Le financement de cette recherche a été fourni par les passes Garnett et Rodney Williams Memorial Foundation et l&#39;Université La Trobe.

<ol>
	<li>Mauger, S. J., Shivdasani, M. N., Rathbone, G. D., Argent, R. E., Paolini, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+in+vivo+investigation+of+first+spike+latencies+in+the+inferior+colliculus+in+response+to+multichannel+penetrating+auditory+brainstem+implant+stimulation.">An in vivo investigation of first spike latencies in the inferior colliculus in response to multichannel penetrating auditory brainstem implant stimulation.</a> Journal of Neural Engineering. 7, 036004-036004 (2010).</li><li>Shivdasani, M. N., Mauger, S. J., Argent, R. E., Rathbone, G. D., Paolini, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inferior+colliculus+responses+to+dual-site+intralamina+stimulation+in+the+ventral+cochlear+nucleus.">Inferior colliculus responses to dual-site intralamina stimulation in the ventral cochlear nucleus.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 518, 4226-4242 (2010).</li><li>Shivdasani, M. N., Mauger, S. J., Rathbone, G. D., Paolini, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inferior+colliculus+responses+to+multichannel+microstimulation+of+the+ventral+cochlear+nucleus:+Implications+for+auditory+brain+stem+implants.">Inferior colliculus responses to multichannel microstimulation of the ventral cochlear nucleus: Implications for auditory brain stem implants.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 99, 1-13 (2007).</li><li>Lenarz, M., Lim, H. H., Patrick, J. F., Anderson, D. J., Lenarz, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+Validation+of+a+Human+Prototype+Auditory+Midbrain+Implant+in+a+Guinea+Pig+Model.">Electrophysiological Validation of a Human Prototype Auditory Midbrain Implant in a Guinea Pig Model.</a> JARO. 7, 383-398 (2006).</li><li>Lim, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory+Cortical+Responses+to+Electrical+Stimulation+of+the+Inferior+Colliculus:+Implications+for+an+Auditory+Midbrain+Implant.">Auditory Cortical Responses to Electrical Stimulation of the Inferior Colliculus: Implications for an Auditory Midbrain Implant.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 96, 975-988 (2006).</li><li>Otto, K. J., Rousche, P. J., Kipke, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microstimulation+in+auditory+cortex+provides+a+substrate+for+detailed+behaviors.">Microstimulation in auditory cortex provides a substrate for detailed behaviors.</a> Hearing research. 210, 112-117 (2005).</li><li>Gai, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+Tones+in+Reproducible+Noise+Maskers+by+Rabbits+and+Comparison+to+Detection+by+Humans.">Detection of Tones in Reproducible Noise Maskers by Rabbits and Comparison to Detection by Humans.</a> JARO. 8, 522-538 (2007).</li><li>Miller, C. A., Woodruff, K. E., Pfingst, B. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+responses+from+guinea+pigs+with+cochlear+implants.+I.+Electrophysiological+and+psychophysical+measures.">Functional responses from guinea pigs with cochlear implants. I. Electrophysiological and psychophysical measures.</a> Hearing Research. 92, 85-99 (1995).</li><li>Beitel, R. E., Vollmer, M., Snyder, R. L., Schreiner, C. E., Leake, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+and+neurophysiological+thresholds+for+electrical+cochlear+stimulation+in+the+deaf+cat.">Behavioral and neurophysiological thresholds for electrical cochlear stimulation in the deaf cat.</a> Audiology &#38; Neurotology. 5, 31-38 (2000).</li><li>Beitel, R. E., Snyder, R. L., Schreiner, C. E., Raggio, M. W., Leake, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+cochlear+stimulation+in+the+deaf+cat:+comparisons+between+psychophysical+and+central+auditory+neuronal+thresholds.">Electrical cochlear stimulation in the deaf cat: comparisons between psychophysical and central auditory neuronal thresholds.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 83, 2145-2162 (2000).</li><li>Vollmer, M., Beitel, R. E., Snyder, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory+detection+and+discrimination+in+deaf+cats:+Psychophysical+and+neural+thresholds+for+intracochlear+electrical+signals.">Auditory detection and discrimination in deaf cats: Psychophysical and neural thresholds for intracochlear electrical signals.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 86, 2330-2343 (2001).</li><li>LeDoux, J. E., Cicchetti, P., Xagoraris, A., Romanski, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+lateral+amygdaloid+nucleus:+sensory+interface+of+the+amygdala+in+fear+conditioning.">The lateral amygdaloid nucleus: sensory interface of the amygdala in fear conditioning.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 10, 1062-1069 (1990).</li><li>McCreery, D. B., Yuen, T. G., Agnew, W. F., Bullara, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+characterization+of+the+effects+on+neuronal+excitability+due+to+prolonged+microstimulation+with+chronically+implanted+microelectrodes.">A characterization of the effects on neuronal excitability due to prolonged microstimulation with chronically implanted microelectrodes.</a> IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 44, 931-939 (1997).</li><li>Liu, X., McPhee, G., Seldon, H. L., Clark, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histological+and+physiological+effects+of+the+central+auditory+prosthesis:+surface+versus+penetrating+electrodes.">Histological and physiological effects of the central auditory prosthesis: surface versus penetrating electrodes.</a> Hearing Research. 114, 264-274 (1997).</li><li>Polikov, V. S., Tresco, P. A., Reichert, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response+of+brain+tissue+to+chronically+implanted+neural+electrodes.">Response of brain tissue to chronically implanted neural electrodes.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 148, 1-18 (2005).</li></ol>

