Ce travail a été financé par des subventions de la National Science Foundation suisse (Grant 31003A-149315-1 au MES et Grant IZK0Z3-150809 à AZ), à la Fondation AZ Heidi Demetriades, au MES le Conseil européen de la recherche (&#39;Nogorise&#39;) et le Christopher Reeve Foundation et Dana (CDRF).

Toutes les expériences ont été réalisées en conformité avec les directives de l&#39;Office vétérinaire du canton de Zurich, en Suisse. 1. manipulation des animaux et de l&#39;habituation <ol><li> Manipulation des animaux Note: 5 jours avant le début de l&#39;expérience, effectuer l&#39;étape 1.1.1 quotidienne. <ol><li> Pour les expériences comportementales, habituer les animaux à l&#39;expérimentateur. Ont quotidienne manipulation sessions d&#39;une durée de 10-15 minutes par animal. Nettoyez la boîte après la session de chaque animal. <ol><li> Initialement, placer la main de l&#39;expérimentateur dans une cage permettant à l&#39;animal à explorer et à sentir, à se familiariser avec l&#39;expérimentateur. </li><li> Ensuite, soulevez doucement l&#39;animal avec la main de l&#39;expérimentateur d&#39;une manière sûre en le saisissant par le corps du rat entre les pattes guichet et arrière permettant familiarisation. </li></ol></li><li> Peser chaque animal tous les jours pour obtenir un poids de base avant la privation de nourriture. </li></ol&gt; </li><li> Appareil accoutumance et familiarisation alimentaire <ol><li> Peser chaque animal tous les jours pour obtenir un poids de base avant la privation de nourriture. </li><li> Lancer alimentaire privant rats 3 jours avant le début de la pré-formation sur un régime standard de laboratoire. Donnez rats 0,05 g de nourriture par 1 g de poids corporel par jour (par exemple, un rat pesant 200 g, commencer avec 10 g de nourriture). Veiller à ne pas diminuer le poids corporel plus de 10% par jour en surveillant poids corporel par jour. <ol><li> Si plusieurs animaux sont détenus dans une cage, les rats dominants peuvent manger plus que les moins dominants. Dans le cas où le poids de un diminutions des animaux, nourrir l&#39;animal séparément au lieu de l&#39;alimentation en groupe. Donner de l&#39;eau ad libitum. </li></ol></li><li> Pour connaître le rat avec l&#39;appareil de préhension, placer l&#39;animal dans la boîte de la formation (Figure 1). Avoir des pastilles de sucre placés dans la boîte de formation à proximité de l&#39;ouverture de la fente de familiariser l&#39;animal avec les boulettes de nourriture. Effectuez cette step 10-15 min par jour pendant 3 jours. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Pré-formation et l&#39;apprentissage moteur de Skill <ol><li> Pré-formation <ol><li> Un jour après la familiarisation, placer l&#39;animal dans la boîte de la formation et de placer le culot de près à l&#39;ouverture de la fente de sorte qu&#39;il peut être atteint par la langue de l&#39;animal. Exclure les animaux qui récupèrent pellets avec leur patte avant lors de la pré-formation Remarque: A ce stade, la récupération de culot avec la langue est crucial et généralement la méthode de choix de l&#39;animal. Pellets doivent être en aucun cas saisir avec le membre antérieur jusqu&#39;à ce que le premier jour de l&#39;apprentissage moteur de compétences pour permettre une surveillance adéquate de la tâche atteindre appris. Récupération Pellet avec le membre antérieur lors de la pré-formation est un critère d&#39;exclusion et dans la plupart des cas non observés. </li><li> Enseigner le rat soit exécuter à l&#39;arrière de la cage et revenir à l&#39;ouverture de la fente ou du recul et de tourner autour de son propre axe afin de recevoir la prochaine boulette de nourriture avecla langue. Prévoyez du temps pour l&#39;animal à explorer la cage, courir à l&#39;arrière et revenir à l&#39;ouverture de la fente. Si l&#39;animal ne l&#39;exécute pas correctement la tâche, utilisez une pince à taper doucement à l&#39;arrière de la cage de fin et attirer l&#39;attention de l&#39;animal. Une fois que l&#39;animal est à l&#39;arrière, tapotez doucement sur le devant de la cage