidage laser Doppler chez la souris

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of disability in the world, with an estimated cost of near $70 billion 
in the United ...

Endothelin-1 Induced Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model for Ischemic Stroke with Laser Doppler Flowmetry Guidance in Rat

Stroke is the number one cause of disability and third leading cause of death in the world, costing an estimated $70 billion in the United States in 20091, 2. Several models of cerebral ischemia have been developed to mimic the human condition of stroke. It has been suggested that up to 80% of all strokes result from ischemic damage in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) area3. In the early 1990s, endothelin-1 (ET-1) 4 was used to induce ischemia by applying it directly adjacent to the surface of the MCA after craniotomy. Later, this model was modified 5 by using a stereotaxic injection of ET-1 adjacent to the MCA to produce focal cerebral ischemia. The main advantages of this model include the ability to perform the procedure quickly, the ability to control artery constriction by altering the dose of ET-1 delivered, no need to manipulate the extracranial vessels supplying blood to the brain as well as gradual reperfusion rates that more closely mimics the reperfusion in humans5-7. On the other hand, the ET-1 model has disadvantages that include the need for a craniotomy, as well as higher variability in stroke volume8. This variability can be reduced with the use of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) to verify cerebral ischemia during ET-1 infusion. Factors that affect stroke variability include precision of infusion and the batch of the ET-1 used6. Another important consideration is that although reperfusion is a common occurrence in human stroke, the duration of occlusion for ET-1 induced MCAO may not closely mimic that of human stroke where many patients have partial reperfusion over a period of hours to days following occlusion9, 10. This protocol will describe in detail the ET-1 induced MCAO model for ischemic stroke in rats. It will also draw attention to special considerations and potential drawbacks throughout the procedure.

Several animal models of cerebral ischemia have been developed to simulate the human condition of stroke. This protocol describes the endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model for ischemic stroke in rats. In addition, important considerations, advantages, and shortcomings of this model are discussed.

L&#39;endothéline-1 induite Moyen Modèle occlusion de l&#39;artère cérébrale pour AVC ischémique avec guidage laser Doppler chez le rat

Stroke is the number one cause of disability and third leading cause of death in the world, costing an estimated $70 billion in the United States in ...

Utilizing a Cranial Window to Visualize the Middle Cerebral Artery During Endothelin-1 Induced Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Creation of a cranial window is a method that allows direct visualization of structures on the cortical surface of the brain1-3. This technique can be performed in many locations overlying the rat cerebrum, but is most easily carried out by creating a craniectomy over the readily accessible frontal or parietal bones. Most frequently, we have used this technique in combination with the endothelin-1 middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemic stroke to quantify the changes in middle cerebral artery vessel diameter that occur with injection of endothelin-1 into the brain parenchyma adjacent to the proximal MCA4, 5. In order to visualize the proximal portion of the MCA during endothelin -1 induced MCAO, we use a technique to create a cranial window through the temporal bone on the lateral aspect of the rat skull (Figure 1). Cerebral arteries can be visualized either with the dura intact or with the dura incised and retracted. Most commonly, we leave the dura intact during visualization since endothelin-1 induced MCAO involves delivery of the vasoconstricting peptide into the brain parenchyma. This bypasses the need to incise the dura directly over the visualized vessels for drug delivery. This protocol will describe how to create a cranial window to visualize cerebral arteries in a step-wise fashion, as well as how to avoid many of the potential pitfalls pertaining to this method.

This article describes a method for visualizing rat cerebral arteries through a cranial window using temporal craniectomy in order to view proximal portions of the middle cerebral artery (Figure 1). This versatile method can be combined with various techniques of drug delivery to measure cerebral artery reactivity in vivo.

L&#39;utilisation d&#39;une fenêtre crânien à la Visualisez l&#39;artère cérébrale moyenne pendant l&#39;endothéline-1 induite par l&#39;occlusion Artère cérébrale moyenne

Creation of a cranial window is a method that allows direct visualization of structures on the cortical surface of the brain1-3. This technique can be ...

Optimized System for Cerebral Perfusion Monitoring in the Rat Stroke Model of Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

The translational potential of pre-clinical stroke research depends on the accuracy of experimental modeling. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in animal models of acute ischemic stroke allows to confirm successful arterial occlusion and exclude subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebral perfusion monitoring can also be used to study intracranial collateral circulation, which is emerging as a powerful determinant of stroke outcome and a possible therapeutic target. Despite a recognized role of Laser Doppler perfusion monitoring as part of the current guidelines for experimental cerebral ischemia, a number of technical difficulties exist that limit its widespread use. One of the major issues is obtaining a secure and prolonged attachment of a deep-penetration Laser Doppler probe to the animal skull. In this video, we show our optimized system for cerebral perfusion monitoring during transient middle cerebral artery occlusion by intraluminal filament in the rat. We developed in-house a simple method to obtain a custom made holder for twin-fibre (deep-penetration) Laser Doppler probes, which allow multi-site monitoring if needed. A continuous and prolonged monitoring of cerebral perfusion could easily be obtained over the intact skull.

Cerebral perfusion monitoring has been demonstrated to improve accuracy in ischemic stroke models. Technical difficulties often limit the use of this essential tool for cerebrovascular research. In this video, an optimized system is shown to obtain a single or multi-site hemodynamic monitoring during intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

Système optimisé pour la surveillance de la perfusion cérébrale chez le rat des maladies du intraluminale occlusion de l&#39;artère cérébrale moyenne

The translational potential of pre-clinical stroke research depends on the accuracy of experimental modeling. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in animal ...

Modeling Stroke in Mice: Permanent Coagulation of the Distal Middle Cerebral Artery

Stroke is the third most common cause of death and a main cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. Only very limited therapeutical options are available for a small proportion of stroke patients in the acute phase. Current research is intensively searching for novel therapeutic strategies and is increasingly focusing on the sub-acute and chronic phase after stroke because more patients might be eligible for therapeutic interventions in a prolonged time window. These delayed mechanisms include important pathophysiological pathways such as post-stroke inflammation, angiogenesis, neuronal plasticity and regeneration. In order to analyze these mechanisms and to subsequently evaluate novel drug targets, experimental stroke models with clinical relevance, low mortality and high reproducibility are sought after. Moreover, mice are the smallest mammals in which a focal stroke lesion can be induced and for which a broad spectrum of transgenic models are available. Therefore, we describe here the mouse model of transcranial, permanent coagulation of the middle cerebral artery via electrocoagulation distal of the lenticulostriatal arteries, the so-called &#8220;coagulation model&#8221;. The resulting infarct in this model is located mainly in the cortex; the relative infarct volume in relation to brain size corresponds to the majority of human strokes. Moreover, the model fulfills the above-mentioned criteria of reproducibility and low mortality. In this video we demonstrate the surgical methods of stroke induction in the &#8220;coagulation model&#8221; and report histological and functional analysis tools.

Various murine models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) are widely used in experimental brain research. Here, we demonstrate the model of transcranial permanent distal MCAO which produces consistent cortical infarction of a size corresponding to damage imposed by the majority of human ischemic strokes.

Modélisation des maladies chez les souris: Coagulation permanente de l&#39;artère cérébrale moyenne distale

Stroke is the third most common cause of death and a main cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. Only very limited therapeutical ...

Embolic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) for Ischemic Stroke with Homologous Blood Clots in Rats

Clinically, thrombolytic therapy with use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the most effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke. However, the use of tPA is limited by its narrow therapeutic window and by increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation. There is an urgent need to develop suitable stroke models to study new thrombolytic agents and strategies for treatment of ischemic stroke. At present, two major types of ischemic stroke models have been developed in rats and mice: intraluminal suture MCAO and embolic MCAO. Although MCAO models via the intraluminal suture technique have been widely used in mechanism-driven stroke research, these suture models do not mimic the clinical situation and are not suitable for thrombolytic studies. Among these models, the embolic MCAO model closely mimics human ischemic stroke and is suitable for preclinical investigation of thrombolytic therapy. This embolic model was first developed in rats by Overgaard et al.1 in 1992 and further characterized by Zhang et al. in 19972. Although embolic MCAO has gained increasing attention, there are technical problems faced by many laboratories. To meet increasing needs for thrombolytic research, we present a highly reproducible model of embolic MCAO in the rat, which can develop a predictable infarct volume within the MCA territory. In brief, a modified PE-50 tube is gently advanced from the external carotid artery (ECA) into the lumen of the internal carotid artery (ICA) until the tip of the catheter reaches the origin of the MCA. Through the catheter, a single homologous blood clot is placed at the origin of the MCA. To identify the success of MCA occlusion, regional cerebral blood flow was monitored, neurological deficits and infarct volumes were measured. The techniques presented in this paper should help investigators to overcome technical problems for establishing this model for stroke research.

Embolic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion MCAO for Ischemic Stroke with Homologous Blood Clots in Rats

In this paper, we demonstrate a standard method for producing an embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion with homologous blood clots (fibrin-rich) in adult rat. This model closely mimics human ischemic stroke and is suitable for preclinical study of thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke.

Embolique Artère cérébrale moyenne occlusion (MCAO) pour AVC ischémique avec homologues caillots sanguins chez les rats

Clinically, thrombolytic therapy with use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the most effective treatment for acute ischemic ...

Quantification of Neurovascular Protection Following Repetitive Hypoxic Preconditioning and Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

Experimental animal models of stroke are invaluable tools for understanding stroke pathology and developing more effective treatment strategies. A 2 week protocol for repetitive hypoxic preconditioning (RHP) induces long-term protection against central nervous system (CNS) injury in a mouse model of focal ischemic stroke. RHP consists of 9 stochastic exposures to hypoxia that vary in both duration (2 or 4 hr) and intensity (8% and 11% O2). RHP reduces infarct volumes, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and the post-stroke inflammatory response for weeks following the last exposure to hypoxia, suggesting a long-term induction of an endogenous CNS-protective phenotype. The methodology for the dual quantification of infarct volume and BBB disruption is effective in assessing neurovascular protection in mice with RHP or other putative neuroprotectants. Adult male Swiss Webster mice were preconditioned by RHP or duration-equivalent exposures to 21% O2 (i.e. room air). A 60 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) was induced 2 weeks following the last hypoxic exposure. Both the occlusion and reperfusion were confirmed by transcranial laser Doppler flowmetry. Twenty-two hr after reperfusion, Evans Blue (EB) was intravenously administered through a tail vein injection. 2 hr later, animals were sacrificed by isoflurane overdose and brain sections were stained with 2,3,5- triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). Infarcts volumes were then quantified. Next, EB was extracted from the tissue over 48 hr to determine BBB disruption after tMCAo. In summary, RHP is a simple protocol that can be replicated, with minimal cost, to induce long-term endogenous neurovascular protection from stroke injury in mice, with the translational potential for other CNS-based and systemic pro-inflammatory disease states.

This protocol describes repetitive hypoxic preconditioning, or brief exposures to systemic hypoxia that reduce infarct volumes and blood-brain barrier disruption following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. It also details dual quantification of infarct volume and blood-brain barrier disruption after stroke to assess the efficacy of neurovascular protection.

Quantification de la protection neurovasculaire Après répétitive hypoxique préconditionnement et transitoire Moyen Cerebral Artery Occlusion chez la souris

Experimental animal models of stroke are invaluable tools for understanding stroke pathology and developing more effective treatment strategies. A 2 week ...

Performing Permanent Distal Middle Cerebral with Common Carotid Artery Occlusion in Aged Rats to Study Cortical Ischemia with Sustained Disability

Stroke typically occurs in elderly people with a range of comorbidities including carotid (or other arterial) atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, obesity and diabetes. Accordingly, when evaluating therapies for stroke in animals, it is important to select a model with excellent face validity. Ischemic stroke accounts for 80% of all strokes, and the majority of these occur in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), often inducing infarcts that affect the sensorimotor cortex, causing persistent plegia or paresis on the contralateral side of the body. We demonstrate in this video a method for producing ischemic stroke in elderly rats, which causes sustained sensorimotor disability and substantial cortical infarcts. Specifically, we induce permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in elderly female rats by using diathermy forceps to occlude a short segment of this artery. The carotid artery on the ipsilateral side to the lesion was then permanently occluded and the contralateral carotid artery was transiently occluded for 60 min. We measure the infarct size using structural T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 24 hr and 8 weeks after stroke. In this study, the mean infarct volume was 4.5% &#177; 2.0% (standard deviation) of the ipsilateral hemisphere at 24 hr (corrected for brain swelling using Gerriet&#8217;s equation, n = 5). This model is feasible and clinically relevant as it permits the induction of sustained sensorimotor deficits, which is important for the elucidation of pathophysiological mechanisms and novel treatments.

Here we present a protocol to produce permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion in elderly female rats with simultaneous occlusion of the carotid arteries to generate large cortical infarcts and sustained deficits. We show confirmation of the lesion size using structural MRI at 24 hr and 8 weeks after stroke.

Exécution distale permanente Moyen cérébrale avec l&#39;artère carotide commune occlusion chez les rats âgés pour étudier corticale ischémie avec une incapacité prolongée

Stroke typically occurs in elderly people with a range of comorbidities including carotid (or other arterial) atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, ...

Surgical Approach for Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion and Reperfusion Induced Stroke in Mice

Stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide and continues to be one of the major causes of long-term adult disabilities. About 87% of strokes are ischemic in origin and occur in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Currently the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug for the treatment of this devastating disease is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). However, tPA has a small therapeutic window for administration (3 - 6 hr), and is only effective in 4% of the patients who actually receive it. Current research focuses on understanding the pathophysiology of stroke in order to find potential therapeutic targets. Thus, reliable models are crucial, and the MCA occlusion (MCAo) model (also termed the intraluminal filament or suture model) is deemed to be the most clinically relevant surgical model of ischemic stroke, and is fairly non-invasive and easily reproducible. Typically the MCAo model is used with rodents, especially with mice due to all the genetic variations available for this species. Here we describe (and present in the video) how to successfully perform the MCAo model (with reperfusion) in mice to generate reliable and reproducible data.

In order to understand the pathophysiology of stroke, it is important to use reliable models. This paper will describe one of the most frequently used stroke models in mice, termed the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model (also termed the intraluminal filament or suture model) with reperfusion.