The authors thank researchers at the University of Iowa, Drs. Luis Tecedor, Ines Martins and Beverly Davidson for instructions and helpful comments regarding striatal cultures, and Drs. Kara Gordon, Nicole Bode and Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre for genotyping assistance and discussions. We also thank Dr. Eric Weyand (Animal Identification and Marking Systems) for helpful comments regarding tattooing, and Dr. Shutaro Katsurabayashi (Fukuoka University) for helpful comments regarding the mouse culture. This work was supported by grants from the American Heart Association, the Department of Defense (Peer Reviewed Medical Research Program award W81XWH-14-1-0301), the Dystonia Medical Research Foundation, the Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr. Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and the Whitehall Foundation (N.C.H.).

The author (Zhengmin Huang) is the president of EZ BioResearch LLC that produces reagents described in this article.

Le protocole présenté ici inclut des procédures pour le tatouage d&#39;étiqueter / identifier les souris, pour le génotypage des souris de conseils de la queue, et pour la culture de neurones du cerveau de la souris à faible densité. Dans une série d&#39;expériences utilisant 6-8 chiots, ces procédures exigent généralement ~ 0,5 h, ~ 4 h et ~ 2 heures, respectivement, à un total de 6-7 heures. Cela rend pratique pour une seule expérimentateur pour terminer toutes les procédures nécessaires à partir du m...

