Name: characterization and isolation of mouse primary microglia by density gradient centrifugation
Uploaded: 2018-02-16T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization and Isolation of Mouse Primary Microglia by Density Gradient Centrifugation at JoVE.com

The following procedures have been approved by the Animal Ethics Committee at the Monash University. Healthy untreated neonate C57Bl6/J P3-6 mice were used to generate the representative results.
1. Enzymatic Digestion
NOTE: It is important to consider sterility when isolating and culturing primary cells. Whilst ensuring the environment is as sterile as possible, the initial dissection and harvest of murine brains can be completed outside of a laminal flow hood, with ...

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Microglia have the ability to be both pro- and anti-inflammatory, altered by environment stimuli. Previous studies have shown the modulation of microglia activation can confer neuroprotection. Their ability to provide protection to neurons and repair injury necessitates more research to further the current understanding of these complex cells. Thus, isolation of high purity primary microglia is an important and useful technique. This is a relatively quick method to obtaining highly pure primary microglia ready for in...

Damage acquired during the perinatal period from inflammation, hypoxic-ischaemia and haemorrhage can have an array of long term sequelae. The complex pathophysiology of perinatal brain injury is theorized to involve inflammation and ischemia with ensuing neuronal and axonal death1. The innate immune response plays an important role in the cascade of events leading to injury2.
Microglia, the resident immune cells within the central nervous system (CNS), are the first responders to injury3. Microglia are plastic cell types with the capacity to be both protective or toxic, dependent on the environment4. They are involved in chemotaxis, phagocytosis, antigen presentation and production of cytokines and reactive oxygen species4,5. Senescent microglia constantly survey the environment and are activated by the presence of a foreign or harmful substance4. Activation leads to a pro-inflammatory response, critical in CNS protection4. These M1 &#34;pro-inflammatory&#34; phenotype microglia are primarily involved in antigen presentation and death of pathogens4. Despite the crucial role of the inflammatory response in neuroprotection, uncontrolled or prolonged inflammation can be harmful and lead to neuronal damage4. However, when exposed to certain environmental stimuli, microglia can exhibit an anti-inflammatory phenotype. These pro-reparative M2 microglia have a critical role in wound healing and repair6, releasing a range of cytokines and other soluble mediators that downregulate inflammation, increase phagocytosis and promote repair4,7. The roles of microglia are diverse and include driving oligodendrocyte differentiation during re-myelination8, protecting neurons during oxygen and glucose depletion in stroke models9 and promoting neurite outgrowth in spinal cord injury models10.
The study of these glial cells represents an important aspect in understanding and manipulating the response to neuroinflammation. The described protocol allows for further investigation into the therapeutic potential of microglia modulation in neuroinflammatory disorders.
The modulation of microglial activation towards a neuroprotective role has been observed in a range of conditions11,12,13. Thus, improving current understanding and further studying modulation of microglial activation is critical, requiring the use of various models including both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies represent an important tool due to their greater efficiency, lower cost and ability to investigate an isolated cell population.
There are a range of protocols described in the literature for the isolation of microglia from murine brains, the challenge to efficiently produce a high yield sample with good viability and high purity. Commonly used methods of isolation of primary microglia are by magnetic separation and prolonged shaking of mixed glial cultures. Through personal experience, it was found that there was a high degree of cellular debris which obstructed the magnetic column. Thus, the following protocol was utilized, which incorporates an initial density gradient centrifugation step followed by CD11b magnetic separation. The protocol described below has been optimized to produce a highly pure sample in sufficient quantity. It is advantageous due to its high purity and the short time period &#8212; one can perform assays within 2 days without having to culture for 2-3 weeks. This protocol can potentially be adapted for the isolation of primary murine astrocytes.

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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">DMEM, low glucose, pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">11885084</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">Antibiotic-Antimycotic (100X)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15240062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">DNaseI grade II from bovine pancreas</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>10104159001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">Papain from papaya latex, buffered aqeuous solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3125-100mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">Fetal Bovine Serum, qualified, heat inactivated</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>16140071</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">Percoll</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-0891-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">Hank&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution (1X)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14175-103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">Hank&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution (10X)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14185052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">EasySep Mouse CD11b Positive Selection Kit</td>
			<td>StemCell Technologies</td>
			<td>18770</td>
			<td>EasySep magnet variant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">EasySep magnet</td>
			<td>StemCell Technologies</td>
			<td>18000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">EasySep Buffer</td>
			<td>StemCell Technologies</td>
			<td>20144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14040182</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">Trypsin (2.5%) (10X)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15090-046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">Purified Rat Anti-Mouse CD16/CD32 (Mouse BD Fc Block&#8482;)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>553141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">Falcon 5mL Round Bottom High Clarity PP Test Tube, with Snap Cap, Sterile</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">175cm&#178; Angled Neck Cell Culture Flask with Vent Cap</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>431080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">Lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli O127:B8</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L5024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">96 Well TC-Treated Microplates size 96 wells, clear, polystyrene, round bottom</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CLS3799</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">Paraformaldehyde (powder, 95%)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>158127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">Triton-X</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>X100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">Rabbit Anti-Iba1</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>01919741&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&#38;L (Alexa Fluor 488)</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab150077</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">FACS Antibodies</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">V450,Rat,Anti-Mouse,CD45,30-F11,RUO</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>560501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">PerCP-Cy5.5 CD11b&#160;</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>45-0112-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:285px;">ZombieNIR</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>423105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">pHrodo Red E. coli BioParticles Conjugate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P35361</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Annexin.V_FITC</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-093-060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Propodium Iodide solution</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-093-233</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

characterization and isolation of mouse primary microglia by density gradient centrifugation

Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, are the first responders to inflammation or injury in the central nervous system. Recent research has revealed microglia to be dynamic, capable of assuming both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypes. Both M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (pro-reparative) phenotypes play an important role in neuroinflammatory conditions such as perinatal brain injury, and exhibit differing functions in response to certain environmental stimuli. The modulation of microglial activation has been noted to confer neuroprotection thus suggesting microglia may have therapeutic potential in brain injury. However, more research is required to better understand the role of microglia in disease, and this protocol facilitates that. The protocol described below combines a density gradient centrifugation process to reduce cellular debris, with magnetic separation, producing a highly pure sample of primary microglial cells that can be used for in vitro experimentation, without the need for 2-3 weeks culturing. Additionally, the characterization steps yield robust functional data about microglia, aiding studies to better our understanding of the polarization and priming of these cells, which has strong implications in the field of regenerative medicine.

Using the methods outlined here, pure populations of microglia can be isolated and can be ready for characterization using in vitro and FACS analysis. To begin with, up to 18 animals can be used per cull, with an expected yield of approximately 450,000 - 600,000 microglial cells. It is crucial to first confirm the purity of the isolated cells, and to do so FACS analysis was performed by staining for the two markers CD45 and CD11b. Identification of microglia can prove troublesome...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization and Isolation of Mouse Primary Microglia by Density Gradient Centrifugation at JoVE.com

Characterization and Isolation of Mouse Primary Microglia by Density Gradient Centrifugation (Video) | JoVE

A protocol for the isolation of primary microglia from murine brains is presented. This technique aids in furthering the current understanding of neurological conditions. Density gradient centrifugation and magnetic separation are combined to produce sufficient yield of a highly pure sample. Furthermore, we outline the steps for characterization of microglia.

Characterization and Isolation of Mouse Primary Microglia by Density Gradient Centrifugation

Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, are the first responders to inflammation or injury in the central nervous system. Recent research has ...

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