Ce travail a été soutenu par une subvention de l&#39;État pour les JSP Fellows à AA; Subventions par-in-Aid pour la recherche scientifique sur des domaines innovants pour les JSP Fellows (n ° 4501 et n ° 25132712) aux savoirs traditionnels; et par une subvention de projet de recherche décerné par l&#39;Université Azabu. Figure 2 est tiré à part de Kihara, T., Harada, T., &amp; Koshida, la fabrication et les caractéristiques du silicium nanocristallin induites thermiquement émetteurs ultrasonores compatible Wafer N.. Dans: Sensors and Actuators A: physique, un volume 125, Elsevier, p. 426, (2006), avec la permission d&#39;Elsevier.

<html> Toutes les procédures ont été approuvées par le Comité d&#39;éthique de l&#39;Université de Azabu. Toutes les expériences ont été réalisées dans une chambre insonorisée. 1. Préparation d&#39;un animal <ol><li> Les mâles pour l&#39;enregistrement <ol><li> Obtenir les souris mâles sexuellement matures rencontrées dans l&#39;accouplement. </li></ol></li><li> Sujets féminins <ol><li> Obtenir les souris femelles vierges qui ont été logés avec 2 à 5 de la même portée par cage (généralement 8 - 12 semaines). </li><li> Obtenir frottis vaginaux quotidienne pour déterminer la phase du cycle oestral avant le test, selon McLean 21. Des précautions doivent être prises pour minimiser la stimulation vaginale pour éviter pseudogestation. </li><li> Colorer les frottis avec Giemsa, et déterminer la phase du cycle oestral sur la base de la présence ou de l&#39;absence de leucocytes, les cellules epitheliales kératinisées, et les cellules épithéliales nucléées, selon Nelson 22. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Dispositifs (Figure 1) _content &quot;&gt; <img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53074/53074fig1.jpg" /> Figure 1. Schéma de la boîte et Test Devices deux choix. Les souris peuvent accéder aux salles A et B à travers les petites portes situées entre eux et la zone neutre. La boîte à deux choix et deux émetteurs d&#39;ultrasons sont placés sur le plancher d&#39;une chambre insonorisée. Le microphone est suspendu à l&#39;intérieur de la chambre insonorisée. Abréviation:. PC, d&#39;un ordinateur personnel <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53074/53074fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">S&#39;il vous plaît cliquer ici pour voir une version plus grande de cette figure.</a> <ol><li> Pour l&#39;enregistrement <ol><li> Connectez un microphone à condensateur à ultrasons à un PC via un convertisseur USB A / D. </li><li> Réglez le niveau de gain du convertisseur A / D à &quot;7&quot;. </li><li> Données acoustiques records en fichiers de format 16 bits avec un taux de 400 kHz en utilisant un logiciel de capture audio d&#39;échantillonnage. </li></ol></li><li> Pour la lecture <ol><li> Connectez un convertisseur N / A à l&#39;ordinateur à l&#39;aideune interface USB. </li><li> Connectez deux amplificateurs au convertisseur D / A travers un atténuateur. (Le dernier dispositif sert à éviter la surcharge.) </li><li> Connectez un émetteur d&#39;ultrasons à chaque amplificateur. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. USV Enregistrement <ol><li> Placez une souris mâle dans une petite (17 x 10 x 11 cm) ou (21 x 14 x 13 cm) cage de taille moyenne avec un trou de 6 cm de diamètre dans la paroi latérale et le trou recouvert d&#39;un treillis métallique de 0,5 cm. Lors de l&#39;utilisation d&#39;une cage de taille moyenne, de construire une cloison à travers le centre de la cage afin de réduire la zone. </li><li> Ne pas utiliser la literie dans la cage pour éviter bruissements qui pourraient contaminer les enregistrements. </li><li> Placez un microphone à côté de la maille. </li><li> Commencez surveillance de vocalisation ultrasonique avec la configuration d&#39;enregistrement affiché à l&#39;étape 2.1. </li><li> Placez une souris femelle sexuellement matures dans les deux metestrus ou dioestrus dans la cage avec la souris mâle. </li><li> USV record pour 3 - 5 min. </li></ol> 4. TEst Box <ol><li> Construire la boîte de test en utilisant conseil acrylique (Figure 1). Remarque: La boîte d&#39;essai (35 x 20 et x 20 cm de haut) est divisé en trois compartiments: une zone neutre (15 x 20 cm), et des chambres A et B (20 x 10 cm, chacun). Les chambres A et B ont chacun un trou de 4 cm de diamètre qui est recouvert d&#39;un treillis métallique de 0,5 cm. Les trous et les mailles sont situés à chaque extrémité de chambres A et B. Faire portes (5 x 5 cm chacun) entre la zone neutre et les chambres A et B. </li><li> Pour empêcher une fuite du son isoler chaque émetteur d&#39;ultrasons, à l&#39;exception de la face tournée vers le filet, en utilisant des plaques de caoutchouc, les sceller à la boîte autour du périmètre de chaque maille. </li><li> Phoques Lieu de plomb sur les deux côtés du mur entre les chambres A et B pour l&#39;isolation sonore. </li></ol> 5. Préparation pour la lecture audio <ol><li> Création de sons de lecture <ol><li> Capter un segment de 20 secondes de USV du fichier enregistré en utilisant le logiciel d&#39;édition audio numérique. </li><li> Sélectionner et capturer fond pasISE (0,35 sec) à partir du fichier du segment 20 sec USV. Créer un fichier de fond de bruit de 20 sec en répétant le segment de bruit. </li><li> Pour lire les deux fichiers sonores simultanément, de les exporter dans un fichier stéréo unique, avec un fichier pour «l&#39;oreille gauche» et l&#39;autre fichier pour le &quot;oreille droite.&quot; </li><li> Filtrer les fichiers sonores en utilisant comme filtre passe-haut avec un seuil de coupure de 40 kHz. </li><li> Réduire le bruit à l&#39;aide de l&#39;outil de réduction du bruit dans les logiciels de post-traitement. Sélectionner et capturer un segment du fichier qui ne contient pas de USV que le profil de réduction du bruit, et exécuter la réduction du bruit avec le niveau 40. </li></ol></li><li> Calibrage des sons de lecture <ol><li> Assurez-vous que l&#39;espace entre les émetteurs d&#39;ultrasons et le microphone est de 10 cm. </li><li> Pour calibrer les niveaux de pression acoustique des émetteurs d&#39;ultrasons, effectuer une surveillance par ultrasons en utilisant la configuration décrite dans l&#39;étape 2.1. Mesurer le niveau de pression acoustique par le microphone en décibels (dB). </li><li> Using l&#39;atténuateur et amplificateurs, régler le volume des USV générés par les émetteurs d&#39;ultrasons au même niveau de pression acoustique que les USV masculins enregistrés