des modèles de rongeurs de maladies génétiques se sont révélés utiles dans l&#39;établissement des fonctions physiologiques normales de protéines et d&#39;acides nucléiques, ainsi que les conséquences pathophysiologiques de défauts de ceux-ci. Des exemples comprennent les souris déficientes pour des protéines impliquées dans des fonctions cellulaires clés, ainsi que des modèles murins de maladies telles que la maladie d&#39;Alzheimer. Cependant, certaines manipulations génétiques peuvent conduire à létalité néonatale peu ou quelques jours après la naissance. Dans ces cas, des cultures de cellules primaires sont un outil important parce que les cellules vivantes peuvent être obtenus auprès des chiots embryonnaires ou néonatales avant la mort, ils peuvent être conservés pendant au moins quelques semaines in vitro, et pendant ce temps le développement neuronal début peuvent être suivies par expériences biochimiques, morphologiques et fonctionnelles. Pour les cultures primaires, il peut être bénéfique à l&#39;assiette les neurones à faible densité; ce qui permet de visualiser le soma individuel, dendrites, arbres axonales et le nerf termisignaux à haute résolution spatiale. Toutefois, la survie et la différenciation des neurones à faible densité nécessite généralement qu&#39;ils sont étalées sur une couche nourricière gliale, co-cultivées avec des cellules gliales en l&#39;absence de contact physique avec eux, ou cultivées dans du milieu conditionné par des cellules gliales 1. L&#39;établissement de faible densité des cultures de neurones sur des couches nourricières gliales peut dépendre rapide et fiable génotypage préalable - dans un peu d&#39;heures à la différence de quelques jours. La vitesse est particulièrement importante lorsque le génotype neuronal doit être adaptée à celle d&#39;une couche d&#39;alimentation gliale préparé à l&#39;avance. A titre d&#39;exemple plus pratique, il peut être nécessaire de décider lequel des chiots qui génotype à utiliser dans des cultures de production, afin d&#39;optimiser l&#39;efficacité d&#39;une expérience. Ici, nous démontrons le protocole de travail qui a été utilisé pour le génotypage de la souris rapide, simplifiée et fiable dans les publications précédentes 2-6. Queues de souris etun kit disponible dans le commerce sont utilisés. Ce protocole comprend une seule étape d&#39;extraction d&#39;acides nucléiques à partir du tissu, et ne nécessite ni une étape de purification des acides nucléiques, ni l&#39;utilisation d&#39;un tampon de terminaison («stop solution&quot;). La fiabilité de cette méthode de génotypage est illustré en présentant les résultats d&#39;une série d&#39;essais lorsque des différences sont introduites par rapport à la quantité de départ des échantillons, l&#39;âge de l&#39;animal et la longueur des amplicons PCR. Ce kit offre les avantages de l&#39;extraction et la fiabilité automatisé. Par souci d&#39;être complet, l&#39;utilisation du tatouage d&#39;identification à long terme des souris génotypés est également démontrée. Le tatouage est réalisé par application d&#39;une encre de tatouage dans le derme de la peau (sous l&#39;épiderme) 7. Un procédé est décrit pour le tatouage les coussinets des pattes de souris nouveau-nés ou de vieux un jour, bien que les tatouages ​​peuvent être appliqués à d&#39;autres parties du corps, telles que les queues et les orteils, et animals de tous âges. En outre, les procédures seront montrées pour le placage et la culture de neurones de souris à une faible densité, sur la base de la préparation optimisée des différents types de couches nourricières gliales 2,8. On utilise un modèle de souris génétique du trouble neurologique héréditaire DYT1 dystonie - un trouble du mouvement autosomique dominante causée par une mutation dans le gène de TOR1A (c.904_906delGAG / c.907_909delGAG; p.Glu302del / p.Glu303del) 9. La protéine codée, torsinA, fait partie des &quot;ATPases associées à diverses activités cellulaires&quot; (AAA +) de la famille des protéines, dont les membres accomplissent généralement des fonctions de chaperon, en aidant à: dépliement des protéines, la protéine complexe de démontage, le trafic membranaire, et la fusion des vésicules 10-13. Les résultats de mutation dans une délétion en cadre d&#39;un codon pour l&#39;acide glutamique, et peuvent conduire à la manifestation de «l&#39;apparition précoce de la dystonie généralisée isolé» 14,15. Cependant, la voieophysiological mécanismes responsables de cette maladie sont encore mal compris. Dans un modèle de souris knock-in, l&#39;allèle mutant est Tor1a tm2Wtd, mentionné ci-après comme Tor1a AE. Hétérozygote AE-torsinA souris knock-in sont des patients humains viables et génétiquement imitent avec DYT1 dystonie, alors homozygote souris knock-in meurent après la naissance 16,17, avec la latence à mort postnatale touchés par bagage génétique 18. La mort précoce de souris knock-in homozygote nécessite que tant l&#39;analyse génotypique des animaux et l&#39;établissement de cultures de neurones sont achevées rapidement. Comme autre exemple de génotypage, TFAP2A (facteur de transcription AP-2α, la protéine de liaison d&#39;activation activateur 2α) sera utilisée. La protéine codée par ce gène est important dans la régulation de nombreux processus cellulaires tels que la prolifération, la différenciation, la survie et l&#39;apoptose 19.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>REAGENTS - tattooing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Machine Cleanser</td>
			<td>Animal Identification and Marking Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td>NMCR3</td>
			<td>This is used to clean the needles and the holder after tattooing.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Machine Drying Agent</td>
			<td>Animal Identification and Marking Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td>NDAR4</td>
			<td>This is used to dry the needles and holder after cleaning.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neonate Tattoo Black Pigment</td>
			<td>Animal Identification and Marking Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td>NBP01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skin Prep Applicator</td>
			<td>Animal Identification and Marking Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td>NSPA1</td>
			<td>Q-tip.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skin Prep solution</td>
			<td>Animal Identification and Marking Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td>NSP01</td>
			<td>This reagent delivers a thin layer of oil that enhances the efficiency of tattooing and prevents tattoo fading, by (information from vendor): 1) preventing non-tattooed skin from being stained temporarily, thereby allowing the quality of a paw pad tattoo to be easily evaluated before the pup is returned to its home cage &#8211; the stained skin surface can be confused with the tattooed skin, 2) reducing skin damage during tattooing &#8211; softening the skin and lubricating the needle will help the needle penetrate the skin without causing skin damage, and 3) preventing molecular oxygen from entering the skin, thereby reducing inflammatory responses to reactive oxygen species that can be generated.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>REAGENTS - genotyping</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EZ Fast Tissue/Tail PCR Genotyping Kit (Strip Tube Format)</td>
			<td>EZ BioResearch LLC</td>
			<td>G2001-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2X PCR Ready Mix II</td>
			<td>EZ BioResearch LLC</td>
			<td>G2001-100</td>
			<td>A red, loading dye for electrophoresis is included in the 2X PCR Ready Mix solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Lysis Solution A</td>
			<td>EZ BioResearch LLC</td>
			<td>G2001-100</td>
			<td>Prepare DNA Extraction Solution by mixing 20 &#181;l of Tissue Lysis Solution A and 180 &#181;l of Tissue Lysis Solution B per specimen.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Lysis Solution B</td>
			<td>EZ BioResearch LLC</td>
			<td>G2001-100</td>
			<td>Prepare DNA Extraction Solution by mixing 20 &#181;l of Tissue Lysis Solution A and 180 &#181;l of Tissue Lysis Solution B per specimen.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic acid, glacial</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH 3092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose optimized grade, molecular biology grade</td>
			<td>rpi</td>
			<td>A20090-500&#160;</td>
			<td>We use 2% agarose gels in TAE buffer containing the SYBR Safe DNA gel stain (diluted 10,000-fold) or ethidium bromide (0.5 &#181;g/ml gel volume).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethidium bromide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E7637-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, disodium salt dihydrate (EDTA)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP120-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filtered Pipet Tips, Aerosol-Free, 0.1-10 &#181;l</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific Inc</td>
			<td>UG104-96RS&#160;</td>
			<td>Use pipette tips that are sterile and free of DNA, RNase and DNase. For all steps involving DNA, use filtered pipette tips to avoid cross-contamination.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filtered Pipet Tips, Premium Fit Filter Tips, 0.5-20 &#181;l</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific Inc</td>
			<td>UG2020-RS</td>
			<td>Use pipette tips that are sterile and free of DNA, RNase and DNase. For all steps involving DNA, use filtered pipette tips to avoid cross-contamination.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filtered Pipet Tips, Premium Fit Filter Tips, 1-200 &#181;l</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific Inc</td>
			<td>UG2812-RS</td>
			<td>Use pipette tips that are sterile and free of DNA, RNase and DNase. For all steps involving DNA, use filtered pipette tips to avoid cross-contamination.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular weight marker, EZ DNA Even Ladders 100 bp</td>
			<td>EZ BioResearch LLC</td>
			<td>L1001</td>
			<td>We use either of these three molecular weight markers.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular weight marker, EZ DNA Even Ladders 1000 bp</td>
			<td>EZ BioResearch LLC</td>
			<td>L1010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular weight marker, TrackIt, 100 bp DNA Ladder</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10488-058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR tubes, 8-tube strips with individually attached dome top caps, natural, 0.2 ml&#160;</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1402-2900</td>
			<td>Use tubes that are sterile and free of DNA, RNase and DNase. An 8-tube strip is easy to handle and to group the specimens than individual tubes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR tubes, Ultraflux Individual&#160;</td>
			<td>rpi</td>
			<td>145660</td>
			<td>Use tubes that are sterile and free of DNA, RNase and DNase.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seal-Rite 0.5 ml microcentrifuge tube, natural</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1605-0000</td>