Dr Antonio Paolini est directeur de Bioengenesis Technologies Pty Ltd, qui sont les représentants de l&#39;Australie pour Tucker Technologies Davis et le distributeur australien de sondes NeuroNexus.

Les techniques décrites ici sont un moyen pour tester une gamme de tâches de discrimination rapidement, avec des temps de formation de courte durée et permettant une automatisation substantielle, réduisant ainsi le temps nécessaire pour chercheur de traitement des données. En utilisant les données obtenues à partir de l&#39;ECG implanté, le calcul de la fréquence cardiaque (HR) changement dans les moments de la présentation du stimulus peut être automatisé. Les erreurs dans le traitement ECG (comme manquant un seul battement de cœur) peut être facilement identifiés car ils produisent des changements importants dans faussement apparente du rythme cardiaque pour une période très brève, et une telle détection d&#39;erreur facile minimise l&#39;exigence des temps intensive révision manuelle des données . La technique décrite à l&#39;implantation de l&#39;appareil de télémétrie ECG produit régulièrement des enregistrements avec peu ou pas d&#39;interférence (voir les figures 1 et 2). Toutefois, des variations relativement faibles dans la mise en place du plomb dans la région du médiastin peut conduire à une ingérence du muscle à proximités et en particulier la respiration associée à du bruit. Vérification de placement correct des conducteurs au cours du processus d&#39;implantation, en particulier après la suture fils en place, permet des réglages fins de placement de plomb pour minimiser les interférences. Le processus d&#39;implantation du cerveau dans le noyau cochléaire est difficile. En utilisant des présentations de série de passe-bande de bruit filtré plusieurs gammes de fréquences, plutôt que de bruit à large bande comme cela a déjà été utilisé 3, les réponses des populations de cellules sur les sites d&#39;électrodes peuvent être rapidement en revue en termes de réponse en fréquence plutôt que le moins de bruit spécifique réponse. La capacité d&#39;identifier rapidement quand un éventail suffisant de populations de cellules fréquence accordés sont accessibles est essentiel dans la recherche lorsque la discrimination stimulus électrique est mis à l&#39;essai. Si insuffisante fréquence de distribution est obtenue, puis la comparaison entre la stimulation des zones de fréquence distinctes n&#39;est tout simplement pas possible. Néanmoins, le processus plus longde la fréquence d&#39;amplitude de cartographie de réponse reste essentielle pour fournir de détails sur la largeur de la mise au point des populations de cellules et doit être effectuée préalablement à la fixation de l&#39;électrode en place. Dans la formation comportementale et l&#39;essai, l&#39;inclusion d&#39;un non-relance (ou silencieuse) période entre les essais, avant le début du stimulus, la réponse permet à l&#39;apparition de relance initiale à être examinée. Lorsque vous utilisez la stimulation électrique de neurones, une réponse à l&#39;apparition de relance apporte la preuve pour la simple détection du stimulus. Ainsi, quand il n&#39;ya pas de réponse le début du stimulus, mais une réponse quand le stimulus deuxième alternance est introduit, il peut être déduit que seul le stimulus-ci peut être détecté. Sans l&#39;inclusion d&#39;une telle période de silence, il n&#39;y aurait aucun moyen de déterminer que le stimulus ancienne n&#39;a pas été détecté. Une limitation de cette technique est que les tests de comportement de l&#39;absence de pied-chocs livrés après la présentation de neurala stimulation l peut conduire à l&#39;élaboration de la spécificité dans la peur conditionnée, tels que la peur est seulement exprimé lors stimulus acoustique est présenté. C&#39;est, l&#39;animal peut apprendre que les effets particuliers sensoriels de la stimulation neuronale sont associés à la non réception d&#39;un choc à la patte. En revanche, la mise à pied des chocs après la présentation de la stimulation neuronale pourrait conduire à une peur conditionnée du stimulus neuronal lui-même, distincte de toutes les propriétés du son, comme le stimulus de neurones peuvent avoir. Les résultats obtenus lors de l&#39;exclusion d&#39;un pied-choc après la stimulation neuronale certainement fournir des preuves plus solides de relance de neurones étant son type que ceux qui utilisent un pied-choc après la stimulation neuronale, comme dans le premier cas, la peur conditionnée a généralisé de l&#39;acoustique à la stimulation neuronale. Néanmoins, le risque de développer la spécificité à l&#39;acoustique plutôt que la stimulation neuronale est présente. L&#39;utilisation de passe-bande filtrée bruit stimulus acoustique plutôt que salves de son pur, dont