הכנת E18 נוירונים עכברוש עוברית קליפתיים עבור מידור לפני שמתחילים החוצה, חשוב לחמם את כל התקשורת הדרושים ריאגנטים ל 37 ° C. חשוב גם לעקר הכל המשמש להכנת תאים (לדוגמה, נורות גומי, מתלים צינור, בקבוקי התקשורת, וכו &#39;), אשר ממוקם מכסה המנוע, על ידי מנגב עם אתנול 70%. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניחים שתי פיסות Cortex E18 עכברוש עוברית (אחד במוח, גזור בעבר) בתוך שפופרת המכילה 15 מ&quot;ל 1 קר כקרח מ&quot;ל סידן ללא מגנזיום ללא דיסקציה חיץ. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הוסף 1 מ&quot;ל של 0.25% טריפסין-EDTA לקליפת המוח במאגר לנתיחה, כדי להביא את נפח סופי 2 מ&quot;ל ריכוז טריפסין הסופי 0.125%. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניחים את הצינור 15 מ&quot;ל אמבטיה 37 מעלות צלזיוס מים במשך 8 דקות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> במהלך תקופה זו, אש פולנית 3 כוס פסטר pipets, ויצרו פתחים קטנים ברציפות, בארון biosafety כדי לעזור לשמור על סטריליות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר דגירה 8 דקות של קליפת המוח, להוסיף 10 מ&quot;ל של DMEM FBS המכיל 10% עד קליפת המוח כדי לעזור לעצור את התגובה טריפסין. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> צנטריפוגה שפופרת המכילה 15 מ&quot;ל קליפת ו DMEM/10% FBS בסל&quot;ד 2500 למשך 2 דקות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בארון biosafety, להסיר את supernatant מהקורטקס באמצעות pipet פסטר זכוכית עם יניקה ואקום המצורפת. היזהר שלא להפריע או לעקור את גלולה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הוסף 1 מ&quot;ל של NMB אל קליפת המוח גלולה pipet בעדינות מעלה ומטה. חשוב מאוד כדי למנוע יצירת בועות אוויר בזמן pipeting למעלה ולמטה, כמו בועות אוויר עלול לגרום נזק לתאים על ידי חמצון. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> השתמש אש מלוטש pipet פסטר עם פתיחת רחב כדי triturate קליפת המוח על ידי הצמדת נורה גומי סטרילי עד הסוף pipeting למעלה ולמטה 5 פעמים, שוב נזהר שלא להכניס בועות אוויר. המשך בתהליך זה עם 2 pipets אחרים זכוכית, כל אחד עם גודל הפתח ירד. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר טחינה דקה, צנטריפוגה את התאים שוב בסל&quot;ד 2500 למשך 2 דקות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר צנטריפוגה, שוב להסיר את supernatant ו resuspend התא גלולה ב 2 מ&quot;ל של NBM. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> סנן הפתרון תא resuspended דרך מסננת 45 תא אממ. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכתם התאים עם Trypan כחול, לספור, נטען לתוך המכשירים. אנחנו בדרך כלל עומס 20 ul של תאים לכל מכשיר. </li></ol> הערה: את הריכוז הסופי של התאים הוא בדרך כלל בין 2.5 מיליון תאים / מ&quot;ל ו - 8,000,000 תאים / מ&quot;ל טוען את התאים אחרי תאים נספרו, זה הזמן לטעון את התאים המכשיר: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> תביאו את המכשירים מוכנים בעבר המכיל NBM לארון biosafety לשמור על סטריליות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הסר מדיה עודף מבארות באמצעות יניקה ואקום. עם זאת, להיזהר הסרת כל אמצעי התקשורת - בטח יש ערוץ התקשורת העיקרי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> החל 20 ul של תאים למאגר היד בפינה השמאלית העליונה של המכשיר (ראה תרשים במידת הצורך). זרימת התאים לתוך המכשיר ולצרף אל פני השטח טופלו PLL. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר הטעינה, במקום מכשירים המכיל תאים בחזרה באינקובטור במשך 10 דקות כדי לאפשר לתאים לצרף. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר 10 דקות, למלא את המאגרים עם התקשורת והתקנים מקום בחזרה בחממה. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Park, J. W., Vahidi, B., Taylor, A. M., Rhee, S. W., Jeon, N. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+culture+platform+for+neuroscience+research.">Microfluidic culture platform for neuroscience research.</a> Nat Protoc. 1, 2128-2136 (2006).</li><li>Taylor, A. M., Blurton-Jones, M., Rhee, S. W., Cribbs, D. H., Cotman, C. W., Jeon, N. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+microfluidic+culture+platform+for+CNS+axonal+injury,+regeneration+and+transport.">A microfluidic culture platform for CNS axonal injury, regeneration and transport.</a> Nat Methods. 2, 599-605 (2005).</li></ol>

