Nous remercions le Dr Meng-Chin Lin et Mme Yuan Dong pour l&#39;assistance technique. Ce travail a été soutenu par une subvention de la National Institutes of Health HD053767 (sous-traitance à ANL), et par des fonds provenant du département de physiologie et le Bureau du vice-chancelier de la recherche, de l&#39;Université de Californie-Los Angeles (ANL).

1. Dissection de cerveaux de l&#39;adulte Medaka <ol><li> Anesthésier adulte mâle ou femelle (figure 1A) par immersion dans 5 ml MS-222 (150 mg / L, pH 7,4); attendre quelques minutes après les mouvements de branchies ont cessé avant le décapiter. Toutes les procédures ont été approuvées par le soin des animaux et du Comité institutionnel de l&#39;utilisation de l&#39;Université de Californie-Los Angeles. </li><li> Décapiter le poisson dans une solution saline de poisson à l&#39;extrémité caudale de l&#39;opercule avec des ciseaux dans une boîte de Pétri diamètre 60 mm. </li><li> la tête de poisson de transfert à une boîte de Petri de diamètre 35 mm, à moitié rempli d&#39;une solution saline poissons et bordée de Sylgard qui présente un renfoncement en elle pour positionner et fixer la tête pour la dissection des cerveaux. Positionner et fixer la tête dorso-latérale avec des épingles insectes. </li><li> Découpez soigneusement la partie dorsale du crâne autour de son périmètre avec des ciseaux fins et retirez-le délicatement avec une pince, exposant la partie dorsale du cerveau, y compris complètement la partie antérieure de la moelle épinière. </li> &lt;li&gt; Soulever la moelle épinière délicatement avec une pince à pointe fine et couper les nerfs conjonctifs bilatéraux avec des ciseaux à pointe fine: les nerfs crâniens, les nerfs spinaux et des nerfs optiques sur la face ventrale du cerveau et les nerfs olfactifs à la partie antérieure de le cerveau. </li><li> Placez le cerveau entièrement disséqué dans un plat frais Petri remplie de sérum physiologique des poissons, et vérifiez soigneusement sous le microscope afin d&#39;assurer la totalité du cerveau est intact (y compris la glande pituitaire), sans coupures ou perforations. Cerveaux endommagés ne sont pas utilisés pour l&#39;expérimentation. </li></ol> 2. Montage du cerveau dans une chambre d&#39;enregistrement <ol><li> Placer une petite goutte de cyanoacrylate ou une autre colle à action rapide avec une aiguille dans le centre de la chambre d&#39;enregistrement et étaler la colle d&#39;environ 1 cm 2. </li><li> Transférer rapidement le cerveau et le coller dans une position ventrale vers le haut. </li><li> Ajouter 1 ml d&#39;une solution saline de poisson afin qu&#39;il remplisse la chambre d&#39;enregistrement et couvre le cerveau. Perfuser en continule cerveau avec une solution saline de poisson aérée à un débit d&#39;au moins 200 pl / min. </li><li> Utilisation de la pointe fine Pince retirer soigneusement les méninges sur la surface de la zone d&#39;enregistrement du cerveau. </li></ol> 3. Électrophysiologie <ol><li> Lâche enregistrement de patch de potentiel d&#39;action tir <ol><li> microélectrodes de verre (6-10 MQ) sont construits à partir des pipettes en verre borosilicate (1B150F-4, World Precision Instruments) à l&#39;aide d&#39;un extracteur d&#39;électrode (par exemple Sutter P-87), et le dos remplis avec la solution d&#39;enregistrement libre-patch mi-chemin de l&#39; électrode. </li><li> En utilisant un microscope à fluorescence verticale avec un dispositif à couplage de charge refroidi (CCD), trouver la GFP exprimant TN-GnRH3 neurones à travers 10x (figure 1B), puis des objectifs à immersion d&#39;eau 40x (figure 1C). Ils sont situés à la surface ventrale des bulbes olfactifs, juste en avant du télencéphale ou à proximité. </li><li> Basculer vers un moniteur vidéo qui fournitimages en temps réel de la microscope pour localiser le neurone groupe TN-GnRH3 (figure 1C). </li><li> Positionner le micro-électrodes dans le bain de sorte que la pointe de l&#39;électrode est au-dessus du neurone cible. Appliquer une légère pression constante positive à la micro-électrode de sorte qu&#39;elle ne soit pas obstruée, et une approche en douceur le neurone cible avec la pointe de l&#39;électrode. </li><li> Contrôler et surveiller la résistance de l&#39;électrode en mode voltage-clamp en utilisant un logiciel de AxoGraph et amplificateur Axoclamp 200B avec le logiciel Axograph (Axon Instruments). Lorsque vous pouvez le voir sur le moniteur vidéo que la pointe de l&#39;électrode est à la surface du neurone et de l&#39;affichage de AxoGraph que la résistance change légèrement, relâchez la pression positive et appliquer une légère pression négative si nécessaire pour faire un joint à faible résistance sur le neurone (&lt;100 MQ). </li><li> Passez en mode courant-clamp, et enregistrer la tension de la membrane en continu sans aucun courant d&#39;entrée, le réglage de l&#39;échellede la tension et la vitesse de l&#39;enregistrement si nécessaire. Les données sont recueillies et analysées par le logiciel Powerlab (ADInstruments Inc.). </li><li> Fiche de référence activité électrique dans une solution saline de poisson normale pendant environ 5 min avant tout traitement (figure 2A). perfusion de bain de médicaments, hormones, peptides, etc. ajoutée à la solution saline de poissons se poursuit au rythme de 200 pi / min, suivie d&#39;une période de sevrage chez les poissons solution saline normale 5, 6, 11. </li></ol></li><li> Enregistrement de cellules entières du potentiel de membrane L&#39;ensemble du patch clamp procédure d&#39;électrophysiologie de la cellule est le même que celui de la procédure d&#39;enregistrement mobiles extracellulaire correction décrite ci-dessus, à partir des étapes 3.1.1 - 3.1.4. Ensuite, les procédures diffèrent en conséquence: <ol><li> Contrôler et surveiller la résistance de l&#39;électrode en mode voltage-clamp. Lorsque vous pouvez le voir sur le moniteur vidéo que la pointe de l&#39;électrode est à la surface du neurone et de l&#39;oscilloscope que les changements de résistance légèrement, relâchez le positifpression et appliquer un peu de pression négative pour faire un joint haute résistance sur le neurone (~ 3 Giga Ω). Appliquer aspiration douce par la bouche à une rupture de la membrane patché, vous verrez une chute soudaine de la résistance à environ 120-250 MQ. </li><li> Passez en mode courant-clamp, et enregistrer la tension de la membrane en continu sans aucun courant d&#39;entrée, en ajustant l&#39;échelle de la tension et la fréquence de l&#39;enregistrement si nécessaire. </li><li> Fiche de référence activité électrique dans une solution saline de poisson normale pendant environ 5 min avant tout traitement, tel que décrit ci-dessus en 3.1.7 (figure 2B). </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kah, O., Lethimonier, C., Lareyre, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gonadotrophin-releasing+hormone+(GnRH)+in+the+animal+kingdom.">Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the animal kingdom.</a> J. Soc. Biol. 198 (1), 53-60 (2004).</li><li>Ramakrishnan, S., Wayne, N. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+cues+from+conspecifics+alter+electrical+activity+of+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone+neurons+in+the+terminal+nerve+via+visual+signals.">Social cues from conspecifics alter electrical activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the terminal nerve via visual signals.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 297 (1), R135-R141 (2009).</li><li>Abe, H., Oka, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+neuromodulation+by+a+nonhypophysiotropic+GnRH+system+controlling+motivation+of+reproductive+behavior+in+the+teleost.">Mechanisms of neuromodulation by a nonhypophysiotropic GnRH system controlling motivation of reproductive behavior in the teleost.</a> 57 (6), 665-674 (2011).</li><li>Oka, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tetrodotoxin-resistant+persistent+Na++current+underlying+pacemaker+potentials+of+fish+gonadotrophin-releasing+hormone+neurones.">Tetrodotoxin-resistant persistent Na+ current underlying pacemaker potentials of fish gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurones.</a> J. Physiol. 482 (Pt. 1), 1-6 (1995).</li><li>Zhao, Y., Wayne, N. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Kisspeptin1+on+Electrical+Activity+of+an+Extrahypothalamic+Population+of+Gonadotropin-Releasing+Hormone+Neurons+in+Medaka.">Effects of Kisspeptin1 on Electrical Activity of an Extrahypothalamic Population of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons in Medaka.</a> PLoS One. 7 (5), e37909 (2012).</li><li>Wayne, N. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-cell+electrophysiology+of+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone+neurons+that+express+green+fluorescent+protein+in+the+terminal+nerve+of+transgenic+medaka+(Oryzias+latipes).">Whole-cell electrophysiology of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons that express green fluorescent protein in the terminal nerve of transgenic medaka (Oryzias latipes).</a> Biol. Reprod. 73 (6), 1228-1234 (2005).</li><li>Okubo, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forebrain+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone+neuronal+development:+insights+from+transgenic+medaka+and+the+relevance+to+X-linked+Kallmann+syndrome.">Forebrain gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal development: insights from transgenic medaka and the relevance to X-linked Kallmann syndrome.</a> Endocrinology. 147 (3), 1076-1084 (2006).</li><li>Okubo, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+form+of+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone+in+the+medaka,+Oryzias+latipes.">A novel form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the medaka, Oryzias latipes.</a> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 276 (1), 298-303 (2000).</li><li>Ramakrishnan, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acquisition+of+spontaneous+electrical+activity+during+embryonic+development+of+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone-3+neurons+located+in+the+terminal+nerve+of+transgenic+zebrafish+(Danio+rerio).">Acquisition of spontaneous electrical activity during embryonic development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-3 neurons located in the terminal nerve of transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio).</a> Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 168 (3), 401-407 (2010).</li><li>Abraham, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone-3+neuron+ablation+in+zebrafish:+effects+on+neurogenesis,+neuronal+migration,+and+reproduction.">Targeted gonadotropin-releasing hormone-3 neuron ablation in zebrafish: effects on neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and reproduction.</a> Endocrinology. 151 (1), 332-340 (2010).</li><li>Wayne, N. L., Kuwahara, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta-endorphin+alters+electrical+activity+of+gonadotropin+releasing+hormone+neurons+located+in+the+terminal+nerve+of+the+teleost+medaka+(Oryzias+latipes.">Beta-endorphin alters electrical activity of gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons located in the terminal nerve of the teleost medaka (Oryzias latipes.</a> Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 150 (1), 41-47 (2007).</li><li>Oka, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three+types+of+gonadotrophin-releasing+hormone+neurones+and+steroid-sensitive+sexually+dimorphic+kisspeptin+neurones+in+teleosts.">Three types of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurones and steroid-sensitive sexually dimorphic kisspeptin neurones in teleosts.</a> J. Neuroendocrinol. 21 (4), 334-338 (2009).</li><li>Molleman, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Patch Clamping: An Introductory Guide To Patch Clamp Electrophysiology. , (2003).</li></ol>