à l&#39;étape 3. </li><li> Lorsque vous utilisez les deux émetteurs d&#39;ultrasons et un fichier sonore composée de USV et le bruit de fond, confirmer que les deux émetteurs d&#39;ultrasons présentent le même niveau de pression sonore en utilisant un son d&#39;étalonnage (par exemple, un son pur de 75 kHz) avant d&#39;effectuer le test de comportement. </li><li> Lors de la reproduction d&#39;un fichier audio composé de deux courants de USV, ajuster les deux générés niveaux de pression acoustique au même niveau, avant le test. </li></ol></li></ol> 6. Testez Deux choix <ol><li> Placez les émetteurs ultrasonores derrière les mailles de la zone de test. </li><li> Fermez les portes de chambres A et B avec un panneau acrylique, et habituer le sujet féminin à la zone neutre pendant 30 min. Couvrir la boîte avec le conseil acrylique pour éviter que la souris ne peut échapper. </li><li> Commencer l&#39;enregistrement vidéo à l&#39;aide d&#39;un CCD caméra montée au-dessus de la boîte. L&#39;appareil (non représenté sur la figure 1) couvre la zone de chacun des trois compartiments. </li><li> Retirez la grille et le couvercle de bord et permettre à la femme d&#39;explorer librement la zone de test, y compris les zones sonores. </li><li> Une fois que la femelle a enquêté sur deux mailles, et est retourné à la zone neutre, commencer à jouer un fichier audio de 20 secondes à plusieurs reprises pendant 5 ou 10 minutes. </li><li> Effectuer le suivi comportemental pour 5 ou 10 min. </li><li> Afin de réduire les signaux olfactifs indésirables déposés auprès de la personne précédente, nettoyer les cages de test entre les tests avec 70% d&#39;éthanol. </li><li> Mettez le lieu d&#39;émetteurs ultrasonores A et B au hasard pour éviter inhérente effet de polarisation de côté vers chambres A ou B. </li></ol> 7. Analyses statistiques <ol><li> Utilisation de logiciels événement scoring comportemental, analyser les paramètres suivants: nombre total d&#39;inscriptions dans chaque chambre; durée totale de séjour dans chaque zone médiane; durée totale de séjour dans chaque zone sonore; etdurée totale de la recherche de chaque maille devant émetteur d&#39;ultrasons. La figure 1 illustre ce que l&#39;on entend par «zone médiane» et «zone saine.&quot; Remarque: Dans les cas où la souris reste sur la ligne de démarcation entre les deux zones (figure 1, ligne pointillée) décider de l&#39;emplacement par la direction de la tête. Lorsque la tête face au côté maille, il est marqué comme un séjour dans la zone de son. </li><li> Pour chaque paramètre comportemental, comparer les réponses des chambres A et B en utilisant un test-signé Wilcoxon, ou t-tests appariés avec un niveau de signification de 0,05. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Here, the results of a representative test showed that female mice can discriminate between artificial male USVs and background noise (Figure 3). The conclusion to be drawn from these results is that the discrimination signal is reflected in the duration of stay in the room and sound zone, and in the duration of searching the mesh in the first 5 min of testing, but not in the second 5 min (Figure 3C, E and F). These data indicate that mice become habituated to the playback sounds, possib...