la premièrepeut mieux refléter l&#39;expérience perceptive de la stimulation neuronale, pourrait réduire le risque de développer une telle spécificité. Toutefois, une telle procédure introduit la variable supplémentaire de bande passante du filtre, ce qui aura une incidence sur des tâches de discrimination. Une limitation supplémentaire associé à une implantation chronique neuronal, comme requis pour l&#39;essai du comportement, est le changement de la fonction de l&#39;électrode ou le tissu neuronal associé au fil du temps. La stimulation de tissu neural peut conduire à la fois la suppression temporaire de 13 l&#39;activité neuronale et changements dans les tissus tels que la perte de cellules du tissu cérébral de réponse 14 et direct à l&#39;électrode 15. L&#39;approche décrite à l&#39;implantation et tests comportementaux fournit un moyen de tester à la fois la détection et la discrimination de stimuli acoustiques et électriques avec une brève formation, et la capacité d&#39;exercer un contrôle de la fréquence d&#39;essai. La technique de utilisant un changement de la fonction RH un de mesuree de la peur conditionnée peut être applicable à l&#39;absence de dépistage auditif seulement, mais plus généralement à toute analyse sensorielle dans laquelle les stimuli peuvent être présentés pour une période discrète, et dans lequel la détection de la discrimination sensorielle est souhaitée.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nom </td><td> Entreprise </td><td> Modèle </td><td> Commentaires </td></tr><tr><td> PowerLab </td><td> ADInstruments </td><td> ML880 </td><td> Enregistre les données reçues de l&#39;émetteur implanté TR40 </td></tr><tr><td> Carte contrôleur SmartCtrl </td><td> Associés Med </td><td> DIG-716B </td><td> Contrôle de la chambre de test de comportement, y compris le choc du pied </td></tr><tr><td> Modulaire chambre de test comportemental </td><td> Associés Med </td><td> ENV-009 </td><td> Taille de la chambre d&#39;essai: 30,5 cm x 39,4 cm </td></tr><tr><td> Générateur de stimulus aversif </td><td> Associés Med </td><td> ENV-410B </td><td> Délivre aversif pied-chocs à la barre métallique-plancher de la cage à travers une unité embrouilleur à semi-conducteurs </td></tr><tr><td> Atténuateur programmable </td><td> TDT </td><td> PA5 </td><td> Contrôle la amplitude du signal acoustique délivrée pour assurer une amplitude stable pour toutes les fréquences </td></tr><tr><td> Enceinte électrostatique </td><td> TDT </td><td> ED1 </td><td> Disques les haut-parleurs électrostatiques (EC1, ES1) </td></tr><tr><td> Champ libre parleur électrostatique </td><td> TDT </td><td> ES1 </td><td> Les sons sont présentés en utilisant cette enceinte dans la chambre de test comportemental </td></tr><tr><td> Couplé haut-parleur électrostatique </td><td> TDT </td><td> EC1 </td><td> Les sons sont présentés en utilisant ce haut-parleur pendant la chirurgie implantaire neurones </td></tr><tr><td> Stimulateur de station de base </td><td> TDT </td><td> RX7 </td><td> La livraison des commandes de stimulation neurale électrique (utilisé avec MS16) </td></tr><tr><td> Microstimulateur </td><td> TDT </td><td> MS16 </td><td> Rend multicanal stimulation électrique de neurones </td></tr><tr><td> Station de base de traitement </td><td> TDT </td><td> RZ2 </td><td> Dossiers d&#39;activité neuronale du cerveau lors de l&#39;implantation (en utilisant PZ2 préamplificateur) </td></tr><tr><td> Préamplificateur </td><td> TDT </td><td> PZ2-256 </td><td> 256 à canal préamplificateur à haute impédance </td></tr><tr><td> Récepteur de l&#39;appareil de télémétrie </td><td> Recherche de télémétrie </td><td> TR162 </td><td> Reçoit signal numérique à partir TR40, et convertit en sortie analogique amplifié </td></tr><tr><td> Dispositif de télémétrie implantable électrocardiogramme </td><td> Recherche de télémétrie </td><td> TR40 </td><td> Le dispositif émetteur implanté, l&#39;échantillonnage à 2kHz </td></tr><tr><td> Multifonction Processeur </td><td> Tucker Technologies Davis (TDT) </td><td> RX6 </td><td> Utilisé pour générer des stimuli acoustiques </td></tr><tr><td> Vertex Castavaria </td><td> Vertex dentaire </td><td></td><td> Acrylique dentaire utilisé pour fixer l&#39;électrode en place </td></tr><tr><td> Kwik-Sil adhésif, basse viscosité </td><td> Instruments de précision du monde </td><td></td><td> Élastomère de silicone utilisé pour recouvrir les tiges d&#39;électrodes </td></tr><tr><td> Électrode multicanal </td><td> NeuroNexus </td><td> a2x16-10mm 100-500-413 </td><td> Le 2-tige 32 à réseau de canaux d&#39;électrode extracellulaire utilisé pour l&#39;implantation. Les sites d&#39;électrodes ont été activés pour produire un revêtement d&#39;oxyde d&#39;iridium en vue de la stimulation. </td></tr></tbody></table>