			<td>Use tubes that are sterile and free of DNA, RNase and DNase.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYBR Safe DNA gel stain * 10,000x concentration in DMSO</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>S33102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris base</td>
			<td>rpi</td>
			<td>T60040-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primers for amplifying Tor1a gene in &#916;E-torsinA knock-in mice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5&#39;-AGT CTG TGG CTG GCT CTC CC-3&#39; (forward) and 5&#39;-CCT CAG GCT GCT CAC AAC CAC-3&#39; (reverse) (reference 18). These primers were used at a final concentration of 1.0 ng/&#181;l (~0.16 &#181;M) (reference 2).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primers for amplifying Tfap2a gene in wild-type mice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5&#39;-GAA AGG TGT AGG CAG AAG TTT GTC AGG GC-3&#39; (forward), 5&#39;-CGT GTG GCT GTT GGG GTT GTT GCT GAG GTA-3&#39; (reverse) for the 498-bp amplicon, 5&#39;-CAC CCT ATC AGG GGA GGA CAA CTT TCG-3&#39; (forward), 5&#39;-AGA CAC TCG GGC TTT GGA GAT CAT TC-3&#39; (reverse) for the 983-bp amplicon, and 5&#39;-CAC CCT ATC AGG GGA GGA CAA CTT TCG-3&#39; (forward), 5&#39;-ACA GTG TAG TAA GGC AAA GCA AGG AG-3&#39; (reverse) for the 1990-bp amplicon. These primers are used at 0.5 &#181;M.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>REAGENTS - cell culture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-Fluoro-2&#8242;-deoxyuridine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F0503-100MG</td>
			<td>See comments section of uridine for more information.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B-27 supplement</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Dishes 35 x 10 mm Dishes, Tissue Culture-treated</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>353001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Flasks, T25, Tissue Culture-treated, Canted-neck, plug-seal cap, 25 cm2 Growth Area, 70 ml</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>353082</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Flasks, T75, Tissue Culture-treated, Canted-neck, vented cap, 75 cm2 Growth Area, 250 ml</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>353136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical Tube, polypropylene, 15 ml</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>352095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Countess (cell number counter) chamber slides</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>C10312</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytosine &#946;-D-Arabinofuranoside hydrochloride (Ara-C hydrochloride)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C6645-100mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose (Dextrose) anhydrous, SigmaUltra, 99.5% (GC)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7528-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dish, Petri glass 100 x 15 mm</td>
			<td>Pyrex</td>
			<td>3160-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled water</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15230-147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase Type II</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D4527-200KU</td>
			<td>Stock solution is prepared at 1500 units/20 &#956;l = 75000 units/ml in distilled water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), high glucose, GlutaMAX, pyruvate</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10569-010, 500 ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast PES Filter Unit, 250 ml, 50 mm diameter membrane, 0.2 &#181;m Pore Size</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>568-0020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast PES Filter Unit, 500 ml, 90 mm diameter membrane, 0.2 &#181;m Pore Size</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>569-0020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>26140-079</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass coverslip, 12 mm Round, thickness 0.09&#8211;0.12 mm, No. 0</td>
			<td>Carolina</td>
			<td>633017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX-I</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hanks&#39; Balanced Salts</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H2387-10X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES, &#8805;99.5% (titration)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3375-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid, 37%, A.C.S reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>258148-100 ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I5500-250 mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, MgSO4&#8226;(7H2O), BioUltra, &#8805;99.5% (Fluka)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>63138-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel Basement Membrane Matrix solution, Phenol Red-Free</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>356237</td>
			<td>This is the coating material for coverslips and flasks. 1) To prepare it, thaw the Matrigel Basement Membrane Matrix solution on ice, which usually takes ~1 day. Using a pre-cooled pipette, aliquot the thawed solution into pre-cooled T25 flasks on ice, and store the flasks at -20&#176;C. To prepare the working Matrigel solution, thaw the aliquotted Matrigel in a flask on ice, dilute 50-fold by adding pre-cooled MEM solution and keep the diluted solution at 4&#176;C. It is important to pre-cool all cultureware and media that come into contact with Matrigel, except during and after the coating of coverslips, to prevent it from prematurely forming a gel. 2) To coat the glass coverslips or culture flasks with Matrigel, apply the Matrigel solution to the surface. Before plating cells, it is important to completely dry up the surface. For this purpose, it might be helpful to aspirate Matrigel during the cellular centrifugation immediately before plating the cells and to allow enough time for drying.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minimum Essential Medium (MEM)</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>51200-038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MITO+ Serum Extender, 5 ml</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>355006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multiwell Plates, Tissue Culture-treated 24-well plate</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>353047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multiwell Plates, Tissue Culture-treated 6-well plate</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>353046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal-A Medium (1X), liquid</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10888-022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitric Acid</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>bdh 3044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NS (Neuronal Supplement) 21&#160;</td>
			<td>prepared in the lab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Source: reference 69</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur pipets, 5 &#190;&#8221;&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-678-6A</td>
			<td>Use this cotton-plugged 5 &#190;&#8221; Pasteur pipette for cellular trituration. Fire-polish the tip beforehand to smooth the cut surface and to reduce the internal diameter to 50-80% of the original. Too small a tip will disrupt the cells and reduce cell viability, but too large a tip will decrease the efficiency of trituration.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur pipets, 9&#8221;&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-678-6B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride (KCl), SigmaUltra, &#8805;99.0%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9333-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipet, 2 ml</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>357507</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipet, 5 ml&#160;</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>357543</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipet, 10 ml</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>357551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipet, 25 ml</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>357525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipet, 50 ml&#160;</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>357550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, Sodium hydrogen carbonate), SigmaUltra, &#8805;99.5%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S6297-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride (NaCl), SigmaUltra, &#8805;99.5%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S7653-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), pellets, 99.998% trace metals basis</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>480878-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate (Na2HPO4&#8226;(7H2O)), &#8805;99.99%, Aldrich</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>431478-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose, SigmaUltra, &#8805;99.5% (GC)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S7903-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe filter, sterile, 0.2 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>431219</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe, 3 ml</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>309585</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transferrin, Holo, bovine plasma</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>616420</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue stain, 0.4%</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>T10282</td>
			<td>This is used for counting live/dead cells. Renew an old trypan blue solution if it is re-used many times (e.g. several times a week for several weeks), because it will form precipitates and result in erroneous readouts of cellular density.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin, type XI</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1005-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA solution, 0.25%&#160;</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Uridine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>U3003-5G</td>
			<td>Stock solution is prepared at 50-mg 5-fluoro-2&#39;-deoxyuridine and 125-mg uridine in 25 ml DMEM (8.12 and 20.48 mM, respectively).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>REAGENTS - immunocytochemistry</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibody, rabbit polyclonal anti-MAP2</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>AB5622</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibody, mouse monoclonal anti-GFAP cocktail</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>NE1015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rapid genotyping of animals followed by establishing primary cultures of brain neurons

Analyse à haute résolution de la morphologie et la fonction des neurones de mammifères nécessite souvent le génotypage des animaux individuels, suivie par l&#39;analyse des cultures primaires de neurones. Nous décrivons un ensemble de procédures pour: l&#39;étiquetage souriceaux nouveau-nés pour être génotypés, le génotypage rapide, et l&#39;établissement de cultures à faible densité de neurones du cerveau de ces souris. Souris individuels sont repérés par le tatouage, ce qui permet une identification à long terme durable à l&#39;âge adulte. Génotypage par le protocole décrit est rapide et efficace, et permet l&#39;extraction automatisée des acides nucléiques avec une bonne fiabilité. Ce est utile dans des circonstances où le temps suffisant pour le génotypage conventionnelle ne est pas disponible, par exemple, chez les souris qui souffrent de létalité néonatale. Cultures de neurones primaires sont générés à faible densité, qui permet des expériences d&#39;imagerie à haute résolution spatiale. Cette méthode de culture nécessite la préparation de couches nourricières gliales avant le placage neuronale. Le pPROTOCOLE est appliquée dans sa totalité à un modèle de souris de la dystonie trouble du mouvement DYT1 (souris knock-in-torsinA AE), et les cultures neuronales sont préparées à partir de l&#39;hippocampe, le cortex cérébral et le striatum de ces souris. Ce protocole peut être appliqué à des souris avec d&#39;autres mutations génétiques, ainsi que pour d&#39;autres espèces d&#39;animaux. En outre, les composants individuels du protocole peut être utilisé pour les sous-projets isolés. Ainsi ce protocole aura de larges applications, non seulement en neurosciences, mais aussi dans d&#39;autres domaines des sciences biologiques et médicales.

Comme exemple de l&#39;application de ce protocole, des résultats représentatifs sont présentés pour l&#39;étiquetage des souris par le tatouage, le génotypage fiable dans diverses conditions expérimentales, et l&#39;établissement de cultures de neurones primaires sur des couches nourricières gliales. Tatouage Les nouveau-nés ont été marqués sur les coussinets en utilisant un système de tatouage (&#39;nouveau-né&#39; de la ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid Genotyping of Animals Followed by Establishing Primary Cultures of Brain Neurons at JoVE.com

Rapid Genotyping of Animals Followed by Establishing Primary Cultures of Brain Neurons

Nous décrivons les procédures pour l&#39;étiquetage et le génotypage des souris nouveau-nés et de générer des cultures de neurones primaires d&#39;eux. Le génotypage est rapide, efficace et fiable, et permet pour l&#39;extraction de l&#39;acide nucléique automatisé. Ceci est particulièrement utile pour les souris néonatale létales et leurs cultures qui nécessitent l&#39;achèvement préalable de génotypage.

Rapid génotypage des animaux Suivi par Établir des cultures primaires de neurones du cerveau

High-resolution analysis of the morphology and function of mammalian neurons often requires the genotyping of individual animals followed by the analysis ...

rapid-genotyping-animals-followed-establishing-primary-cultures-brain

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

16.2K vues.  University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine.  Nous décrivons les procédures pour l'étiquetage et le génotypage des souris nouveau-nés et de générer des cultures de neurones primaires d'eux. Le génotypage est rapide, efficace et fiable, et permet pour l'extraction de l'acide nucléique automatisé. Ceci est particulièrement utile pour les souris néonatale létales et leurs cultures qui nécessitent l'achèvement préalable de génotypage. 

Vidéo: Rapid Genotyping of Animals Followed by Establishing Primary Cultures of Brain Neurons

In utero Electroporation followed by Primary Neuronal Culture for Studying Gene Function in Subset of Cortical Neurons

In vitro study of primary neuronal cultures allows for quantitative analyses of neurite outgrowth. In order to study how genetic alterations affect neuronal process outgrowth, shRNA or cDNA constructs can be introduced into primary neurons via chemical transfection or viral transduction. However, with primary cortical cells, a heterogeneous pool of cell types (glutamatergic neurons from different layers, inhibitory neurons, glial cells) are transfected using these methods. The use of in utero electroporation to introduce DNA constructs in the embryonic rodent cortex allows for certain subsets of cells to be targeted: while electroporation of early embryonic cortex targets deep layers of the cortex, electroporation at late embryonic timepoints targets more superficial layers. Further, differential placement of electrodes across the heads of individual embryos results in the targeting of dorsal-medial versus ventral-lateral regions of the cortex. Following electroporation, transfected cells can be dissected out, dissociated, and plated in vitro for quantitative analysis of neurite outgrowth. Here, we provide a step-by-step method to quantitatively measure neuronal process outgrowth in subsets of cortical cells.
The basic protocol for in utero electroporation has been described in detail in two other JoVE articles from the Kriegstein lab 1, 2. We will provide an overview of our protocol for in utero electroporation, focusing on the most important details, followed by a description of our protocol that applies in utero electroporation to the study of gene function in neuronal process outgrowth.

In utero Electroporation followed by Primary Neuronal Culture for Studying Gene Function in Subset of Cortical Neurons

In utero electroporation is a valuable method for transfecting neuronal progenitor cells in vivo. Depending upon the placement of the electrodes and the developmental timepoint of electroporation, certain subsets of cortical cells can be targeted. Targeted cells can then be analyzed in vivo or in vitro for effects of genetic alteration.

In utero électroporation suivie par la culture neuronale primaire pour étudier la fonction des gènes dans un sous-ensemble des neurones corticaux

In vitro study of primary neuronal cultures allows for quantitative analyses of neurite outgrowth. In order to study how genetic alterations affect ...

Recherche

Neurosciences

Design and Assembly of an Ultra-light Motorized Microdrive for Chronic Neural Recordings in Small Animals

The ability to chronically record from populations of neurons in freely behaving animals has proven an invaluable tool for dissecting the function of neural circuits underlying a variety of natural behaviors, including navigation1 , decision making 2,3, and the generation of complex motor sequences4,5,6. Advances in precision machining has allowed for the fabrication of light-weight devices suitable for chronic recordings in small animals, such as mice and songbirds. The ability to adjust the electrode position with small remotely controlled motors has further increased the recording yield in various behavioral contexts by reducing animal handling.6,7
 Here we describe a protocol to build an ultra-light motorized microdrive for long-term chronic recordings in small animals. Our design evolved from an earlier published version7, and has been adapted for ease-of use and cost-effectiveness to be more practical and accessible to a wide array of researchers. This proven design 8,9,10,11 allows for fine, remote positioning of electrodes over a range of ~ 5 mm and weighs less than 750 mg when fully assembled. We present the complete protocol for how to build and assemble these drives, including 3D CAD drawings for all custom microdrive components.

The design, fabrication and assembly of an ultra-light motorized microdrive is described. The device provides a cost-effective and easy-to-use solution for chronic recordings of single units in small behaving animals.

Conception et montage d&#39;un Microdrive ultra-léger motorisé pour des enregistrements de neurones chroniques chez les petits animaux

The ability to chronically record from populations of neurons in freely behaving animals has proven an invaluable tool for dissecting the function of ...

Detection of Protein Palmitoylation in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons by Immunoprecipitation and Acyl-Biotin Exchange (ABE)

Palmitoylation is a post-translational lipid modification involving the attachment of a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid, palmitate, to cysteine residues of substrate proteins through a labile thioester bond [reviewed in1]. Palmitoylation of a substrate protein increases its hydrophobicity, and typically facilitates its trafficking toward cellular membranes. Recent studies have shown palmitoylation to be one of the most common lipid modifications in neurons1, 2, suggesting that palmitate turnover is an important mechanism by which these cells regulate the targeting and trafficking of proteins. The identification and detection of palmitoylated substrates can therefore better our understanding of protein trafficking in neurons.
Detection of protein palmitoylation in the past has been technically hindered due to the lack of a consensus sequence among substrate proteins, and the reliance on metabolic labeling of palmitoyl-proteins with 3H-palmitate, a time-consuming biochemical assay with low sensitivity. Development of the Acyl-Biotin Exchange (ABE) assay enables more rapid and high sensitivity detection of palmitoylated proteins2-4, and is optimal for measuring the dynamic turnover of palmitate on neuronal proteins. The ABE assay is comprised of three biochemical steps (Figure 1): 1) irreversible blockade of unmodified cysteine thiol groups using N-ethylmaliemide (NEM), 2) specific cleavage and unmasking of the palmitoylated cysteine's thiol group by hydroxylamine (HAM), and 3) selective labeling of the palmitoylated cysteine using a thiol-reactive biotinylation reagent, biotin-BMCC. Purification of the thiol-biotinylated proteins following the ABE steps has differed, depending on the overall goal of the experiment.
Here, we describe a method to purify a palmitoylated protein of interest in primary hippocampal neurons by an initial immunoprecipitation (IP) step using an antibody directed against the protein, followed by the ABE assay and western blotting to directly measure palmitoylation levels of that protein, which is termed the IP-ABE assay. Low-density cultures of embryonic rat hippocampal neurons have been widely used to study the localization, function, and trafficking of neuronal proteins, making them ideally suited for studying neuronal protein palmitoylation using the IP-ABE assay. The IP-ABE assay mainly requires standard IP and western blotting reagents, and is only limited by the availability of antibodies against the target substrate. This assay can easily be adapted for the purification and detection of transfected palmitoylated proteins in heterologous cell cultures, primary neuronal cultures derived from various brain tissues of both mouse and rat, and even primary brain tissue itself.

Detection of Protein Palmitoylation in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons by Immunoprecipitation and Acyl-Biotin Exchange ABE

The reversible addition of palmitate to proteins is an important regulator of intracellular protein trafficking. This is of particular interest in neurons where many synaptic proteins are palmitoylated. We utilize a simple biochemical method to detect palmitoylated proteins in cultured neurons, which can be adapted for multiple cell types and tissues.

Détection de la palmitoylation des protéines dans les neurones de l&#39;hippocampe en culture par immunoprécipitation et Acyl-biotine Exchange (ABE)

Palmitoylation is a post-translational lipid  modification involving the attachment of a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid,  palmitate, to cysteine residues ...

Calcium Phosphate Transfection of Primary Hippocampal Neurons

Calcium phosphate precipitation is a convenient and economical method for transfection of cultured cells. With optimization, it is possible to use this method on hard-to-transfect cells like primary neurons. Here we describe our detailed protocol for calcium phosphate transfection of hippocampal neurons cocultured with astroglial cells.

Phosphate de calcium transfection de primaire neurones de l&#39;hippocampe

Calcium phosphate precipitation is a convenient and economical method for transfection of cultured cells. With optimization, it is possible to use this ...

Primary Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions such as motor control, motivation, and working memory. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons selectively degenerate in Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD). This progressive neuronal loss is unequivocally associated with the motors symptoms of the pathology (bradykinesia, resting tremor, and muscular rigidity). The main agent responsible of dopaminergic neuron degeneration is still unknown. However, these neurons appear to be extremely vulnerable in diverse conditions. Primary cultures constitute one of the most relevant models to investigate properties and characteristics of dopaminergic neurons. These cultures can be submitted to various stress agents that mimic PD pathology and to neuroprotective compounds in order to stop or slow down neuronal degeneration. The numerous transgenic mouse models of PD that have been generated during the last decade further increased the interest of researchers for dopaminergic neuron cultures. Here, the video protocol focuses on the delicate dissection of embryonic mouse brains. Precise excision of ventral mesencephalon is crucial to obtain neuronal cultures sufficiently rich in dopaminergic cells to allow subsequent studies. This protocol can be realized with embryonic transgenic mice and is suitable for immunofluorescence staining, quantitative PCR, second messenger quantification, or neuronal death/survival assessment.

Dopaminergic neurons play a vital regulatory role in the brain. Their loss is associated with Parkinson's disease. In this video, we show how to generate primary cultures of central dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse mesencephalon. Such cultures are useful to study the extreme vulnerability of these neurons to various stresses.

Culture primaire de souris dopaminergiques neurones

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions ...

Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes involved in physiological functions and vulnerability and death of these neurons is imparative to understanding the underlying causes and unraveling the cure for this common neurodegenerative disorder. Primary cultures of mesDA neurons provide a tool for investigation of the molecular, biochemical and electrophysiological properties, in order to understand the development, long-term survival and degeneration of these neurons during the course of disease. Here we present a detailed method for the isolation, culturing and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from E12.5 mouse (or E14.5 rat) embryos. Optimized cell culture conditions in this protocol result in presence of axonal and dendritic projections, synaptic connections and other neuronal morphological properties, which make the cultures suitable for study of the physiological, cell biological and molecular characteristics of this neuronal population.

The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson&#8217;s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of neurodegeneration.

Isolement, Culture et maintenance à long terme des mésencéphalique primaire dopaminergiques neurones à partir de cerveaux embryonnaires de rongeurs

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes ...

Live Imaging Followed by Single Cell Tracking to Monitor Cell Biology and the Lineage Progression of Multiple Neural Populations

Understanding the mechanisms that control critical biological events of neural cell populations, such as proliferation, differentiation, or cell fate decisions, will be crucial to design therapeutic strategies for many diseases affecting the nervous system. Current methods to track cell populations rely on their final outcomes in still images and they generally fail to provide sufficient temporal resolution to identify behavioral features in single cells. Moreover, variations in cell death, behavioral heterogeneity within a cell population, dilution, spreading, or the low efficiency of the markers used to analyze cells are all important handicaps that will lead to incomplete or incorrect read-outs of the results. Conversely, performing live imaging and single cell tracking under appropriate conditions represents a powerful tool to monitor each of these events. Here, a time-lapse video-microscopy protocol, followed by post-processing, is described to track neural populations with single cell resolution, employing specific software. The methods described enable researchers to address essential questions regarding the cell biology and lineage progression of distinct neural populations.

A robust protocol to monitor neural populations by time-lapse video-microscopy followed by software-based post-processing is described. This method represents a powerful tool to identify biological events in a selected population during live imaging experiments.

Vivre l’imagerie suivie d’une cellule unique de suivi pour surveiller la biologie cellulaire et la Progression de la lignée de plusieurs Populations de neurones

Understanding the mechanisms that control critical biological events of neural cell populations, such as proliferation, differentiation, or cell fate ...

Rapid and Specific Immunomagnetic Isolation of Mouse Primary Oligodendrocytes

The efficient and robust isolation and culture of primary oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the development of oligodendroglia as well as the biology of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease (PMLD). Here, we present a simple and efficient selection method for the immunomagnetic isolation of stage three O4+ preoligodendrocytes cells from neonatal mice pups. Since immature OL constitute more than 80% of the rodent-brain white matter at postnatal day 7 (P7) this isolation method not only ensures high cellular yield, but also the specific isolation of OLs already committed to the oligodendroglial lineage, decreasing the possibility of isolating contaminating cells such as astrocytes and other cells from the mouse brain. This method is a modification of the techniques reported previously, and provides oligodendrocyte preparation purity above 80% in about 4 h.

We describe the immunomagnetic isolation of primary mouse oligodendrocytes, which allows the rapid and specific isolation of the cells for in vitro culture.

Isolation de Immunomagnetic rapide et spécifique de souris primaire Oligodendrocytes

The efficient and robust isolation and culture of primary oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the development of ...

Multi-Fiber Photometry to Record Neural Activity in Freely-Moving Animals

Recording the activity of a group of neurons in a freely-moving animal is a challenging undertaking. Moreover, as the brain is dissected into smaller and smaller functional subgroups, it becomes paramount to record from projections and/or genetically-defined subpopulations of neurons. Fiber photometry is an accessible and powerful approach that can overcome these challenges. By combining optical and genetic methodologies, neural activity can be measured in deep brain structures by expressing genetically-encoded calcium indicators, which translate neural activity into an optical signal that can be easily measured. The current protocol details the components of a multi-fiber photometry system, how to access deep brain structures to deliver and collect light, a method to account for motion artifacts, and how to process and analyze fluorescent signals. The protocol details experimental considerations when performing single and dual color imaging, from either single or multiple implanted optic fibers.

This protocol details how to implement and perform multi-fiber photometry recordings, how to correct for calcium-independent artifacts, and important considerations for dual-color photometry imaging.

Photométrie multifibres pour enregistrer l'activité neuronale chez les animaux en mouvement libre

Recording the activity of a group of neurons in a freely-moving animal is a challenging undertaking. Moreover, as the brain is dissected into smaller and ...

Ballistic Labeling of Pyramidal Neurons in Brain Slices and in Primary Cell Culture

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of pyramidal neurons and dendritic spines, a ballistic labeling technique can be utilized. In the present protocol, pyramidal neurons are labeled with DilC18(3) dye and analyzed using neuronal reconstruction software to assess neuronal morphology and dendritic spines. To investigate neuronal structure, dendritic branching analysis and Sholl analysis are performed, allowing researchers to draw inferences about dendritic branching complexity and neuronal arbor complexity, respectively. The evaluation of dendritic spines is conducted using an automatic assisted classification algorithm integral to the reconstruction software, which classifies spines into four categories (i.e., thin, mushroom, stubby, filopodia). Furthermore, an additional three parameters (i.e., length, head diameter, and volume) are also chosen to assess alterations in dendritic spine morphology. To validate the potential of wide application of the ballistic labeling technique, pyramidal neurons from in vitro cell culture were successfully labeled. Overall, the ballistic labeling method is unique and useful for visualizing neurons in different brain regions in rats, which in combination with sophisticated reconstruction software, allows researchers to elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying neurocognitive dysfunction.

We present a protocol to label and analyze pyramidal neurons, which is critical for evaluating potential morphological alterations in neurons and dendritic spines that may underlie neurochemical and behavioral abnormalities.

Étiquetage balistique des neurones pyramidaux dans les tranches de cerveau et dans la culture cellulaire primaire

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of ...