Beaucoup d&#39;animaux utilisent des vocalisations pour la communication intraspécifique. Dans le Mus musculus de la souris, un type important de signal de communication est vocalisations ultrasoniques (USV), qui ont des fréquences supérieures à 20 kHz. USV émis par les souris sont considérées comme un élément de reconnaissance sociale dans mâle-femelle 1-4, femelle-femelle 1, 5, et mâle-mâle 1, 6 interactions. USV sont également émis par les petits quand ils sont isolés de leur mère, ce qui augmente son comportement de chiot-récupération, et donc la survie des petits 7. Bien que de nombreux rapports ont analysé et catégorisé USV de souris 8, 9, les réponses comportementales et mécanismes neuronaux de l&#39;animal à recevoir ont été moins documenté 10, 11. Ce dernier est nécessaire de clarifier la signification biologique des différentes caractéristiques de USV. Pour révéler ces mécanismes, l&#39;expérience de la lecture est une méthode efficace. Études de lecture récentes ont révélé que femelleles souris sont attirés par USV 12, et qu&#39;ils préfèrent USV de mâles qui sont différentes de leurs parents 13, 14. Cet article explique le test de lecture utilisée pour évaluer USV préférence chez la souris. Une boîte d&#39;essai de deux choix a été développé dans lequel deux USV différents peuvent être lues simultanément dans deux compartiments d&#39;une enceinte d&#39;essai, comme le montre la figure 1. Ce type de boîte d&#39;essai empêche la contamination sonore en divisant la zone de test en trois sous-chambres , en utilisant des parois de plomb. Les émetteurs d&#39;ultrasons sont situés à l&#39;extérieur de chaque chambre. Dans le mur entre les chambres et les émetteurs d&#39;ultrasons sont des trous recouverts de grillage. Les souris peuvent se déplacer librement dans les trois chambres, et montrer un comportement &quot;la recherche de la maille&quot;, comme pour répondre à USV lus par les émetteurs d&#39;ultrasons. Dans ce test, les souris restent pendant des périodes de durée différente à proximité de son émetteur une ou l&#39;autre. Ces paramètres peuvent être enregistrés pour obtenir une mesu sensibles<html> re de préférence son. Pour jouer les USV arrière, silicium nanocristallin émetteurs thermo-acoustique (ie, «émetteur nc-Si») ont été utilisés comme dans les études précédentes 15-17. Ces dispositifs sont constitués d&#39;une électrode à couche mince de chauffage, une couche de silicium nano-poreux, et une tranche de silicium monocristallin. Le fichier audio numérique est converti en un signal analogique et ensuite passé à travers l&#39;électrode de chauffage. Le dispositif convertit les signaux thermiques dépendant de la tension résultant en une pression significative du niveau sonore avec une faible distorsion. Ce dispositif est unique en ce que, à la différence des générateurs de sons ordinaires qui dépendent de vibrations mécaniques, il peut reproduire le son sans la nécessité d&#39;un diaphragme. L&#39;émetteur présente un niveau de pression acoustique plat à des fréquences de 20 à 160 kHz (Figure 2), et peut reproduire USV murins enregistrés numériquement très précise en termes de durée, la fréquence et le niveau de pression acoustique de 15, 18, ​​19. ve_content &quot;&gt; Dans une expérience représentative montrée sur la figure 3, C57BL / 6 (B6) femelles ont été autorisés à choisir entre des souris BALB / c (BALB) USV mâles et les bruits de fond. En outre, la figure 4 montre le choix des femelles B6 et BALB entre simultanés playbacks USV d&#39;un BALB et un mâle B6, tel que rapporté dans une étude précédente 14. Les caractéristiques de USV hommes diffèrent entre B6 et BALB souches 20. Comme le montrent ces résultats, l&#39;attractivité de l&#39;USV peut être évaluée avec le présent Protocole, dans lequel les sons sont enregistrés à partir d&#39;un individu vivant, acoustiquement analysés, et lus à d&#39;autres personnes.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Soundproof chamber</td>
			<td>Muromachi Kikai</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small cage</td>
			<td>CLEA Japan</td>
			<td>CL-0113-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Middle cage</td>
			<td>CLEA Japan</td>
			<td>CL-0103-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasound condenser microphones</td>
			<td>Avisoft Bioacoustics</td>
			<td>CM16/CMPA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A/D converter</td>
			<td>Avisoft Bioacoustics</td>
			<td>UltraSoundGate116H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Audio software</td>
			<td>Avisoft Bioacoustics</td>
			<td>RECORDER USGH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adobe Audition 3.0 / Audio editing software</td>
			<td>Adobe Systems</td>
			<td>Adobe Audition 3.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nc-Si emitter</td>
			<td>Original</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>not commercially available but it is planned to be so in near future</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D/A converter</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>NI USB-6251 BNC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Attenuator</td>
			<td>Original</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amplifier</td>
			<td>Yamatake</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC</td>
			<td>Windows 7 professional</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Intel&#174; core i7-2600K CPU @ 3.4GHz, 8GB RAM, 64-bit operating system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Event recorder Excel-macro / Event-scoring software</td>
			<td>original</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Programmed by Naoto Akagawa &#38; Takeru Yamamoto</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD Camera</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber plates (made of elastomer resin)</td>
			<td>Tokyo bouon</td>
			<td>TI-75BK B4</td>
			<td>Cut them to the proper size http://www.piano-bouon.jp/shopping/?pid=1329272401-447630&#38;ca=6&#38;p=3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Giemsa&#39;s azur eosin methylene blue solution</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1.09204.0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determining ultrasonic vocalization preferences in mice using a two-choice playback test