Les auteurs n&#39;ont rien à révéler.

GnRH 3: GFP transgéniques poissons fournissent des modèles uniques pour étudier les mécanismes neurophysiologiques qui sous-tendent l&#39;intégration neuronale et de la réglementation dans le contrôle central de comportements qui sont à la fois directement et indirectement impliqués dans la reproduction 3, 8-10. L&#39;un des avantages importants de ce système modèle, c&#39;est que beaucoup GnRH3 neurones exprimant la GFP sont proches de la surface ventrale du cerveau, permettant un accès ...

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Microscope</td>
 <td>Olympus</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>BX50W (Upright)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Amplifier</td>
 <td>Axon Instruments</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Axoclamp 200B </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>A-D converter</td>
 <td>Computer Interference Corp.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Digidata ITC-18 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cooled CCD camera</td>
 <td>PCO Computer Optics </td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Sensicam</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Xenon lamp</td>
 <td>Sutter Instruments Co.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>GFP filter set</td>
 <td>Chroma Technologies</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Imaging Software</td>
 <td>Intelligent Imaging Innovations</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Slidebook software </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Electrophysiology Data Acquisition Software</td>
 <td>Axon Instruments</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Axograph software </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Electrophysiology Data Acquisition Software</td>
 <td>AD Instruments Inc.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>PowerLab </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Headstage for electrophysiology</td>
 <td>Axon Instruments</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>CV 203BU </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Micromanipulator</td>
 <td>Sutter Instrument Co </td>
 <td>MP-285 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Recording Chamber Platform</td>
 <td>Warner Instrument Corp.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>P1 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Recording Chamber</td>
 <td>Warner Instrument Corp.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>RC-26G </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Electrode Puller</td>
 <td>Sutter instruments</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>P87 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Filament for electrode puller</td>
 <td>Sutter Instruments</td>
 <td>FB330B</td>
 <td>3.0 mm wide trough filament</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1.5 mm glass capillaries</td>
 <td>World Precision Instruments</td>
 <td>1B150-4</td>
 <td>Microelectrode for recording</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Syringe</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson</td>
 <td>309586</td>
 <td>3 ml</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MS-222 </td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>E10521-10G</td>
 <td>Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate salt</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fish saline</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>mM: 134 NaCl; 2.9 KCl; 2.1 CaCl2; 1.2 MgCl2; 10 HEPES </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Electrode solution (loose-patch) </td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>mM: 150 NaCl; 3.5 KCl; 2.5 CaCl2; 1.3 MgCl2; 10 HEPES; 10 glucose </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Electrode solution (whole-cell patch) </td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>mM: 112.5 K-gluconate; NaCl; 17.5 KCl; 0.5 CaCl2; 1 MgCl2; 5 MgATP; 1 EGTA; 10 HEPES; 1 GTP; 0.1 leupeptin;10 phospho-creatine </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

recording electrical activity from identified neurons in the intact brain of transgenic fish

Comprendre la physiologie cellulaire des circuits neuronaux qui régissent les comportements complexes est grandement améliorée par l&#39;utilisation de systèmes modèles dans lesquels ce travail peut être effectué dans une préparation de cerveau intact où les circuits neuronaux du système nerveux central reste intact. Nous utilisons des poissons transgéniques dans lesquelles la gonadolibérine (GnRH neurones) sont génétiquement marquées avec une protéine fluorescente verte pour l&#39;identification dans le cerveau intact. Les poissons ont de multiples populations de neurones à GnRH, et leurs fonctions dépendent de leur emplacement dans le cerveau et le gène de la GnRH qu&#39;ils expriment 1. Nous avons concentré notre démonstration sur GnRH3 neurones situés dans les nerfs terminaux (TN) associés aux bulbes olfactifs en utilisant le cerveau intact de poisson transgénique médakas (figure 1B et C). Des études suggèrent que medaka neurones TN-GnRH3 sont neuromodulateur, agissant comme un émetteur d&#39;informations provenant de l&#39;environnement extérieur au système nerveux central; they ne jouent pas un rôle direct dans la régulation des fonctions hypophyso-gonadique, tout comme le bien connu hypothalamique GNRH1 neurones 2, 3. Le modèle tonique de potentiel d&#39;action spontanée des neurones TN-GnRH3 est une propriété intrinsèque 4-6, la fréquence est modulée par des signaux visuels de leurs congénères 2 et la kisspeptine neuropeptide 1 5. Dans cette vidéo, nous utilisons une ligne stable d&#39;transgénique médakas dans lequel les neurones TN-GnRH3 expriment un transgène contenant la région promotrice du Gnrh3 lié à la protéine fluorescente verte 7 pour vous montrer comment identifier les neurones et surveiller leur activité électrique dans le cerveau entier préparation 6.

Un exemple de groupes bilatéraux de GFP marqués TN-GnRH3 neurones du cerveau excisé du poisson medaka sont présentés dans les figures 1B et 1C. Chaque cluster contient environ 8-10 neurones à GnRH. Les activités neuronales spontanées de la cible TN-GnRH3 ont été enregistrées en mode courant-clamp (I = 0) avec des taux de cuisson typiques de 0,5-6 Hz. Le modèle de potentiel d&#39;action tir est typiquement un modèle de tonic ou battant, avec un intervalle entre pics assez r?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recording Electrical Activity from Identified Neurons in the Intact Brain of Transgenic Fish at JoVE.com

Recording Electrical Activity from Identified Neurons in the Intact Brain of Transgenic Fish

Dans cette vidéo, nous allons démontrer comment enregistrer l&#39;activité électrique de neurones isolés identifiés dans une préparation de tout le cerveau, ce qui préserve les circuits neuronaux complexes. Nous utilisons des poissons transgéniques dans lesquelles la gonadolibérine (GnRH neurones) sont génétiquement marquées avec une protéine fluorescente pour l&#39;identification dans la préparation du cerveau intact.