צפיפות תאים יכולים להיות מגוונים בהתאם ליישום. עם זאת, זריעת נוירונים העיקרי בבית נמוך מדי של צפיפות בדרך כלל מוביל מוות של תאים. בהתאם החממה ועל רמת לחות, מדיה ייתכן שיהיה צורך לשנות את המכשירים כל 2 עד 3 ימים. בעת שינוי התקשורת, חשוב לאחר הסרת התקשורת ממאגרים, מעולם לא להסיר את ערוצי התקשורת העיקריים. יתר על כן, זהו תרגול טוב למקום התקשורת טרי בארות העליון לאפשר כמה התקשורת טרי לזרום דרך המכשיר לתוך ערוצים עיקריים לפני ממלא את כל המאגרים.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>NBM</td>
<td>medium</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>21103-049</td>
<td>Neural Basal Media is obtained by Invitrogen under their Gibco line of cell culture reagents.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>E18 rat embryos</td>
<td>Animal</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Obtained from pregnant Sprague Dawley Rats. The pregnant rat is sacrificed and the E18 fetal rat pups dissected to obtain the E18 fetal rat cortex.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CMFM dissection buffer HBSS</td>
<td>buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>ice-cold Calcium-free Magnesium-free dissection buffer HBSS based.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>15 ml Tube</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>Falcon No. 352097</td>
<td>Available through Fisher Scientific catalog number 14-959-70C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>37&#x02DA;C water bath</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Pasteur pipets</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>glass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DMEM</td>
<td>medium</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>FBS</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>serum, used at 10% in DMEM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>centrifuge</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>set at 2500 rpm </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Trypan Blue</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>for counting live/dead cells</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BD Falcon Cell Strainer 40 um</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>Falcon cat# 352340</td>
<td>Available through Fisher Scientific. Fisher catalog# 08-771-1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>B27</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>17504-044</td>
<td>B27 is a proprietary supplement available through Invitrogen under their Gibco line of cell culture reagents.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Glutamax</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>35050-061</td>
<td>Glutamax is available through Invitrogen under their Gibco line of celll culture reagents.</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

preparing e18 cortical rat neurons for compartmentalization in a microfluidic device

בסרטון הזה אנחנו מדגימים הכנת E18 נוירונים בקליפת המוח עכברוש. E18 נוירונים בקליפת המוח עכברוש מתקבלים קליפת E18 עכברוש העובר גזור בעבר מוכן. קליפת E18 הוא, על לנתיחה, ניתק מיד נוירונים בודדים. אפשר לאחסן E18 קליפת במאגר E שינה המכיל B27 על 4 מעלות צלזיוס עד שבוע לפני הניתוק מתבצע. עם זאת, תהיה ירידה כדאיות התא. בדרך כלל אנו מקבלים E18 שלנו Cortex טריים. זה מועבר למעבדה של סידן קרים כקרח חינם המאגר מגנזיום לנתיחה בחינם (CMFM). עם ההגעה, טריפסין מתווסף בקליפת לריכוז סופי של 0.125%. קליפת המוח היא מודגרות אז במשך 8 דקות ב 37 מעלות צלזיוס. DMEM FBS המכיל 10% מתווסף בקליפת להפסיק את התגובה. קליפת המוח היא centrifuged אז בסל&quot;ד 2500 למשך 2 דקות. Supernatant יוסר 2 מ&quot;ל של מדיה בסל עצבית (NBM) המכיל 2% B27 (כרך / כרך א) ו - 0.25% Glutamax (כרך / כרך) נוסף בקליפת המוח אשר מחדש הושעה על ידי pipetting למעלה ולמטה. בשלב הבא, בקליפת הוא triturated בעבר עם מלוטש אש pipettes זכוכית, כל אחד עם פתח קטן רצופים. לאחר triturating, בקליפת הוא centrifuged שוב ב 2500 סל&quot;ד במשך 2 דקות. Supernatant מוסר אז גלולה קליפת מחדש מושעה עם 2 מ&quot;ל של NBM המכיל B27 ו Glutamax. ההשעיה התא לאחר מכן עבר דרך מסננת 40 ניילון אממ התא. הבא התאים נספרים. הנוירונים מוכנים כעת לטעינה לתוך המכשיר נוירון microfluidic.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparing E18 Cortical Rat Neurons for Compartmentalization in a Microfluidic Device at JoVE.com

Preparing E18 Cortical Rat Neurons for Compartmentalization in a Microfluidic Device

בסרטון הזה אנחנו מדגימים הכנת E18 עכברוש נוירונים בקליפת המוח.