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during a variety of conditions, such as pup isolation and adult social interactions. These USVs differ with age, sex, condition, and genetic background of the emitting animal. Although many studies have characterized these differences, whether receiver mice can discriminate among objectively different USVs and show preferences for particular sound traits remains to be elucidated. To determine whether mice can discriminate between different characteristics of USVs, a playback experiment was developed recently, in which preference responses of mice to two different USVs could be evaluated in the form of a place preference.
First, USVs from mice were recorded. Then, the recorded USVs were edited, trimmed accordingly, and exported as stereophonic sound files. Next, the USV amplitudes generated by the two ultrasound emitters used in the experiment were adjusted to the same sound pressure level. Nanocrystalline silicon thermo-acoustic emitters were used to play the USVs back. Finally, to investigate the preference of subject mice to selected USVs, pairs of two differing USV signals were played back simultaneously in a two-choice test box. By repeatedly entering a defined zone near an ultrasound emitter and searching the wire mesh in front of the emitter, the mouse reveals its preference for one sound over another. This model allows comparing the attractiveness of the various features of mouse USVs, in various contexts.

Les USV enregistrées à partir d&#39;une souris BALB-mâle (161 syllabes par 20 sec), ainsi que le bruit de fond ont été utilisés comme la lecture des sons dans l&#39;expérience représentative montrée sur la figure 3. Dans cette expérience, 7 souris B6 femelles ont été utilisées à 9 semaines d&#39;âge . Pour déterminer la meilleure durée de l&#39;essai de la réponse des femmes à la lecture des sons, les paramètres comportementaux ont été analysés séparément pour l...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test at JoVE.com

Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in mice differ depending on age, sex, condition, and genetic background. Using two ultrasound emitters broadcasting simultaneously in different locations, this two-choice test can evaluate murine recognition and preference responses to different characteristics of USVs.

Déterminer ultrasons vocalisation Préférences chez la souris en utilisant un test de lecture à deux choix

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during a variety of conditions, such as pup isolation and adult social interactions. These USVs differ with age, ...

determining-ultrasonic-vocalization-preferences-mice-using-two-choice

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

11.0K vues.  Azabu University. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in mice differ depending on age, sex, condition, and genetic background. Using two ultrasound emitters broadcasting simultaneously in different locations, this two-choice test can evaluate murine recognition and preference responses to different characteristics of USVs.

Vidéo: Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

Les ruelles essais successifs de l&#39;anxiété chez les souris et les rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

Recherche

Sciences du comportement

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

Contextuelles et Cued conditionnement de la peur de test en utilisant un système d&#39;analyse de la vidéo chez des souris

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

Le Conseil Trou modification - Comportement, cognition et l&#39;interaction sociale souris et des rats de mesure

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

La dimension sociale du stress: Manipulations expérimentales de soutien social et l&#39;identité sociale dans le Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

Eliciting and Analyzing Male Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalization (USV) Songs

Mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in a variety of social contexts throughout development and adulthood. These USVs are used for mother-pup retrieval1, juvenile interactions2, opposite and same sex interactions3,4,5, and territorial interactions6. For decades, the USVs have been used by investigators as proxies to study neuropsychiatric and developmental or behavioral disorders7,8,9, and more recently to understand mechanisms and evolution of vocal communication among vertebrates10. Within the sexual interactions, adult male mice produce USV songs, which have some features similar to courtship songs of songbirds11. The use of such multisyllabic repertoires can increase potential flexibility and information they carry, as they can be varied in how elements are organized and recombined, namely syntax. In this protocol a reliable method to elicit USV songs from male mice in various social contexts, such as exposure to fresh female urine, anesthetized animals, and estrus females is described. This includes conditions to induce a large amount of syllables from the mice. We reduce recording of ambient noises with inexpensive sound chambers, and present a quantification method to automatically detect, classify and analyze the USVs. The latter includes evaluation of call-rate, vocal repertoire, acoustic parameters, and syntax. Various approaches and insight on using playbacks to study an animal&#39;s preference for specific song types are described. These methods were used to describe acoustic and syntax changes across different contexts in male mice, and song preferences in female mice.

Eliciting and Analyzing Male Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalization USV Songs

Mice produce a complex multisyllabic repertoire of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). These USVs are widely used as readouts for neuropsychiatric disorders. This protocol describes some of the practices we learned and developed to consistently induce, collect, and analyze the acoustic features and syntax of mouse songs.