Enregistrement de l&#39;activité électrique de neurones identifiés dans le cerveau intact des poissons transgéniques

Understanding the cell physiology of neural circuits that regulate complex behaviors is greatly enhanced by using model systems in which this work can be ...

recording-electrical-activity-from-identified-neurons-intact-brain

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.4K vues.  University of California, Los Angeles. Dans cette vidéo, nous allons démontrer comment enregistrer l'activité électrique de neurones isolés identifiés dans une préparation de tout le cerveau, ce qui préserve les circuits neuronaux complexes. Nous utilisons des poissons transgéniques dans lesquelles la gonadolibérine (GnRH neurones) sont génétiquement marquées avec une protéine fluorescente pour l'identification dans la préparation du cerveau intact.

Vidéo: Recording Electrical Activity from Identified Neurons in the Intact Brain of Transgenic Fish

Simultaneous Recording of Calcium Signals from Identified Neurons and Feeding Behavior of Drosophila melanogaster

To study neuronal networks in terms of their function in behavior, we must analyze how neurons operate when each behavioral pattern is generated. Thus, simultaneous recordings of neuronal activity and behavior are essential to correlate brain activity to behavior. For such behavioral analyses, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, allows us to incorporate genetically encoded calcium indicators such as GCaMP1, to monitor neuronal activity, and to use sophisticated genetic manipulations for optogenetic or thermogenetic techniques to specifically activate identified neurons2-5. Use of a thermogenetic technique has led us to find critical neurons for feeding behavior (Flood et al., under revision). As a main part of feeding behavior, a Drosophila adult extends its proboscis for feeding6 (proboscis extension response; PER), responding to a sweet stimulus from sensory cells on its proboscis or tarsi. Combining the protocol for PER7 with a calcium imaging technique8 using GCaMP3.01, 9, I have established an experimental system, where we can monitor activity of neurons in the feeding center &#x2013; the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG), simultaneously with behavioral observation of the proboscis. I have designed an apparatus ("Fly brain Live Imaging and Electrophysiology Stage": "FLIES") to accommodate a Drosophila adult, allowing its proboscis to freely move while its brain is exposed to the bath for Ca2+ imaging through a water immersion lens. The FLIES is also appropriate for many types of live experiments on fly brains such as electrophysiological recording or time lapse imaging of synaptic morphology. Because the results from live imaging can be directly correlated with the simultaneous PER behavior, this methodology can provide an excellent experimental system to study information processing of neuronal networks, and how this cellular activity is coupled to plastic processes and memory.

Simultaneous Recording of Calcium Signals from Identified Neurons and Feeding Behavior of Drosophila melanogaster

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, extends its proboscis for feeding, responding to a sugar stimulus from its proboscis or tarsus. I have combined observations of the proboscis extension response (PER) with a calcium imaging technique, allowing us to monitor the activity of neurons in the brain, simultaneously with behavioral observation.

Enregistrement simultané des signaux calciques de neurones identifiés et le comportement alimentaire des Drosophila melanogaster</em

To study neuronal networks in terms of their function in behavior, we must analyze how neurons operate when each behavioral pattern is generated.  Thus, ...