pour guider l&#39;animal à l&#39;ouverture de la fente. Remarque: Une fois que l&#39;animal atteint une valeur standard définie (par exemple, 50 récupérations de granulés de succès avec la langue en moins de 15 min), l&#39;animal se qualifie pour la phase moteur d&#39;apprentissage de compétences. Au jour 1 et 2 de la pré-formation, les apprenants peuvent déjà se distinguer des non-apprenants. Non-apprenants peuvent être exclus de l&#39;étude à cette étape. Ceci diminue la probabilité d&#39;avoir un nombre élevé de non-étudiants au cours de l&#39;étape d&#39;apprentissage du moteur (2.2). </li><li> Pendant la pré-formation, de la nourriture priver rats à un régime standard de laboratoire. Donner de l&#39;eau ad libitum. Surveiller poids corporel par jour pendant toute l&#39;étude. Fairepas utiliser même pièce pour former rats mâles et femelles. Assurer un environnement calme et sans bruit pour l&#39;animal. </li></ol></li><li> Détermination de Paw préférence et l&#39;apprentissage moteur de Skill <ol><li> Au cours de la première session de l&#39;apprentissage des habiletés motrices, remplacer la glissière en face de la fenêtre avec un message. Placez le culot de sucre d&#39;environ 1,5 cm de la fenêtre sur le poste afin que l&#39;animal ne peut pas atteindre le culot avec sa langue, mais seulement le récupérer par un membre antérieur précise atteindre et saisir le mouvement. <ol><li> Pour appliquer la récupération de granulés par le membre antérieur, utilisez une pince à porter doucement le culot près de la bouche de l&#39;animal et se rétracter le culot alors que l&#39;animal tente la consommation avec la langue. Effectuer cette tâche répétitive jusqu&#39;à l&#39;animal étend la patte antérieure et saisit une pastille. </li></ol></li><li> Placer le poste central à l&#39;ouverture de fenêtre. Pour déterminer la préférence de la patte, observer attentivement les 10 premiers essais le jour de la formation 1. Plus de 70% de la réactentatives hing (ie, 7 sur 10) doivent être exécutées avec la même patte avant. Si cela ne soit pas atteint, passez à une autre série de 10 essais jusqu&#39;à ce que le seuil de 70% est atteint. </li><li> Après la détermination de la préférence de la patte, passer le poteau en direction de la patte antérieure préféré et aligner au centre de la bordure de l&#39;ouverture de la fenêtre. Des moyens d&#39;alignement de la patte préféré le poste est décalé contraire à la patte respective pour permettre un angle optimal pour atteindre (figure 1B, C). </li><li> Classer un procès, définie comme une nouvelle pastille présenté à l&#39;animal, autant de succès (atteindre, saisir, récupérer et manger le culot), chute (atteindre, saisir et perdre granulés lors de la récupération) ou échouer (frapper culot sur le poteau). Notez toutes les épreuves dans votre feuille et analyser les données après l&#39;expérience. </li><li> Effectuer une séance quotidienne constitué par un nombre défini d&#39;essais (par exemple, 150) ou d&#39;un temps maximum (par exemple, 1 heure) pour chaque animal. </li><li> Enquêter sur la précision et de réglage findu mouvement en utilisant la première analyse de tentative. Une première tentative est définie en saisissant de la pastille en un seul mouvement monolithique sans interruption, l&#39;hésitation ou la répétition de composants de mouvement individuels. Observer attentivement chaque portée par le rat. <ol><li> Si le rat hésite ou se rétracte au cours d&#39;une portée ou tente plusieurs essais à saisir correctement le culot, noter le procès respectif comme un succès, mais pas la première tentative. Si l&#39;animal saisit avec succès le culot dans une seule portée monolithique, notez le procès respectif autant de succès première tentative dans une colonne distincte dans votre feuille. </li></ol></li><li> Au cours de l&#39;apprentissage moteur de compétences, de la nourriture priver rats à un régime standard de laboratoire. Donner de l&#39;eau ad libitum. Surveiller poids corporel par jour pendant toute l&#39;étude. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose

Le paradigme montré dans cette étude est adapté de Buitrago et al 18 et diffère de la simple pastille classique paradigme atteindre 17 principalement dans deux aspects.: Tout d&#39;abord, l&#39;étude de l&#39;amélioration au sein de session permet une analyse de la tâche appris en une seule journée, ce qui peut fournir un niveau de différentes informations telles que l&#39;enquête de la composante d&#39;apprentissage rapide par rapport à la composant...

Le contrôle des mouvements est une fonction essentielle du système nerveux central (SNC). Motricity est le principal résultat mesurable de la fonction du système nerveux central et la possibilité pour les individus principale d&#39;interagir avec le monde extérieur. Comprendre les principes de la fonction motrice et les mécanismes qui sous-tendent l&#39;apprentissage d&#39;une tâche motrice est actuellement l&#39;un des grands défis des neurosciences. Les modifications morphologiques, physiologiques et moléculaires ont été trouvés lors de l&#39;acquisition d&#39;une nouvelle tâche motrice. Par exemple, la forme et le nombre de synapses changent en réponse à la formation de l&#39;homme moteur 1-5, et des modifications fonctionnelles de la machine synaptique ont été observés après l&#39;apprentissage moteur. Les réponses synaptiques étaient plus élevés dans les connexions de la région de la patte avant-représentant du cortex moteur formé par rapport à l&#39;hémisphère non formé du même animal ou à des réponses des animaux non entraînés 6,7. Observations électrophysiologiques suggèrent également que la potentialisation à long terme (LTP) et de tempsla dépression -term (LTD) comme mécanismes lieu lors de l&#39;apprentissage d&#39;une nouvelle habileté motrice, et que la plage de fonctionnement synaptique, qui est défini entre les frontières qui limitent de LTP et LTD saturation, est modifié 8. En outre, il a été démontré que les marqueurs de l&#39;activité et de la plasticité promotion de molécules telles que c-fos, GAP-43, ou BDNF mais aussi plasticité molécules inhibitrices telles que les rôles réglementaires Nogo-A affichage lié à l&#39;apprentissage pour la plasticité neuronale 9-16. Ces progrès vers une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes sous-jacents de l&#39;apprentissage moteur ne pourraient être atteints avec l&#39;utilisation de paradigmes comportementaux qui permettent un contrôle précis de l&#39;acquisition d&#39;une nouvelle compétence de moteur, par exemple, qualifiée forelimb envergure. Seule une tâche comportementale bien structuré permet de surveiller et capturer les modifications corrélatives qui se produisent lors de l&#39;apprentissage et de l&#39;exécution de la tâche respective. Ici, nous démontrons visuellement une version modifiée de la patte antérieure hommeseul culot tâche atteindre chez les rats adaptés de Buitrago et al. 17 Le paradigme présenté permet l&#39;analyse de l&#39;acquisition de mouvement à l&#39;intérieur d&#39;une session d&#39;entraînement quotidien (au sein de session) représentant la composante d&#39;apprentissage rapide et l&#39;acquisition primaire ainsi que qualifiés apprentissage moteur sur plusieurs séances (entre-session) représentant la composante d&#39;apprentissage lent et l&#39;entretien de la tâche appris 18. Surtout, ce paradigme comportemental augmente le degré de difficulté et la complexité de la tâche de la motricité en raison de deux caractéristiques: d&#39;abord, les rats sont entraînés à tourner autour de leur axe après chaque prise et donc à réaligner leur corps avant la prochaine portée de granulés et de renouveler l&#39;orientation du corps, ce qui empêche l&#39;exécution d&#39;un mouvement constant à partir du même angle. Deuxièmement, les pastilles sont extraites à partir d&#39;un montant vertical placé à l&#39;avant de la cage. En raison du petit diamètre de la poste, des pastilles peuvent être facilement débuté nécessitant une connaissance précise pour la récupération réussie et prévenir simple, tirant de la pastille vers l&#39;animal. Ces tests comportementaux complexes permet une compréhension plus profonde sur les mécanismes qui sous-tendent l&#39;apprentissage moteur. Par rapport à des souris, des rats sont supérieurs dans leur exécution des tâches comportementales complexes et donc mieux adapté pour paradigmes complexes tel que présenté dans cette étude. Vu les possibilités croissantes génétiques disponibles pour les rats 19,20, la combinaison de méthodes d&#39;essai de comportement précises et bien contrôlées avec les manipulations génétiques, l&#39;imagerie et les techniques physiologiques représente une boîte à outils puissante pour mieux comprendre les bases neurobiologiques de l&#39;apprentissage moteur et la mémoire.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>Training Box</td>
			<td>Self Made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>Pedestal</td>
			<td>Self Made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3</td>
			<td>Sugar Pellets</td>
			<td colspan="2">45-mg dustless precision pellets, TSE Systems Intl. Group</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4</td>
			<td>Animals</td>
			<td>5-6 week old Sprague Dawley Male Rats</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5</td>
			<td>Laptop</td>
			<td>Hewlett Packard</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6</td>
			<td>Stop Watch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7</td>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8</td>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td>Excel (Microsoft), GraphPad Prism (GraphPad)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9</td>
			<td>Weighing scale</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10</td>
			<td>Counter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

acquisition of a high-precision skilled forelimb reaching task in rats

Movements are the main measurable output of central nervous system function. Developing behavioral paradigms that allow detailed analysis of motor learning and execution is of critical importance in order to understand the principles and processes that underlie motor function. Here we present a paradigm to study movement acquisition within a daily session of training (within-session) representing the fast learning component and primary acquisition as well as skilled motor learning over several training sessions (between-session) representing the slow learning component and consolidation of the learned task. This behavioral paradigm increases the degree of difficulty and complexity of the motor skill task due to two features: First, the animal realigns its body prior to each pellet retrieval forcing renewed orientation and preventing movement execution from the same angle. Second, pellets are grasped from a vertical post that matches the diameter of the pellet and is placed in front of the cage. This requires a precise grasp for successful pellet retrieval and thus prevents simple pulling of the pellet towards the animal. In combination with novel genetics, imaging and electrophysiological technologies, this behavioral method will aid to understand the morphological, anatomical and molecular underpinnings of motor learning and memory.

L&#39;acquisition de compétences réussi du moteur est obtenue seulement par la pratique constante. Malgré un examen attentif de tous les aspects, certains rats ne parviennent pas à apprendre la tâche (Figure 2). Ces «non-apprenants», soit manquent de motivation résultant en quelques absents ou tentatives de récupération des granulés à partir du début de l&#39;expérience ou perdent généralement intérêt à parvenir pour les pastilles menant à échoué continu tentatives. En revanche, ce...

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Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

A paradigm is presented to analyze the acquisition of a high-precision skilled forelimb reaching task in rats.

Acquisition d&#39;une haute précision qualifiés forelimb Atteindre Groupe chez les rats

Movements are the main measurable output of central nervous system function. Developing behavioral paradigms that allow detailed analysis of motor ...

acquisition-of-a-high-precision-skilled-forelimb-reaching-task-in-rats

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10.2K vues.  University of Zurich. A paradigm is presented to analyze the acquisition of a high-precision skilled forelimb reaching task in rats.

Vidéo: Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

Le groupe de congruence intermodale comme un moyen d&#39;obtenir une mesure comportementale objectif dans le caoutchouc main Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

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Sciences du comportement

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake.
The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats.
Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e.&#160;lever presses do not result in heroin delivery).
The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.

A procedure that allows a demonstration of robust augmentation of drug seeking in food-restricted rats is described. Following heroin self-administration training, rats go through an abstinence period, in a drug-free environment, during which they are mildly food restricted. Drug seeking is then tested in the drug-associated environment.

Une procédure d&#39;étudier l&#39;effet de la restriction alimentaire prolongée sur l&#39;héroïne cherche à rats abstinents

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

Mesure de fronto-limbique activité en utilisant une Oddball Groupe émotionnelle chez les enfants atteints familiale à risque élevé pour la schizophrénie

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

Le 5-Choix réaction Série Durée de la tâche: Une équipe de l&#39;attention et du contrôle des impulsions pour rongeurs

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

Une procédure pour l&#39;observation de renouvellement induite contexte-de pavlovien conditionné alcool comportement de recherche chez le rat

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced version of the task using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). Recently, it has been shown that fNIRS can accurately record functional brain activities equivalent to those concurrently recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging for classic psychophysical tasks and simple finger tapping paradigms. However, an often quoted benefit of fNIRS is that the technique allows for studying neural mechanisms of complex, naturalistic behaviors that are not possible using the constrained environment of fMRI. Our goal was to extend the findings of previous studies that have shown high correlation between concurrently recorded fNIRS and fMRI signals to compare neural recordings obtained in fMRI procedures to those separately obtained in naturalistic fNIRS experiments. Specifically, we developed a modified version of the dance video game Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) to be compatible with both fMRI and fNIRS imaging procedures. In this methodology we explain the modifications to the software and hardware for compatibility with each technique as well as the scanning and calibration procedures used to obtain representative results. The results of the study show a task-related increase in oxyhemoglobin in both modalities and demonstrate that it is possible to replicate the findings of fMRI using fNIRS in a naturalistic task. This technique represents a methodology to compare fMRI imaging paradigms which utilize a reduced-world environment to fNIRS in closer approximation to naturalistic, full-body activities and behaviors. Further development of this technique may apply to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson&#8217;s disease, late states of dementia, or those with magnetic susceptibility which are contraindicated for fMRI scanning.

We present a method to compare functional brain activity recorded during a naturalistic task using fNIRS with activity recorded during fMRI.