Éliminer et analyser les chansons de la vocalisation par ultrasons de souris masculine (USV)

Mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in a variety of social contexts throughout development and adulthood. These USVs are used for mother-pup ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to adulthood. The method, which is identical for children, adolescents, and adults, is of short duration (&#60; 15 min), does not rely on sustained attention or place demands on memory (which would yield spurious age differences), and minimizes the impact of language development, making this method amenable to the cognitive limitations of pediatric populations. In this whole-mouth tasting method, subjects are asked to taste (without swallowing) pairs of solutions of different sucrose concentrations and to point to the solution they prefer. Each subsequent pair contains the participant&#39;s preceding preferred concentration and an adjacent stimulus concentration. The procedure continues until the subject chooses either a given concentration of sucrose when paired with both a higher and a lower concentration, or the highest or lowest concentration two consecutive times. Subjects are prevented from reaching response criteria on the basis of first or second position bias by the two-series design of the method, which counterbalances the order of solution presentation within each pair between the series (the weaker concentration is presented first in Series 1, second in Series 2). The geometric mean of the two sucrose concentrations chosen in Series 1 and 2 is an estimate of the participant&#39;s most preferred level of sucrose. Sucrose preference as determined with this laboratory-based measure has been shown to be associated with preference for sugars in foods and beverages and with taste receptor genotype, family history of alcoholism, and race/ethnicity, as well as depressive symptomatology among pediatric populations. The method has real-world relevance and has been applied to determine most preferred level of other tastes (e.g., salt), making it a valuable psychophysical tool.

Sweet taste has powerful hedonic appeal among people of all ages, particularly children. Described herein is a reliable and valid method that can be used to determine the level of sweetness most preferred, making it a valuable psychophysical tool for scientists.

Suivi psychophysique Méthode pour mesurer les préférences de goût chez les enfants et les adultes

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

Le Rongeur psychomoteur Vigilance Test (RPVT): une méthode d&#39;évaluation des performances neurocomportementales chez les rats et les souris

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

Test de reconnaissance d’objet nouveau pour la recherche sur l’apprentissage et la mémoire chez les souris

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to acquire a conditioned place preference in a drug-paired compartment, and after the post-conditioning test, they perform several sessions to extinguish the established preference. The CPP permits the evaluation of the conditioned rewarding effects of drugs related to environmental cues. Then, the extinguished CPP can be robustly reinstated by the non-contingent administration of a priming dose of the drug, and by exposure to stressful stimuli. Both methods will be explained here. When the animal reinitiates the behavioral response, a reinstatement of the conditioned reward is considered to have taken place.
The main advantages of this protocol are that it is non-invasive, inexpensive, and simple with good validity criteria. In addition, it allows the study of different environmental manipulations, such as stress or diet, which can modulate relapse into drug seeking behaviors. However, one limitation is that if the researcher aims to explore the motivation and primary reinforcing effects of the drug, it should be complemented with self-administration procedures, as they involve operant responses of animals.

This protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse. This procedure permits the measurement of relapse in laboratory animals, considering the impact of drug-associated environmental cues as craving and relapse in abstaining addicts is currently the focus of drug-abuse treatment programs.

Rétablissement de la recherche de drogue chez les souris en utilisant le paradigme de préférence de Place conditionnée

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to ...

Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy aging groups. For example, olfactory dysfunction in AD can present as impairment in olfactory recognition, emerging during early stages of the disease and worsening while the disease progresses. The social transmission of food preferences (STFP) task is based on a rudimentary form of communication between rodents concerning distant foods dependent on the transmission of olfactory cues. Healthy wild-type mice would prefer to eat a novel, flavored food that was previously cued by a conspecific, and this food preference would be hampered in transgenic AD mice, such as the APP/PS1 model. Indeed, a strong preference for the cued food in C57Bl6/J mice of 3 months of age was found, and this was reduced in 3 months old transgenic APP/PS1 mice. In summary, STFP task could be a powerful measure to be integrated in present subclinical detection assays of AD.

This paper presents a protocol for the investigation of social transmission of food preference in mice. The advantages and possible applications for this procedure, for instance, in detecting early changes in AD mouse models, are highlighted. To conclude, interpretation of the results in light of critical details are discussed.

Évaluation de Transmission sociale des comportements de préférences alimentaires

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy ...