dissociation-confounding-influences-expectancy-integrative-difficulty

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

The confounding factors of unexpectedness and semantic integration difficulty naturally residing in anomalous sentences in language studies make it ...

Tsinghua University

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are ubiquitous in the environment, and some of them are recognized as endocrine disruptors that cause concerns on ecosystem functioning and public health. Due to the diversity of PAEs in the environment, there is a vital need to detect the total concentration of PAEs in a timely and low-cost way. To fulfill this requirement, it is highly desired to obtain group-specific PAE binders that are specific to the basic PAE skeleton. In this study, for the first time we have identified the group-specific PAE-binding aptamers via rationally designed target immobilization. The two target immobilization strategies were adopted to display either the phthalic ester group or the alkyl chain, respectively, at the surface of the immobilization matrix. The former enabled the rapid enrichment of aptamers after four rounds of selection. The top 100 sequences are cytosine-rich (44.7%) and differentiate from each other by only 1-4 nucleotides at limited locations. The top two aptamers all display the nanomolar dissociation constants to both the immobilized target and the free PAEs [dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)]. We further demonstrate the applications of the aptamers in the development of high-throughput PAE assays and DEHP electrochemical biosensors with exceptional sensitivity [limit of detection (LOD), 10 pM] and selectivity (>10-fold). PAE aptamers targeting one of the most sought for targets thus offer the promise of convenient, low-cost detection of total PAEs. Our study also provides insights on the aptamer selection and sensor development of highly hydrophobic small molecules.

Selection of Group-Specific Phthalic Acid Esters Binding DNA Aptamers via Rationally Designed Target Immobilization and Applications for Ultrasensitive and Highly Selective Detection of Phthalic Acid Esters.

It remains an open question whether the amplitude of N400 reflects combinatory postlexical semantic integration processing. To examine the issue, we repeatedly presented strictly simplified, N400-eliciting three-word structures for seven times, mixed with their plausible counterparts, followed immediately by a much more enriched and informative sentence containing two keywords of the incongruous structure, for the purpose of reinitiating semantic integration processing. Event-related potentials were recorded and compared at the first, fourth, seventh, and eighth time. It was found that multiple repetitions attenuated the N400 effect to almost nonexistent and that the follow-up semantic integration reinitiating sentence did not recover N400 amplitude. The results suggest that combinatory postlexical semantic integration does not significantly modulate N400 amplitude, and provide evidence for noncombinatory processes underlying N400 such as automatic spreading activation and expectancy/prediction.

Qian Guo

Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures,
School of Humanities,
Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, School of Humanities

Tsinghua University

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Qian Guo

Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures,School of Humanities,Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, School of Humanities

Tsinghua University

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures,
School of Humanities,
Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, School of Humanities