Recherche

Neurosciences

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from individual neurons are critical for understanding how neural circuits function under natural conditions. Traditionally, these recordings have been performed 'blind', meaning the identity of the recorded cell is unknown at the start of the recording. Cellular identity can be subsequently determined via intracellular1, juxtacellular2 or loose-patch3 iontophoresis of dye, but these recordings cannot be pre-targeted to specific neurons in regions with functionally heterogeneous cell types. Fluorescent proteins can be expressed in a cell-type specific manner permitting visually-guided single-cell electrophysiology4-6. However, there are many model systems for which these genetic tools are not available. Even in genetically accessible model systems, the desired promoter may be unknown or genetically homogenous neurons may have varying projection patterns. Similarly, viral vectors have been used to label specific subgroups of projection neurons7, but use of this method is limited by toxicity and lack of trans-synaptic specificity. Thus, additional techniques that offer specific pre-visualization to record from identified single neurons in vivo are needed. Pre-visualization of the target neuron is particularly useful for challenging recording conditions, for which classical single-cell recordings are often prohibitively difficult8-11. The novel technique described in this paper uses retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye applied using tungsten needles to rapidly and selectively label a specific subset of cells within a particular brain region based on their unique axonal projections, thereby providing a visual cue to obtain targeted electrophysiological recordings from identified neurons in an intact circuit within a vertebrate CNS.
The most significant novel advancement of our method is the use of fluorescent labeling to target specific cell types in a non-genetically accessible model system. Weakly electric fish are an excellent model system for studying neural circuits in awake, behaving animals12. We utilized this technique to study sensory processing by "small cells" in the anterior exterolateral nucleus (ELa) of weakly electric mormyrid fish. "Small cells" are hypothesized to be time comparator neurons important for detecting submillisecond differences in the arrival times of presynaptic spikes13. However, anatomical features such as dense myelin, engulfing synapses, and small cell bodies have made it extremely difficult to record from these cells using traditional methods11, 14. Here we demonstrate that our novel method selectively labels these cells in 28% of preparations, allowing for reliable, robust recordings and characterization of responses to electrosensory stimulation.

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

Retrograde transport of fluorescent dye labels a sub-population of neurons based on anatomical projection. Labeled axons can be visually targeted in vivo, permitting extracellular recording from identified axons. This technique facilitates recording when neurons cannot be labeled through genetic manipulation or are difficult to isolate using 'blind' in vivo approaches.

Marquage fluorescent rétrograde Permet ciblée extracellulaire seule unité d&#39;enregistrement de neurones identifiés<em&gt; In vivo</em

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from ...

Voltage-sensitive Dye Recording from Axons, Dendrites and Dendritic Spines of Individual Neurons in Brain Slices

Understanding the biophysical properties and functional organization of single neurons and how they process information is fundamental for understanding how the brain works. The primary function of any nerve cell is to process electrical signals, usually from multiple sources. Electrical properties of neuronal processes are extraordinarily complex, dynamic, and, in the general case, impossible to predict in the absence of detailed measurements. To obtain such a measurement one would, ideally, like to be able to monitor, at multiple sites, subthreshold events as they travel from the sites of origin on neuronal processes and summate at particular locations to influence action potential initiation. This goal has not been achieved in any neuron due to technical limitations of measurements that employ electrodes. To overcome this drawback, it is highly desirable to complement the patch-electrode approach with imaging techniques that permit extensive parallel recordings from all parts of a neuron. Here, we describe such a technique - optical recording of membrane potential transients with organic voltage-sensitive dyes (Vm-imaging) - characterized by sub-millisecond and sub-micrometer resolution. Our method is based on pioneering work on voltage-sensitive molecular probes 2. Many aspects of the initial technology have been continuously improved over several decades 3, 5, 11. Additionally, previous work documented two essential characteristics of Vm-imaging. Firstly, fluorescence signals are linearly proportional to membrane potential over the entire physiological range (-100 mV to +100 mV; 10, 14, 16). Secondly, loading neurons with the voltage-sensitive dye used here (JPW 3028) does not have detectable pharmacological effects. The recorded broadening of the spike during dye loading is completely reversible 4, 7. Additionally, experimental evidence shows that it is possible to obtain a significant number (up to hundreds) of recordings prior to any detectable phototoxic effects 4, 6, 12, 13. At present, we take advantage of the superb brightness and stability of a laser light source at near-optimal wavelength to maximize the sensitivity of the Vm-imaging technique. The current sensitivity permits multiple site optical recordings of Vm transients from all parts of a neuron, including axons and axon collaterals, terminal dendritic branches, and individual dendritic spines. The acquired information on signal interactions can be analyzed quantitatively as well as directly visualized in the form of a movie.

An imaging technique for monitoring of membrane potential changes with sub-micrometer spatial and sub-millisecond temporal resolution is described. The technique, based on laser excitation of voltage-sensitive dyes, allows measurements of signals in axons and axon collaterals, terminal dendritic branches, and individual dendritic spines.

Enregistrement colorant sensible à la tension d&#39;axones, des dendrites et des épines dendritiques des neurones individuels dans des tranches de cerveau

Understanding the biophysical properties and functional organization of single neurons and how they process information is fundamental for understanding ...

Intracellular Recording, Sensory Field Mapping, and Culturing Identified Neurons in the Leech, Hirudo medicinalis

The freshwater leech, Hirudo medicinalis, is a versatile model organism that has been used to address scientific questions in the fields of neurophysiology, neuroethology, and developmental biology. The goal of this report is to consolidate experimental techniques from the leech system into a single article that will be of use to physiologists with expertise in other nervous system preparations, or to biology students with little or no electrophysiology experience. We demonstrate how to dissect the leech for recording intracellularly from identified neural circuits in the ganglion. Next we show how individual cells of known function can be removed from the ganglion to be cultured in a Petri dish, and how to record from those neurons in culture. Then we demonstrate how to prepare a patch of innervated skin to be used for mapping sensory or motor fields. These leech preparations are still widely used to address basic electrical properties of neural networks, behavior, synaptogenesis, and development. They are also an appropriate training module for neuroscience or physiology teaching laboratories.

Intracellular Recording, Sensory Field Mapping, and Culturing Identified Neurons in the Leech, Hirudo medicinalis

This article describes three nervous system preparations using leeches: intracellular recording from neurons in ventral ganglia, culturing neurons from ventral ganglia, and recording from a patch of innervated skin to map sensory fields.

Intracellulaire enregistrement, le mappage des champs sensorielle, et la culture de neurones identifiés dans le Leech, Hirudo medicinalis</i

The freshwater leech, Hirudo medicinalis, is a versatile model organism that has been used to address scientific questions in the fields of ...

Electrophysiological Recording in the Brain of Intact Adult Zebrafish

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram recordings. This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments, allowing recording of neural activity. Immobilization of the adult requires a mechanism to deliver dissolved oxygen to the gills in lieu of buccal and opercular movement. With our technique, animals are immobilized and perfused with habitat water to fulfill this requirement. A craniotomy is performed under tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222; tricaine) anesthesia to provide access to the brain. The primary electrode is then positioned within the craniotomy window to record extracellular brain activity. Through the use of a multitube perfusion system, a variety of pharmacological compounds can be administered to the adult fish and any alterations in the neural activity can be observed. The methodology not only allows for observations to be made regarding changes in neurological activity, but it also allows for comparisons to be made between larval and adult zebrafish. This gives researchers the ability to identify the alterations in neurological activity due to the introduction of various compounds at different life stages.

This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments to allow recordings and manipulation of neural activity in an intact animal.

Enregistrement électrophysiologique dans le cerveau d&#39;Intact poisson zèbre adulte

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram ...

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

A major challenge in neurophysiology has been to characterize the response properties and function of the numerous inhibitory cell types in the cerebral cortex. We here share our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex using a method developed by Lima and colleagues1. Recordings are performed in mice expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in specific neuronal subpopulations. Members of the population are identified by their response to a brief flash of blue light. This technique &#8211; termed &#8220;PINP&#8221;, or Photostimulation-assisted Identification of Neuronal Populations &#8211; can be implemented with standard extracellular recording equipment. It can serve as an inexpensive and accessible alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching, for the purpose of targeting extracellular recordings to genetically-identified cells. Here we provide a set of guidelines for optimizing the method in everyday practice. We refined our strategy specifically for targeting parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cells, but have found that it works for other interneuron types as well, such as somatostatin-expressing (SOM+) and calretinin-expressing (CR+) interneurons.

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

Here we describe our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex. Neurons expressing ChR2 are identified by their response to blue light. The method uses standard extracellular recording equipment, and serves as an inexpensive alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching.

Un guide pour<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Simple unité d&#39;enregistrement de Optogenetically identifié corticale inhibitrice Interneurones

A major challenge in neurophysiology has been to characterize the response properties and function of the numerous inhibitory cell types in the cerebral ...