behavioral determination of stimulus pair discrimination of auditory acoustic and electrical stimuli using a classical conditioning and heart-rate approach

Préparations animales aigues ont été utilisés dans la recherche prospective de l&#39;enquête conceptions d&#39;électrodes de stimulation et des techniques pour l&#39;intégration dans les prothèses auditives de neurones, tels que les implants du tronc cérébral auditif et 1-3 implants auditifs mésencéphale 4,5. Bien que les expériences aiguës peuvent donner un aperçu initial de l&#39;efficacité de l&#39;implant, de tester les animaux chroniquement implantés et éveillé offre l&#39;avantage d&#39;examiner les propriétés psychophysiques des sensations induites à l&#39;aide de dispositifs implantés 6,7. Plusieurs techniques comme récompense basée sur le conditionnement opérant 6-8, l&#39;évitement conditionné 9-11, ou conditionnement de la peur classique 12 ont été utilisées pour fournir une confirmation de la détection comportementale d&#39;un attribut de stimulus pertinent. Sélection d&#39;une technique concerne des aspects d&#39;équilibrage, notamment un gain de temps (souvent pauvres en récompense des approches fondées sur), la possibilité de tester une pluralité derelance attribue simultanément (limitée dans le conditionnement d&#39;évitement), et la fiabilité de la mesure des stimuli répétés (une contrainte potentielle lorsque des mesures physiologiques sont employées). Ici, une méthode classique peur conditionnement comportemental est présentée, qui peut être utilisé pour tester simultanément à la fois la détection d&#39;un stimulus, et la discrimination entre deux stimuli. De fréquence cardiaque est utilisé comme une mesure de réaction de peur, ce qui réduit ou élimine la nécessité pour les temps de codage vidéo pour le comportement de gel ou d&#39;autres mesures de ce type (même si de telles mesures pourraient être inclus afin de fournir des preuves convergentes). Les animaux ont été conditionnés à l&#39;aide de ces techniques en trois séances de conditionnement de 2 heures, chacun fournissant 48 essais de relance. Séances d&#39;essais ultérieurs de 48 essais ont ensuite été utilisés pour tester pour la détection de chaque stimulus en paires présentées, et la discrimination entre les stimuli de test membres de chaque paire. Cette méthode comportementale est présentée dansle contexte de son utilisation dans la recherche auditive prothétique. L&#39;implantation de dispositifs de télémétrie de l&#39;électrocardiogramme est montré. Implantation ultérieure d&#39;électrodes cérébrales dans le noyau cochléaire, guidé par la surveillance des réponses neuronales à des stimuli acoustiques, et la fixation de l&#39;électrode en place pour l&#39;utilisation chronique est également montré.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach at

Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach

L&#39;application d&#39;un paradigme classique conditionnement à la peur du comportement de la recherche auditive prothétique chez le rat est décrit. Ce paradigme fournit un mécanisme pour identifier à la fois la détection, et la discrimination entre, d&#39;acoustique et distincte des stimuli électriques en utilisant la fréquence cardiaque comme mesure des résultats.

Détermination du comportement de la discrimination de la paire de stimuli acoustiques des stimuli auditifs et électrique en utilisant un conditionnement classique et de fréquence cardiaque approche

Acute animal preparations have been used in research prospectively investigating electrode designs and stimulation techniques for integration into neural ...

behavioral-determination-stimulus-pair-discrimination-auditory

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Unit 1

Frequency Response

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14.4K vues.  La Trobe University. L'application d'un paradigme classique conditionnement à la peur du comportement de la recherche auditive prothétique chez le rat est décrit. Ce paradigme fournit un mécanisme pour identifier à la fois la détection, et la discrimination entre, d'acoustique et distincte des stimuli électriques en utilisant la fréquence cardiaque comme mesure des résultats.

Vidéo: Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach

Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are well known for their communication and orientation skills and for their impressive learning capability1,2. Because the survival of a honeybee colony depends on the exploitation of food sources, forager bees learn and memorize variable flower sites as well as their profitability. Forager bees can be easily trained in natural settings where they forage at a feeding site and learn the related signals such as odor or color. Appetitive associative learning can also be studied under controlled conditions in the laboratory by conditioning the proboscis extension response (PER) of individually harnessed honeybees3,4. This learning paradigm enables the study of the neuronal and molecular mechanisms that underlie learning and memory formation in a simple and highly reliable way5-12. A behavioral pharmacology approach is used to study molecular mechanisms. Drugs are injected systemically to interfere with the function of specific molecules during or after learning and memory formation13-16.
Here we demonstrate how to train harnessed honeybees in PER conditioning and how to apply drugs systemically by injection into the bee flight muscle.

Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees Apis mellifera

We demonstrate how to implement a behavioral pharmacology method in an appetitive olfactory conditioning paradigm in honeybees (Apis mellifera) by systemic application of drugs. This method allows investigation of the mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation in a simple and reliable way.

Pharmacologie comportementale dans le conditionnement classique de la réponse Extension Proboscis chez les abeilles ( Apis mellifera)

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are well known for their communication and orientation skills and for their impressive learning capability1,2. Because the ...

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Neurosciences

A Lightweight, Headphones-based System for Manipulating Auditory Feedback in Songbirds

Experimental manipulations of sensory feedback during complex behavior have provided valuable insights into the computations underlying motor control and sensorimotor plasticity1. Consistent sensory perturbations result in compensatory changes in motor output, reflecting changes in feedforward motor control that reduce the experienced feedback error. By quantifying how different sensory feedback errors affect human behavior, prior studies have explored how visual signals are used to recalibrate arm movements2,3 and auditory feedback is used to modify speech production4-7. The strength of this approach rests on the ability to mimic naturalistic errors in behavior, allowing the experimenter to observe how experienced errors in production are used to recalibrate motor output.
Songbirds provide an excellent animal model for investigating the neural basis of sensorimotor control and plasticity8,9. The songbird brain provides a well-defined circuit in which the areas necessary for song learning are spatially separated from those required for song production, and neural recording and lesion studies have made significant advances in understanding how different brain areas contribute to vocal behavior9-12. However, the lack of a naturalistic error-correction paradigm - in which a known acoustic parameter is perturbed by the experimenter and then corrected by the songbird - has made it difficult to understand the computations underlying vocal learning or how different elements of the neural circuit contribute to the correction of vocal errors13.
The technique described here gives the experimenter precise control over auditory feedback errors in singing birds, allowing the introduction of arbitrary sensory errors that can be used to drive vocal learning. Online sound-processing equipment is used to introduce a known perturbation to the acoustics of song, and a miniaturized headphones apparatus is used to replace a songbird's natural auditory feedback with the perturbed signal in real time. We have used this paradigm to perturb the fundamental frequency (pitch) of auditory feedback in adult songbirds, providing the first demonstration that adult birds maintain vocal performance using error correction14. The present protocol can be used to implement a wide range of sensory feedback perturbations (including but not limited to pitch shifts) to investigate the computational and neurophysiological basis of vocal learning.

We describe the design and assembly of miniaturized headphones suitable for replacing a songbird&#x2019;s natural auditory feedback with a manipulated acoustic signal. Online sound processing hardware is used to manipulate song output, introduce real-time errors in auditory feedback via the headphones, and drive vocal motor learning.

Un léger Casque-based System pour manipuler Rétroaction sonore chez les oiseaux chanteurs

Experimental manipulations of sensory feedback during complex behavior have provided valuable insights into the computations underlying motor control and ...

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI

Current knowledge of sensory processing in the mammalian auditory system is mainly derived from electrophysiological studies in a variety of animal models, including monkeys, ferrets, bats, rodents, and cats. In order to draw suitable parallels between human and animal models of auditory function, it is important to establish a bridge between human functional imaging studies and animal electrophysiological studies. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is an established, minimally invasive method of measuring broad patterns of hemodynamic activity across different regions of the cerebral cortex. This technique is widely used to probe sensory function in the human brain, is a useful tool in linking studies of auditory processing in both humans and animals and has been successfully used to investigate auditory function in monkeys and rodents. The following protocol describes an experimental procedure for investigating auditory function in anesthetized adult cats by measuring stimulus-evoked hemodynamic changes in auditory cortex using fMRI. This method facilitates comparison of the hemodynamic responses across different models of auditory function thus leading to a better understanding of species-independent features of the mammalian auditory cortex.

Functional studies of the auditory system in mammals have traditionally been conducted using spatially-focused techniques such as electrophysiological recordings. The following protocol describes a method of visualizing large-scale patterns of evoked hemodynamic activity in the cat auditory cortex using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Imagerie fonctionnelle du cortex auditif chez chats adultes à l&#39;aide de haut-champ IRMf

Current knowledge of sensory processing in the mammalian auditory system is mainly derived from electrophysiological studies in a variety of animal ...

High Resolution Quantitative Synaptic Proteome Profiling of Mouse Brain Regions After Auditory Discrimination Learning

The molecular synaptic mechanisms underlying auditory learning and memory remain largely unknown. Here, the workflow of a proteomic study on auditory discrimination learning in mice is described. In this learning paradigm, mice are trained in a shuttle box Go/NoGo-task to discriminate between rising and falling frequency-modulated tones in order to avoid a mild electric foot-shock. The protocol involves the enrichment of synaptosomes from four brain areas, namely the auditory cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum, at different stages of training. Synaptic protein expression patterns obtained from trained mice are compared to na&#239;ve controls using a proteomic approach. To achieve sufficient analytical depth, samples are fractionated in three different ways prior to mass spectrometry, namely 1D SDS-PAGE/in-gel digestion, in-solution digestion and phospho-peptide enrichment. 
High-resolution proteomic analysis on a mass spectrometer and label-free quantification are used to examine synaptic protein profiles in phospho-peptide-depleted and phospho-peptide-enriched fractions of synaptosomal protein samples. A commercial software package is utilized to reveal proteins and phospho-peptides with significantly regulated relative synaptic abundance levels (trained/na&#239;ve controls). Common and differential regulation modes for the synaptic proteome in the investigated brain regions of mice after training were observed. Subsequently, meta-analyses utilizing several databases are employed to identify underlying cellular functions and biological pathways.

The identification of molecules and pathways controlling synaptic plasticity and memory is still a major challenge in neuroscience. Here, a workflow is described addressing the relative quantification of synaptic proteins supposedly involved in the molecular reorganization of synapses during learning and memory consolidation in an auditory learning paradigm.

Résolution quantitative Haute Synaptic Proteome Profiling des souris régions cérébrales Après Auditory Discrimination apprentissage

The molecular synaptic mechanisms underlying auditory learning and memory remain largely unknown. Here, the workflow of a proteomic study on auditory ...

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Neonatal rats were administered a relatively high concentration of ethyl alcohol (11.9% v/v) during postnatal days 4-9, a time when the fetal brain undergoes rapid organizational change and is similar to accelerated brain changes that occur during the third trimester in humans. This model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) produces severe brain damage, mimicking the amount and pattern of binge-drinking that occurs in some pregnant alcoholic mothers. We describe the use of trace eyeblink classical conditioning (ECC), a higher-order variant of associative learning, to assess long-term hippocampal dysfunction that is typically seen in alcohol-exposed adult offspring. At 90 days of age, rodents were surgically prepared with recording and stimulating electrodes, which measured electromyographic (EMG) blink activity from the left eyelid muscle and delivered mild shock posterior to the left eye, respectively. After a 5 day recovery period, they underwent 6 sessions of trace ECC to determine associative learning differences between alcohol-exposed and control rats. Trace ECC is one of many possible ECC procedures that can be easily modified using the same equipment and software, so that different neural systems can be assessed. ECC procedures in general, can be used as diagnostic tools for detecting neural pathology in different brain systems and different conditions that insult the brain.

