Le financement de ce travail a été fourni en partie par le Commonwealth de Pennsylvanie # 4100037709 # 240468 sous-traitance et de l&#39;Université Drexel de sous-traitance # 280773.

<ol>
	<li>Ayaz, H., Allen, S. L., Platek, S. M., Onaral, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maze+Suite+1.0:+a+complete+set+of+tools+to+prepare,+present,+and+analyze+navigational+and+spatial+cognitive+neuroscience+experiments.">Maze Suite 1.0: a complete set of tools to prepare, present, and analyze navigational and spatial cognitive neuroscience experiments.</a> Behav. Res Methods. 40, 353-359 (2008).</li><li>Chance, B., Zhuang, Z., UnAh, C., Alter, C., Lipton, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognition-activated+low-frequency+modulation+of+light+absorption+in+human+brain.">Cognition-activated low-frequency modulation of light absorption in human brain.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90, 3770-3774 (1993).</li><li>Villringer, A., Planck, J., Hock, C., Schleinkofer, L., Dirnagl, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Near+infrared+spectroscopy+(NIRS):+a+new+tool+to+study+hemodynamic+changes+during+activation+of+brain+function+in+human+adults.">Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS): a new tool to study hemodynamic changes during activation of brain function in human adults.</a> Neuroscience letters. 154, 101-104 (1993).</li><li>Hoshi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-synchronous+behavior+of+neuronal+activity,+oxidative+metabolism+and+blood+supply+during+mental+tasks+in+man.">Non-synchronous behavior of neuronal activity, oxidative metabolism and blood supply during mental tasks in man.</a> Neuroscience letters. 172, 129-133 (1994).</li><li>Strangman, G., Boas, D. A., Sutton, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+neuroimaging+using+near-infrared+light.">Non-invasive neuroimaging using near-infrared light.</a> Biological psychiatry. 52, 679-693 (2002).</li><li>Coyle, S., Ward, T. E., Markham, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain-computer+interface+using+a+simplified+functional+near-infrared+spectroscopy+system.">Brain-computer interface using a simplified functional near-infrared spectroscopy system.</a> Journal of neural engineering. 4, 219-226 (2007).</li><li>Ayaz, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+brain+monitoring+for+operator+training+and+mental+workload+assessment.">Optical brain monitoring for operator training and mental workload assessment.</a> Neuroimage. , (2011).</li><li>Izzetoglu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+near-infrared+neuroimaging.">Functional near-infrared neuroimaging.</a> IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 13, 153-159 (2005).</li><li>Izzetoglu, M., Bunce, S. C., Izzetoglu, K., Onaral, B., Pourrezaei, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+brain+imaging+using+near-infrared+technology.">Functional brain imaging using near-infrared technology.</a> IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 26, 38-46 (2007).</li><li>Shalinsky, M. H., Kovelman, I., Berens, M. S., Petitto, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+Cognitive+Functions+in+Babies,+Children+&#38;+Adults+with+Near+Infrared+Spectroscopy.">Exploring Cognitive Functions in Babies, Children &#38; Adults with Near Infrared Spectroscopy.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (29), e1268-e1268 (2009).</li><li>Izzetoglu, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+evolution+of+field+deployable+fNIR+spectroscopy+from+bench+to+clinical+settings.">The evolution of field deployable fNIR spectroscopy from bench to clinical settings.</a> Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences. 4, 1-12 (2011).</li><li>Van Horn, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changing+patterns+of+brain+activation+during+maze+learning.">Changing patterns of brain activation during maze learning.</a> Brain Res. 793, 29-38 (1998).</li><li>Shewokis, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Memory+consolidation+and+contextual+interference+effects+with+computer+games.">Memory consolidation and contextual interference effects with computer games.</a> Perc Motor Skills. 97, 581-589 (2003).</li><li>Magill, R. A., Hall, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+the+contextual+interference+effect+in+motor+skill+acquisition.">A review of the contextual interference effect in motor skill acquisition.</a> Human Movement Science. 9, 241-289 (1990).</li><li>Ayaz, H., Onaral, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Analytical software and stimulus-presentation platform to utilize, visualize and analyze near-infrared spectroscopy measures Masters Degree thesis [dissertation]. , (2005).</li><li>Ayaz, H., Marek, T., Karwowski, W., Rice, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Advances in Understanding Human Performance: Neuroergonomics, Human Factors Design, and Special Populations. 3, 21-31 (2010).</li><li>Izzetoglu, M., Chitrapu, P., Bunce, S., Onaral, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motion+artifact+cancellation+in+NIR+spectroscopy+using+discrete+Kalman+filtering.">Motion artifact cancellation in NIR spectroscopy using discrete Kalman filtering.</a> Biomedical engineering online. 9, 16-16 (2010).</li><li>Huppert, T. J., Diamond, S. G., Franceschini, M. A., Boas, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HomER:+a+review+of+time-series+analysis+methods+for+near-infrared+spectroscopy+of+the+brain.">HomER: a review of time-series analysis methods for near-infrared spectroscopy of the brain.</a> Appl Opt. 48, 280-298 (2009).</li><li>Zhang, Q., Strangman, G., Ganis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+filtering+to+reduce+global+interference+in+non-invasive+NIRS+measures+of+brain+activation:+How+well+and+when+does+it+work?.">Adaptive filtering to reduce global interference in non-invasive NIRS measures of brain activation: How well and when does it work?.</a> Neuroimage. 45, 788-794 (2009).</li><li>Izzetoglu, M., Devaraj, A., Bunce, S., Onaral, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motion+artifact+cancellation+in+NIR+spectroscopy+using+Wiener+filtering.">Motion artifact cancellation in NIR spectroscopy using Wiener filtering.</a> IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 52, 934-938 (2005).</li><li>Cope, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The development of a near infrared spectroscopy system and its application for non invasive monitoring of cerebral blood and tissue oxygenation in the newborn infant. , (1991).</li><li>Elwell, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+adult+cerebral+hemodynamics+by+near-infrared+spectroscopy.">Quantification of adult cerebral hemodynamics by near-infrared spectroscopy.</a> Journal of Applied Physiology. 77, 2753-2753 (1994).</li><li>Wyatt, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitation+of+cerebral+blood+volume+in+human+infants+by+near-infrared+spectroscopy.">Quantitation of cerebral blood volume in human infants by near-infrared spectroscopy.</a> Journal of Applied Physiology. 68, 1086-1086 (1990).</li><li>Ayaz, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy based Brain Computer Interface PhD thesis [dissertation]. , (2010).</li><li>Wood, J. N., Grafman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+prefrontal+cortex:+processing+and+representational+perspectives.">Human prefrontal cortex: processing and representational perspectives.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 4, 139-147 (2003).</li><li>Shadmehr, R., Holcomb, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+correlates+of+motor+memory+consolidation.">Neural correlates of motor memory consolidation.</a> Science. 277, 821-825 (1997).</li></ol>