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of olfactory-driven behaviors and their modulation. These coding properties depend heavily on the initial interaction between odor molecules and the olfactory receptor (OR) expressed in the OSNs. The identity, specificity and ligand spectrum of the expressed OR are critical. The probability to find the ligand of the OR expressed in an OSN chosen randomly within the epithelium is very low. To address this challenge, this protocol uses genetically tagged mice expressing the fluorescent protein GFP under the control of the promoter of defined ORs. OSNs are located in a tight and organized epithelium lining the nasal cavity, with neighboring cells influencing their maturation and function. Here we describe a method to isolate an intact olfactory epithelium and record through patch-clamp recordings the properties of OSNs expressing defined odorant receptors. The protocol allows one to characterize OSN membrane properties while keeping the influence of the neighboring tissue. Analysis of patch-clamp results yields&#160;a precise quantification of ligand/OR interactions, transduction pathways and pharmacology, OSNs&#39; coding properties and their modulation at the membrane level.&#160;

Analyzing the physiological properties of olfactory sensory neurons still faces technical limitations. Here we record them through perforated patch-clamp in an intact preparation of the olfactory epithelium in gene-targeted mice. This technique allows the characterization of membrane properties and responses to specific ligands of neurons expressing defined olfactory receptors.

Perforé patch-clamp enregistrement des souris neurones sensoriels olfactifs dans neuroépithélium Intact: Analyse fonctionnelle des neurones exprimant un récepteur odorant Identifié

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of ...

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

The olfactory system, specialized in the detection, integration and processing of chemical molecules is likely the most thoroughly studied sensory system. However, there is piling evidence that olfaction is not solely limited to chemical sensitivity, but also includes temperature sensitivity. Premetamorphic Xenopus laevis are translucent animals, with protruding nasal cavities deprived of the cribriform plate separating the nose and the olfactory bulb. These characteristics make them well suited for studying olfaction, and particularly thermosensitivity. The present article describes the complete procedure for measuring temperature responses in the olfactory bulb of X. laevis larvae. Firstly, the electroporation of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) is performed with spectrally distinct dyes loaded into the nasal cavities in order to stain their axon terminals in the bulbar neuropil. The differential staining between left and right receptor neurons serves to identify the &#947;-glomerulus as the only structure innervated by contralateral presynaptic afferents. Secondly, the electroporation is combined with focal bolus loading in the olfactory bulb in order to stain mitral cells and their dendrites. The 3D brain volume is then scanned under line-illumination microscopy for the acquisition of fast calcium imaging data while small temperature drops are induced at the olfactory epithelium. Lastly, the post-acquisition analysis allows the morphological reconstruction of the thermosensitive network comprising the &#947;-glomerulus and its innervating mitral cells, based on specific temperature-induced Ca2+ traces. Using chemical odorants as stimuli in addition to temperature jumps enables the comparison between thermosensitive and chemosensitive networks in the olfactory bulb.

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

Here we describe a protocol for measuring and analyzing temperature responses in the olfactory bulb of Xenopus laevis. Olfactory receptor neurons and mitral cells are differentially stained, after which calcium changes are recorded, reflecting a sensitivity of some neural networks in the bulb to temperature drops induced at the nose.

Enregistrement Neuronal activité induite de Température-travers le contrôle des modifications de calcium dans le bulbe olfactif de<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em

The olfactory system, specialized in the detection, integration and processing of chemical molecules is likely the most thoroughly studied sensory system. ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

Imagerie de l’activité neuronale dans le Cortex somatosensoriel primaire utilisant Thy1-GCaMP6s des souris transgéniques

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...

Wireless Electrophysiological Recording of Neurons by Movable Tetrodes in Freely Swimming Fish

The neural mechanisms governing fish behavior remain mostly unknown, although fish constitute the majority of all vertebrates. The ability to record brain activity from freely moving fish would advance research on the neural basis of fish behavior considerably. Moreover, precise control of the recording location in the brain is critical to studying coordinated neural activity across regions in fish brain. Here, we present a technique that records wirelessly from the brain of freely swimming fish while controlling for the depth of the recording location. The system is based on a neural logger associated with a novel water-compatible implant that can adjust the recording location by microdrive-controlled tetrodes. The capabilities of the system are illustrated through recordings from the telencephalon of goldfish.

A novel wireless technique for recording extracellular neural signals from the brain of freely swimming goldfish is presented. The recording device is composed of two tetrodes, a microdrive, a neural data logger, and a waterproof case. All parts are custom-made except for the data logger and its connector.

Enregistrement électrophysiologique sans fil des neurones par les tetrodes mobiles dans les poissons nageant librement

The neural mechanisms governing fish behavior remain mostly unknown, although fish constitute the majority of all vertebrates. The ability to record brain ...