Trace eyeblink classical conditioning (ECC) was used to assess hippocampal-dependent associative learning in adult rats that were administered a high concentration (11.9% v/v) of alcohol during early neonatal brain development. In general, ECC procedures are sound diagnostic tools for detecting brain dysfunction across many psychological and biomedical settings.

L’utilisation de Trace Eyeblink conditionnement de classique pour évaluer le dysfonctionnement hippocampique dans un modèle de Rat de Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Neonatal rats were administered a relatively high concentration of ethyl alcohol (11.9% v/v) during postnatal days 4-9, a time when the fetal brain ...

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning As a Measure of Learning and Memory

Many insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory have been elucidated through the use of simple behavioral assays in model organisms such as the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila is useful for understanding the basic neurobiology underlying cognitive deficits resulting from mutations in genes associated with human cognitive disorders, such as intellectual disability (ID) and autism. This work describes a methodology for testing learning and memory using a classic paradigm in Drosophila known as courtship conditioning. Male flies court females using a distinct pattern of easily recognizable behaviors. Premated females are not receptive to mating and will reject the male&#39;s copulation attempts. In response to this rejection, male flies reduce their courtship behavior. This learned reduction in courtship behavior is measured over time, serving as an indicator of learning and memory. The basic numerical output of this assay is the courtship index (CI), which is defined as the percentage of time that a male spends courting during a 10 min interval. The learning index (LI) is the relative reduction of CI in flies that have been exposed to a premated female compared to na&#239;ve flies with no previous social encounters. For the statistical comparison of LIs between genotypes, a randomization test with bootstrapping is used. To illustrate how the assay can be used to address the role of a gene relating to learning and memory, the pan-neuronal knockdown of Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (Dhap-at) was characterized here. The human ortholog of Dhap-at, glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (GNPT), is involved in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 2, an autosomal-recessive syndrome characterized by severe ID. Using the courtship conditioning assay, it was determined that Dhap-at is required for long-term memory, but not for short-term memory. This result serves as a basis for further investigation of the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning As a Measure of Learning and Memory

This protocol describes a Drosophila learning and memory assay called courtship conditioning. This classic assay is based on a reduction of male courtship behavior after sexual rejection by a non-receptive premated female. This natural form of behavioral plasticity can be used to test learning, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Drosophila Courtship Conditionnement en tant que mesure de l&#39;apprentissage et de la mémoire

Many insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory have been elucidated through the use of simple behavioral assays in model ...

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Three vigilance states dominate mammalian life: wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, and REM sleep. As more neural correlates of behavior are identified in freely moving animals, this three-fold subdivision becomes too simplistic. During wakefulness, ensembles of global and local cortical activities, together with peripheral parameters such as pupillary diameter and sympathovagal balance, define various degrees of arousal. It remains unclear the extent to which sleep also forms a continuum of brain states-within which the degree of resilience to sensory stimuli and arousability, and perhaps other sleep functions, vary gradually-and how peripheral physiological states co-vary. Research advancing the methods to monitor multiple parameters during sleep, as well as attributing to constellations of these functional attributes, is central to refining our understanding of sleep as a multifunctional process during which many beneficial effects must be executed. Identifying novel parameters characterizing sleep states will open opportunities for novel diagnostic avenues in sleep disorders.
We present a procedure to describe dynamic variations of mouse non-REM sleep states via the combined monitoring and analysis of electroencephalogram (EEG)/electrocorticogram (ECoG), electromyogram (EMG), and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals using standard polysomnographic recording techniques. Using this approach, we found that mouse non-REM sleep is organized into cycles of coordinated neural and cardiac oscillations that generate successive 25-s intervals of high and low fragility to external stimuli. Therefore, central and autonomic nervous systems are coordinated to form behaviorally distinct sleep states during consolidated non-REM sleep. We present surgical manipulations for polysomnographic (i.e., EEG/EMG combined with ECG) monitoring to track these cycles in the freely sleeping mouse, the analysis to quantify their dynamics, and the acoustic stimulation protocols to assess their role in the likelihood of waking up. Our approach has already been extended to human sleep and promises to unravel common organizing principles of non-REM sleep states in mammals.

Here, we present experimental and analytical procedures to describe the temporal dynamics of the neural and cardiac variables of non-REM sleep in mice, which modulate sleep responsiveness to acoustic stimuli.

Quantification de la dynamique infra-lente de la puissance spectrale et de la fréquence cardiaque chez les souris dormantes

Three vigilance states dominate mammalian life: wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, and REM sleep. As more neural correlates of behavior ...