IRMf Validation des fNIRS mesures pendant une tâche naturaliste

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

Le Conseil Trou modification - Comportement, cognition et l&#39;interaction sociale souris et des rats de mesure

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Bouncing Ball with a Uniformly Varying Velocity in a Metronome Synchronization Task

Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS), a fundamental human ability to coordinate movements with external rhythms, has long been thought to be modality specific. In the canonical metronome synchronization task that requires tapping a finger along with an isochronous sequence, a well-established finding is that synchronization is much more stable to an auditory sequence consisting of auditory tones than to a visual sequence consisting of visual flashes. However, recent studies have shown that periodically moving visual stimuli can substantially improve synchronization compared with visual flashes. In particular, synchronization of a visual bouncing ball that has a uniformly varying velocity was found to be not less stable than synchronization of auditory tones. Here, the current protocol describes the application of the bouncing ball with a uniformly varying velocity in a metronome synchronization task. The usage of the bouncing ball in sequences with different inter-onset intervals (IOI) is included. The representative results illustrate synchronization performance of the bouncing ball, as compared with the performances of auditory tones and visual flashes. Given its comparable synchronization performance to that of auditory tones, the bouncing ball is of particular importance for addressing the current research topic of whether modality-specific mechanisms underlay SMS.

The purpose of this protocol is to introduce the application of a bouncing ball with a uniformly varying velocity in a metronome synchronization task.

Balle en mouvement avec une vitesse uniforme variable dans une tâche de synchronisation de métronome

Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS), a fundamental human ability to coordinate movements with external rhythms, has long been thought to be modality ...

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity largely use video analysis of reaching or food manipulation. While these tasks are easy to implement and are robust across disease models, they are subjective and laborious for the experimenter. Automating traditional tasks or creating new automated tasks can make the tasks more efficient, objective, and quantitative. Since rats are less dexterous than primates, central nervous system (CNS) injury produces more subtle deficits in dexterity, however, supination is highly affected in rodents and crucial to hand function in primates. Therefore, we designed a semi-automated task that measures forelimb supination in rats. Rats are trained to reach and grasp a knob-shaped manipulandum and turn the manipulandum in supination to receive a reward. Rats can acquire the skill within 20 &plusmn; 5 days. While the early part of training is highly supervised, much of the training is done without direct supervision. The task reliably and reproducibly captures subtle deficits after injury and shows functional recovery that accurately reflects clinical recovery curves. Analysis of data is performed by specialized software through a graphical user interface that is designed to be intuitive. We also give solutions to common problems encountered during training, and show that minor corrections to behavior early in training produce reliable acquisition of supination. Thus, the knob supination task provides efficient and quantitative evaluation of a critical movement for dexterity in rats.

This manuscript describes a semi-automated task that quantifies supination in rats. Rats reach, grasp, and supinate a spherical manipulandum. The rat is rewarded with a pellet if the turn angle exceeds a criterion set by the user. This task increases throughput, sensitivity to injury, and objectivity compared to traditional tasks.

La tâche de Supination bouton : Une méthode semi-automatique d’évaluation des fonctions du membre antérieur chez le rat

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...

Evaluating Skilled Prehension in Mice Using an Auto-Trainer

We describe a method to introduce na&#239;ve mice to a novel prehension (reach-to-grasp) task. Mice are housed singly in cages with a frontal slot that permits the mouse to reach out of its cage and retrieve food pellets. Minimal food restriction is employed to encourage the mice to perform the food retrieval from the slot. As the mice begin to associate coming to the slot for food, the pellets are manually pulled away to stimulate extension and pronation of their paw to grasp and retrieve the pellet through the frontal slot. When the mice begin to reach for the pellets as they arrive at the slot, the behavioral assay can be performed by measuring the rate at which they successfully grasp and retrieve the desired pellet. They are then introduced to an auto-trainer that automates both the process of providing food pellets for the mouse to grasp, and the recording of successful and failed reaching and grasping attempts. This allows for the collection of reaching data for multiple mice with minimal effort, to be used in experimental analysis as appropriate.

Method to assess the impact of training on motor skills is a useful tool. Unfortunately, most behavioral assessments can be labor intensive and/or expensive.We describe here a robotic method of assessing prehension (reach-to-grasp) skill in mice.

Évaluer la préhension des personnes qualifiées chez les souris à l'aide d'un auto-formateur

We describe a method to introduce na&#239;ve mice to a novel prehension (reach-to-grasp) task. Mice are housed singly in cages with a frontal slot that ...

Acquisition d'une haute précision qualifiés forelimb Atteindre Groupe chez les rats

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