Périphériques fNIR, LLC fabrique l&#39;instrument d&#39;imagerie optique du cerveau et IP autorisés et savoir-faire de l&#39;Université Drexel. H. Ayaz, M. Izzetoglu, K. et B. Izzetoglu Onaral ont été impliqués dans le développement de la technologie et ainsi offrir une part mineure dans la nouvelle startup Périphériques fNIR cabinet, LLC.

Le cortex préfrontal (PFC) dans le cerveau humain facilite le contrôle cognitif sur la coordination des pensées et des actions par rapport aux objectifs internes. En particulier, le PFC antérieur / dorsolatéral est connu pour servir de médiateur des fonctions cognitives supérieures telles que la gestion des tâches, la planification et la navigation spatiale 25. fNIR est un appareil portable, outil sûr et non invasif de surveillance du cerveau qui a été utilisé dans les paramètres cliniques, biologiques et naturels pour étudier l&#39;activation cérébrale. Cette étude exploratoire a démontré l&#39;utilisation de la Suite Maze et fNIR pour étudier les aspects neuro-comportementaux de la navigation spatiale. Dans cette étude exploratoire, la plate-forme MazeSuite est utilisé en conjonction avec les fNIR d&#39;étudier les aspects neuro-comportementaux de la navigation spatiale dans la dorsolatéral PFC et de démontrer la combinaison de ces deux outils. MazeSuite est une plate-forme expérimentale de conception, de présentation et d&#39;analyse. Il permet la création et l&#39;application de simples environnements 3D avec une interface utilisateur graphique conviviale et enregistre automatiquement les mesures comportementales pour l&#39;intérieur ou à travers l&#39;objet de comparaisons sujet. Lors de la présentation des environnements MazeSuite, simultanée du temps synchronisé des mesures ont été prises fNIR utilisant une commercialement disponible, portable, système continu fNIR onde (Imager 1000, Périphériques fNIR, LLC) et COBI logiciel Studio 15. fNIR a déjà été établi comme un outil sûr et efficace de surveillance non invasive du cerveau dans les paramètres cliniques, biologiques et naturels pour l&#39;étude de l&#39;activation cérébrale et 7,11 est utilisé dans cette étude pour étudier les réponses cognitives associées à l&#39;interférence contextuelle au cours des tâches de navigation spatiale. Pour examiner les effets des interférences afin pratique contextuelle, les sujets ont été présentés avec soit une faible interférence (BLK) ou d&#39;interférence élevé (RND) afin pratique. Ces horaires pratiques distinctes ont été utilisées pour tester l&#39;effet de l&#39;apprentissage des multiples tâches spatiale virtuelle labyrinthe navigation à travers des tests d&#39;acquisition, de rétention et de transfert. Les résultats comportementaux indiquent que la pratique pour les commandes à la fois, il ya une tendance monotone décroissante dans le temps total nécessaire pour achever labyrinthe, suggérant que la pratique des sujets, ils ont rempli chaque labyrinthe de courtes périodes de temps. En outre, la vitesse moyenne avec laquelle les sujets navigué dans le labyrinthe (vitesse labyrinthe) a augmenté avec la pratique. Ces améliorations dans les mesures comportementales dans le temps sont attendus des inférences de l&#39;apprentissage. Les variations moyennes de concentration oxy-Hb au cours d&#39;essais pratiques montrent que la pratique BLK nécessaire d&#39;activation cérébrale plus élevé en comparaison avec la pratique afin RND. RND pratique s&#39;est traduite dans le temps plus vite l&#39;achèvement et la longueur des trajets plus courts par rapport à l&#39;ordre pratique, à la fois pour BLK conservation et le transfert, respectivement. Une tendance à la baisse observée dans la moyenne oxy-Hb pour BLK et pratiques à travers des essais RND de rétention indiquant une activité réduite dans le PFC. Ce résultat est attendu que des recherches antérieures ont suggéré qu&#39;il ya une réduction de l&#39;activité du PFC au cours des étapes ultérieures de l&#39;apprentissage 12,26. Par ailleurs, la navigation dans les labyrinthes de nouvelles pendant la phase de transfert requis pour l&#39;activation du cerveau supérieur pratique soumise BLK par rapport à la pratique RND sujet. Étant donné que l&#39;ordre pratique était différente pour les tâches déjà appris (ie, Maze1, maze2 et maze3), cet ordre pratique aléatoire stratifié pour le sujet qui a appris les tâches de façon séquentielle (BLK pratique) afin peut-être été suffisamment nouveau pour exiger des efforts supplémentaires et des ressources cognitives pour accomplir les tâches 12,26. Toutefois, pour la pratique RND, la phase de transfert de l&#39;activation des neurones n&#39;est pas plus élevé que la phase de rétention. Ces résultats corroborent les résultats TEP avec la navigation spatiale des labyrinthes virtuels rapporté par Van Horn et ses collègues 12. En résumé, nous avons décrit l&#39;utilisation de MazeSuite en combinaison avec COBI Studio pour une étude sur les effets de l&#39;interférence contextuelle liée à la pratique ordre quand l&#39;apprentissage spatial tâches de navigation. Les méthodes discutées ici fNIR ne sont pas limités à des tâches de navigation spatiale et peut être utilisé pour une variété de tâches dans d&#39;autres études de neuroimagerie. Phases de conception, réalisation, acquisition de données et l&#39;analyse de l&#39;étude ont été expliqués avec l&#39;intention de fournir une ligne directrice pour les études futures.

<ul><li> Maze Suite www.mazesuite.com </li><li> fNIR Imager 1000 www.fnirdevices.com </li></ul>

using mazesuite and functional near infrared spectroscopy to study learning in spatial navigation

MazeSuite est un ensemble d&#39;outils complet pour préparer, présenter et analyser des expériences de navigation et spatiale 1. MazeSuite peut être utilisé pour concevoir et éditer adaptée environnements virtuels en 3D, la piste la performance d&#39;un des participants de comportement dans l&#39;environnement virtuel et de synchroniser avec des appareils externes pour des mesures physiologiques et neuro-imagerie, y compris les électroencéphalogrammes et le suivi des yeux. Fonctionnelle spectroscopie proche infrarouge (fNIR) est une technique d&#39;imagerie optique du cerveau qui permet une surveillance continue, non invasive et portable de changements dans l&#39;oxygénation sanguine cérébrale liée aux fonctions du cerveau humain 2-7. Au cours des dix dernières années fNIR est utilisé pour surveiller efficacement les tâches cognitives comme l&#39;attention, la mémoire de travail et résolution de problèmes 7-11. fNIR peut être mis en œuvre sous la forme d&#39;un dispositif portable et moins intrusifs, elle a la capacité de surveiller l&#39;activité cérébrale dans des environnements écologiquement valide. Les fonctions cognitives évaluées par l&#39;exécution des tâches impliquent schémas d&#39;activation cérébrale de l&#39;cortex préfrontal (CPF) qui varient de l&#39;exécution de la tâche roman initial, après l&#39;entraînement et pendant la rétention 12. L&#39;utilisation par émission de positons (TEP), Van Horn et ses collègues ont constaté que le débit sanguin cérébral régional a été activé dans le lobe frontal droit lors de l&#39;encodage (c&#39;est à dire, les premières performances naïfs) de la navigation spatiale des labyrinthes virtuels alors qu&#39;il y avait peu ou pas d&#39;activation de la régions frontales après l&#39;entraînement et pendant les tests de rétention. Par ailleurs, les effets de l&#39;interférence contextuelle, un phénomène d&#39;apprentissage liées à l&#39;organisation de la pratique, sont évidents lorsque les individus acquièrent de multiples tâches dans des horaires pratiques différentes 13,14. Haute interférence contextuelle (horaire d&#39;entraînement aléatoire) est créé lorsque les tâches à apprendre sont présentées dans un non-séquentielle, l&#39;ordre imprévisible. Faible interférence contextuelle (horaire d&#39;entraînement bloqué) est créé lorsque les tâches à apprendre sont présentées dans un ordre prévisible. Notre objectif ici est double: tout d&#39;abord d&#39;illustrer le processus de conception protocole expérimental et l&#39;utilisation de MazeSuite et, deuxièmement, pour démontrer l&#39;installation et le déploiement du système de surveillance de l&#39;activité du cerveau fNIR utilisant cognitives du cerveau d&#39;imagerie optique (COBI) logiciel Studio 15. Pour illustrer nos objectifs, un sous-échantillon d&#39;une étude est citée pour montrer l&#39;utilisation des deux MazeSuite et COBI Studio dans une seule expérience. L&#39;étude porte sur l&#39;évaluation de l&#39;activité cognitive du PFC lors de l&#39;acquisition et l&#39;apprentissage des tâches labyrinthe informatique pour les commandes bloquées et aléatoire. Deux droitiers adultes (un homme et une femme) a effectué 315 acquisitions, 30 de rétention et de transfert de 20 essais sur quatre jours. Phases de conception, réalisation, acquisition de données et l&#39;analyse de l&#39;étude ont été expliqués avec l&#39;intention de fournir une ligne directrice pour les études futures.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation at JoVE.com

Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation

MazeSuite est un ensemble d&#39;outils complet pour préparer, présenter et analyser des expériences de navigation et spatiale. Fonctionnelle spectroscopie proche infrarouge (fNIR) est une technique d&#39;imagerie optique du cerveau qui permet une surveillance non invasive et portable de changements cérébraux oxygénation du sang. Ce document résume l&#39;utilisation collective de MazeSuite et fNIR au sein d&#39;un paradigme de l&#39;apprentissage du traitement cognitif.

Utiliser MazeSuite et fonctionnelle proche infrarouge pour étudier l&#39;apprentissage de la navigation spatiale

MazeSuite is a complete toolset to prepare, present and analyze navigational and spatial experiments1. MazeSuite can be used to design and edit adapted ...

using-mazesuite-functional-near-infrared-spectroscopy-to-study

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

30.3K vues.  Drexel University. MazeSuite est un ensemble d'outils complet pour préparer, présenter et analyser des expériences de navigation et spatiale. Fonctionnelle spectroscopie proche infrarouge (fNIR) est une technique d'imagerie optique du cerveau qui permet une surveillance non invasive et portable de changements cérébraux oxygénation du sang. Ce document résume l'utilisation collective de MazeSuite et fNIR au sein d'un paradigme de l'apprentissage du traitement cogni...

Vidéo: Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains technically challenging. One approach, Activation-Induced Manganese-enhanced MRI (AIM MRI), has been used successfully to map neuronal activity in rodents 1-5. In AIM MRI, Mn2+ acts a calcium analog and accumulates in depolarized neurons 6,7. Because Mn2+ shortens the T1 tissue property, regions of elevated neuronal activity will enhance in MRI. Furthermore, Mn2+ clears slowly from the activated regions; therefore, stimulation can be performed outside the magnet prior to imaging, enabling greater experimental flexibility. However, because Mn2+ does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the need to open the BBB has limited the use of AIM MRI, especially in mice.
One tool for opening the BBB is ultrasound. Though potentially damaging, if ultrasound is administered in combination with gas-filled microbubbles (i.e., ultrasound contrast agents), the acoustic pressure required for BBB opening is considerably lower. This combination of ultrasound and microbubbles can be used to reliably open the BBB without causing tissue damage 8-11.
Here, a method is presented for performing AIM MRI by using microbubbles and ultrasound to open the BBB. After an intravenous injection of perflutren microbubbles, an unfocused pulsed ultrasound beam is applied to the shaved mouse head for 3 minutes. For simplicity, we refer to this technique of BBB Opening with Microbubbles and UltraSound as BOMUS 12. Using BOMUS to open the BBB throughout both cerebral hemispheres, manganese is administered to the whole mouse brain. After experimental stimulation of the lightly sedated mice, AIM MRI is used to map the neuronal response.
To demonstrate this approach, herein BOMUS and AIM MRI are used to map unilateral mechanical stimulation of the vibrissae in lightly sedated mice 13. Because BOMUS can open the BBB throughout both hemispheres, the unstimulated side of the brain is used to control for nonspecific background stimulation. The resultant 3D activation map agrees well with published representations of the vibrissae regions of the barrel field cortex 14. The ultrasonic opening of the BBB is fast, noninvasive, and reversible; and thus this approach is suitable for high-throughput and/or longitudinal studies in awake mice.

A technique is described for broadly opening the blood-brain barrier in the mouse using microbubbles and ultrasound. Using this technique, manganese can be administered to the mouse brain. Because manganese is an MRI contrast agent that accumulates in depolarized neurons, this approach enables imaging of neuronal activity.

Utilisation de neuro-imagerie fonctionnelle par ultrasons rupture de la barrière hémato-encéphalique et le manganèse-IRM

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

Recherche

Neurosciences

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Induction of phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase (pERK) is a reliable molecular readout of learning-dependent neuronal activation. Here, we describe a pERK immunohistochemistry protocol to study the profile of hippocampal neuron activation following exposure to a spatial learning task in a mouse model characterized by cognitive deficits of neurodevelopmental origin. Specifically, we used pERK immunostaining to study neuronal activation following Morris water maze (MWM, a classical hippocampal-dependent learning task) in Engrailed-2 knockout (En2-/-) mice, a model of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). As compared to wild-type (WT) controls, En2-/- mice showed significant spatial learning deficits in the MWM. After MWM, significant differences in the number of pERK-positive neurons were detected in specific hippocampal subfields of En2-/- mice, as compared to WT animals. Thus, our protocol can robustly detect differences in pERK-positive neurons associated to hippocampal-dependent learning impairment in a mouse model of ASD. More generally, our protocol can be applied to investigate the profile of hippocampal neuron activation in both genetic or pharmacological mouse models characterized by cognitive deficits.

We describe an immunohistochemistry protocol to study the profile of hippocampal neuron activation following exposure to a spatial learning task in a mouse model characterized by cognitive deficits of neurodevelopmental origin. This protocol can be applied to both genetic or pharmacological mouse models characterized by cognitive deficits.

Visualisation immunohistochimique de l&#39;hippocampe Neuron Activité Après l&#39;apprentissage spatial dans un modèle de souris de troubles neurodéveloppementaux

Induction of phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase (pERK) is a reliable molecular readout of learning-dependent neuronal activation. Here, we ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method described here enables the investigator to measure long-lasting (from minutes to hours) high-quality intracellular responses from single Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors and Large Monopolar Cells (LMCs) to light stimuli. Because the recording system has low noise, it can be used to study variability among individual cells in the fly eye, and how their outputs reflect the physical properties of the visual environment. We outline all key steps in performing this technique. The basic steps in constructing an appropriate electrophysiology set-up for recording, such as design and selection of the experimental equipment are described. We also explain how to prepare for recording by making appropriate (sharp) recording and (blunt) reference electrodes. Details are given on how to fix an intact fly in a bespoke fly-holder, prepare a small window in its eye and insert a recording electrode through this hole with minimal damage. We explain how to localize the center of a cell's receptive field, dark- or light-adapt the studied cell, and to record its voltage responses to dynamic light stimuli. Finally, we describe the criteria for stable normal recordings, show characteristic high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to different light stimuli, and briefly define how to quantify their signaling performance. Many aspects of the method are technically challenging and require practice and patience to master. But once learned and optimized for the investigator's experimental objectives, it grants outstanding in vivo neurophysiological data.

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Sharp microelectrodes enable accurate electrophysiological characterization of photoreceptor and visual interneuron output in living Drosophila. Here we show how to use this method to record high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to controlled light stimulation. This method is ideal for studying neural information processing in insect compound eyes.

Méthode électrophysiologique de réponses d&#39;enregistrement intracellulaire tension de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Photorécepteurs et Interneurones à Light Stimuli<em&gt; In Vivo</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Small Squamate Reptiles

Clinical research has leveraged a variety of paradigms to assess cognitive decline, commonly targeting spatial learning and memory abilities. However, interest in the cognitive processes of nonmodel species, typically within an ecological context, has also become an emerging field of study. In particular, interest in the cognitive processes in reptiles is growing although experimental studies on reptilian cognition are sparse. The few reptilian studies that have experimentally tested for spatial learning and memory have used rodent paradigms modified for use in reptiles. However, ecologically important aspects of the physiology and behavior of this taxonomic group must be taken into account when testing for spatially based cognition. Here, we describe modifications of the dry land Barnes maze and associated testing protocol that can improve performance when probing for spatial learning and memory ability in small squamate reptiles. The described paradigm and procedures were successfully used with male side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana), demonstrating that spatial learning and memory can be assessed in this taxonomic group with an ecologically relevant apparatus and protocol.

This paper describes a modification of the Barnes maze, a standard rodent paradigm used to assess spatial memory and learning, for use in small squamate reptiles.

Évaluation de l&#39;apprentissage spatial et la mémoire dans les petits squamate Reptiles

Clinical research has leveraged a variety of paradigms to assess cognitive decline, commonly targeting spatial learning and memory abilities. However, ...

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in remote locations. This paper shows the development of field functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) imaging to the study of child language, reading, and cognitive development in a rural village setting of C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire. Innovation in methods and the development of culturally appropriate neuroimaging protocols allow&#160;a first-time look into the brain&#39;s development and children&#39;s learning outcomes in understudied environments. This paper demonstrates protocols for transporting and setting up a mobile laboratory, discusses considerations for field versus laboratory neuroimaging, and presents a guide for developing neuroimaging consent procedures and building meaningful long-term collaborations with local government and science partners. Portable neuroimaging methods can be used to study complex child development contexts, including the impact of significant poverty and adversity on brain development. The protocol presented here has been developed for use in C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire, the world&#39;s primary source of cocoa, and where reports of child labor in the cocoa sector are common. Yet, little is known about the impact of child labor on brain development and learning. Field neuroimaging methods have the potential to yield new insights into such urgent issues, and the development of children globally.

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy NIRS Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Portable neuroimaging approaches (functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy) provide advances to the study of the brain in previously inaccessible regions; here, rural C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire. Innovation in methods and development of culturally-appropriate neuroimaging protocols permits novel study of the brain&#39;s development and children&#39;s learning outcomes in environments with significant poverty and adversity.

Méthodes de champ de la neuro-imagerie utilisation fonctionnelle près Neuroimaging spectroscopie infrarouge (NIRS) pour étudier le développement Global de l’enfant : zones rurales d’Afrique subsaharienne

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in ...

Conducting Hyperscanning Experiments with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of social interactions, and possibly interpersonal relationships. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is well suited for conducting hyperscanning experiments because it measures local hemodynamic effects with a high sampling rate and, importantly, it can be applied in natural settings, not requiring strict motion restrictions. In this article, we present a protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments with parent-child dyads and for analyzing brain-to-brain synchrony. Furthermore, we discuss critical issues and future directions, regarding the experimental design, spatial registration of the fNIRS channels, physiological influences and data analysis methods. The described protocol is not specific to parent-child dyads, but can be applied to a variety of different dyadic constellations, such as adult strangers, romantic partners or siblings. To conclude, fNIRS hyperscanning has the potential to yield new insights into the dynamics of the ongoing social interaction, which possibly go beyond what can be studied by examining the activities of individual brains.

The present protocol describes how to conduct fNIRS hyperscanning experiments and analyze brain-to-brain synchrony. Further, we discuss challenges and possible solutions.

Des expériences de Hyperscanning avec la spectroscopie proche infrarouge fonctionnelle

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding ...

Using Near-infrared Fluorescence and High-resolution Scanning to Measure Protein Expression in the Rodent Brain

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study of neuroscience as cellular function is determined by the composition and activity of cellular proteins. In this article, we describe how immunocytochemistry can be combined with near-infrared high-resolution scanning to provide a semi-quantitative measure of protein expression in distinct brain regions. This technique can be used for single or double protein expression in the same brain region. Measuring proteins in this fashion can be used to obtain a relative change in protein expression with an experimental manipulation, molecular signature of learning and memory, activity in molecular pathways, and neural activity in multiple brain regions. Using the correct proteins and statistical analysis, functional connectivity among brain regions can be determined as well. Given the ease of implementing immunocytochemistry in a laboratory, using immunocytochemistry with near-infrared high-resolution scanning can expand the ability of the neuroscientist to examine neurobiological processes at a systems level.

Here, we present a protocol that uses near-infrared dyes in conjunction with immunohistochemistry and high-resolution scanning to assay proteins in brain regions.

Utilisation de la fluorescence proche infrarouge et de la numérisation haute résolution pour mesurer l’expression des protéines dans le cerveau des rongeurs

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study ...

Conducting Concurrent Electroencephalography and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Recordings with a Flanker Task

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by inspecting the relationship between the neural and hemodynamic signals. EEG is an electrophysiological technology that can measure the rapid neuronal activity of the cortex, whereas fNIRS relies on the hemodynamic responses to infer brain activation. The combination of EEG and fNIRS neuroimaging techniques can identify more features and reveal more information associated with the functioning of the brain. In this protocol, fused EEG-fNIRS measurements were performed for concurrent recordings of evoked-electrical potentials and hemodynamic responses during a Flanker task. In addition, the critical steps for setting up the hardware and software system as well as the procedures for data acquisition and analysis were provided and discussed in detail. It is expected that the present protocol can pave a new avenue for improving the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying various cognitive processes by using the EEG and fNIRS signals.

The present protocol describes how to perform concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings and how to inspect the relationship between the EEG and fNIRS data.&#160;

Conduite d’électroencéphalographie simultanée et d’enregistrements fonctionnels de spectroscopie proche infrarouge avec une tâche de flanker

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by ...

Qualitative and Comparative Cortical Activity Data Analyses from a Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment Applying Block Design

Neuroimaging studies play a pivotal role in the evaluation of pre- vs. post-interventional neurological conditions such as in rehabilitation and surgical treatment. Among the many neuroimaging technologies used to measure brain activity, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) enables the evaluation of dynamic cortical activities by measuring the local hemoglobin levels similar to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Also, due to lesser physical restriction in fNIRS, multiple variants of sensorimotor tasks can be evaluated. Many laboratories have developed several methods for fNIRS data analysis; however, despite the fact that the general principles are the same, there is no universally standardized method. Here, we present the qualitative and comparative analytic methods of data obtained from a multi-channel fNIRS experiment using a block design. For qualitative analysis, we used a software for NIRS as a mass-univariate approach based on the generalized linear model. The NIRS-SPM analysis shows qualitative results for each session by visualizing the activated area during the task. In addition, the non-invasive three-dimensional digitizer can be used to estimate the fNIRS channel locations relative to the brain. To corroborate the NIRS-SPM findings, the amplitude of the changes in hemoglobin levels induced by the sensorimotor task can be statistically analyzed by comparing the data obtained from two different sessions (before and after intervention) of the same study subject using a multi-channel hierarchical mixed model. Our methods can be used to measure the pre- vs. post-intervention analysis in a variety of neurological disorders such as movement disorders, cerebrovascular diseases, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

We describe the analysis of continuous-wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy experiment using a block design with a sensorimotor task. To increase the reliability of the data analysis, we used the qualitative general linear model-based statistical parametric mapping and the comparative hierarchical mixed models for multi-channels.

Analyses qualitatives et comparatives des données d’activité corticale à partir d’une expérience de spectroscopie fonctionnelle dans le proche infrarouge appliquant la conception de blocs

Neuroimaging studies play a pivotal role in the evaluation of pre- vs. post-interventional neurological conditions such as in rehabilitation and surgical ...

Inter-Brain Synchrony in Open-Ended Collaborative Learning: An fNIRS-Hyperscanning Study

fNIRS hyperscanning is widely used to detect the neurobiological underpinnings of social interaction. With this technique, researchers qualify the concurrent brain activity of two or more interactive individuals with a novel index called inter-brain synchrony (IBS) (i.e., phase and/or amplitude alignment of the neuronal or hemodynamic signals across time). A protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments on collaborative learning dyads in a naturalistic learning environment is presented here. Further, a pipeline of analyzing IBS of oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) signal is explained. Specifically, the experimental design, the process of NIRS data recording, data analysis methods, and future directions are all discussed. Overall, implementing a standardized fNIRS hyperscanning pipeline is a fundamental part of second-person neuroscience. Also, this is in line with the call for open-science to aid the reproducibility of research.

The protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments on collaborative learning dyads in a naturalistic learning environment is outlined. Further, a pipeline to analyze the Inter-Brain Synchrony (IBS) of oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) signals is presented.