Desensitization and Recovery of Crayfish Photoreceptors Upon Delivery of a Light Stimulus

A method to study desensitization and recovery of crayfish photoreceptors is presented. We performed intracellular electrical recordings of photoreceptor cells in isolated eyestalks using the discontinuous single electrode-switched voltage-clamp configuration. First, with a razor blade we made an opening in the dorsal cornea to get access to the retina. Thereafter, we inserted a glass electrode through the opening, and penetrated a cell as reported by the recording of a negative potential. Membrane potential was clamped at the photoreceptor's resting potential and a light-pulse was applied to activate currents. Finally, the two light-flash protocol was employed to measure current desensitization and recovery. The first light-flash triggers, after a lag period, the transduction ionic current, which after reaching a peak amplitude decays towards a desensitized state; the second flash, applied at varying time intervals, assesses the state of the light-activated conductance. To characterize the light-elicited current, three parameters were measured: 1) latency (the time elapsed between light flash delivery and the moment in which current achieves 10% of its maximum value); 2) peak current; and 3) desensitization time constant (exponential time constant of the current decay phase). All parameters are affected by the first pulse.
To quantify recovery from desensitization, the ratio p2/p1 was employed versus time between pulses. p1 is the peak current evoked by the first light-pulse, and p2 is the peak current evoked by the second pulse. These data were fitted to a sum of exponential functions. Finally, these measurements were carried out as function of circadian time.

A protocol for the study of desensitization and sensitivity recovery of crayfish photoreceptors as a function of circadian time is presented.

Désensibilisation et récupération des photorécepteurs d'écrevisses à la livraison d'un stimulus léger

A method to study desensitization and recovery of crayfish photoreceptors is presented. We performed intracellular electrical recordings of photoreceptor ...

An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice

Olfaction is the predominant sensory modality in mice and influences many important behaviors, including foraging, predator detection, mating, and parenting. Importantly, mice can be trained to associate novel odors with specific behavioral responses to provide insight into olfactory circuit function. This protocol details the procedure for training mice on a Go/No-Go operant learning task. In this approach, mice are trained on hundreds of automated trials daily for 2&#8211;4 weeks and can then be tested on novel Go/No-Go odor pairs to assess olfactory discrimination, or be used for studies on how odor learning alters the structure or function of the olfactory circuit. Additionally, the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) features ongoing integration of adult-born neurons. Interestingly, olfactory learning increases both the survival and synaptic connections of these adult-born neurons. Therefore, this protocol can be combined with other biochemical, electrophysiological, and imaging techniques to study learning and activity-dependent factors that mediate neuronal survival and plasticity.

Here, we train mice on an associative learning task to test odor discrimination. This protocol also allows for studies on learning-induced structural changes in the brain.

Un Test objectif et reproductible d’apprentissage olfactif et de la Discrimination chez les souris

Olfaction is the predominant sensory modality in mice and influences many important behaviors, including foraging, predator detection, mating, and ...

Cochlear Implant Surgery and Electrically-evoked Auditory Brainstem Response Recordings in C57BL/6 Mice

Cochlear implants (CIs) are neuroprosthetic devices that can provide a sense of hearing to deaf people. However, a CI cannot restore all aspects of hearing. Improvement of the implant technology is needed if CI users are to perceive music and perform in more natural environments, such as hearing out a voice with competing talkers, reflections, and other sounds. Such improvement requires experimental animals to better understand the mechanisms of electric stimulation in the cochlea and its responses in the whole auditory system. The mouse is an increasingly attractive model due to the many genetic models available. However, the limited use of this species as a CI model is mainly due to the difficulty of implanting small electrode arrays. More details about the surgical procedure are therefore of great interest to expand the use of mice in CI research.
In this report, we describe in detail the protocol for acute deafening and cochlear implantation of an electrode array in the C57BL/6 mouse strain. We demonstrate the functional efficacy of this procedure with electrically-evoked auditory brainstem response (eABR) and show examples of facial nerve stimulation. Finally, we also discuss the importance of including a deafening procedure when using a normally hearing animal. This mouse model provides a powerful opportunity to study genetic and neurobiological mechanisms that would be of relevance for CI users.

Animal models of cochlear implants can advance knowledge of the technological bases of treating permanent sensorineural hearing loss with electrical stimulation. This study presents a surgical protocol for acute deafening and cochlear implantation of an electrode array in mice as well as the functional assessment with auditory brainstem response.

Implant cochléaire et les enregistrements de réponse électriquement évoqué auditif du tronc cérébral chez les souris C57BL/6

Cochlear implants (CIs) are neuroprosthetic devices that can provide a sense of hearing to deaf people. However, a CI cannot restore all aspects of ...