הכנת E18 נוירונים עכברוש קליפתיים עבור מידור בתוך המכשיר microfluidic

In this video, we demonstrate the preparation of E18 cortical rat neurons. E18 cortical rat neurons are obtained from E18 fetal rat cortex previously ...

preparing-e18-cortical-rat-neurons-for-compartmentalization

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

19.6K Views.  University of California, Irvine (UCI). בסרטון הזה אנחנו מדגימים הכנת E18 עכברוש נוירונים בקליפת המוח.

Video: Preparing E18 Cortical Rat Neurons for Compartmentalization in a Microfluidic Device

Organotypic Slice Culture of E18 Rat Brains

Organotypic slice cultures from embryonic rodent brains are widely used to study brain development. While there are often advantages to an in-vivo system, organotypic slice cultures allow one to perform a number of manipulations that are not presently feasible in-vivo. To date, organtotypic embryonic brain slice cultures have been used to follow individual cells using time-lapse microscopy, manipulate the expression of genes in the ganglionic emanances (a region that is hard to target by in-utero electroporation), as well as for pharmacological studies. In this video protocol we demonstrate how to make organotypic slice cultures from rat embryonic day 18 embryos. The protocol involves dissecting the embryos, embedding them on ice in low melt agarose, slicing the embedded brains on the vibratome, and finally plating the slices onto filters in culture dishes. This protocol is also applicable in its present form to making organotypic slice cultures from different embryonic ages for both rats and mice. 

פורסים תרבות Organotypic של E18 מוח החולדה

Organotypic slice cultures from embryonic rodent brains are widely used to study brain development. While there are often advantages to an in-vivo system, ...

Fabrication of a Microfluidic Device for the Compartmentalization of Neuron Soma and Axons

In this video, we demonstrate the technique of soft lithography with polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) which we use to fabricate a microfluidic device for culturing neurons. Previously, a silicon wafer was patterned with the design for the neuron microfluidic device using SU-8 and photolithography to create a master mold, or what we simply refer to as a "master". Next, we pour the silicon polymer PDMS on top of the master which is then cured by heating the PDMS to 80&deg;C for 1 hour. The PDMS forms a negative mold of the device. The PDMS is then carefully cut and lifted away from the master. Holes are punched where the reservoirs will be and the excess PDMS trimmed away from the device. Nitrogen is used to blow away any excess debris from the device. At this point the devices are now ready for use and can either bonded to corning No. 1 cover glass with a plasma sterilizer/cleaner or can be reversibly bound to the cover glass by simply placing the device on top of the cover glass. The reversible bonding of the device to glass is covered in a separate video and requires first that the device be sterilized either with 70% ethanol or by autoclaving. Plasma treating sterilizes the devices so no further treatment is necessary. It is, however, important, when plasma-treating the devices, to add liquid to the devices within 10 minutes of the plasma treatment while the surfaces are still hydrophilic. Waiting longer than 10 minutes to add liquid to the device makes it difficult for the liquid to enter the device. The neuron devices are typically plasma-bound to cover glass and 0.5 mg/ml poly-L-lysine (PLL) in pH 8.5 borate buffer is immediately added to the device. After a minimum of 3 hours incubating with PLL, the devices are washed with dH2O water a minimum of 3 times with at least 15 minutes between each wash. Next, the water is removed and fresh media is added to the device. At this point the device is ready for use. It is important to remember at this point to never remove all the media from the device. Always leave media in the main channel.

In this video we demonstrate the technique of soft lithography with polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) which we use to farbricate a microfluidic device for culturing neurons.

המצאה של המכשיר microfluidic עבור מידור של Neuron סומה האקסונים

In this video, we demonstrate the technique of soft lithography with polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) which we use to fabricate a microfluidic device for ...

A Microfluidic Device with Groove Patterns for Studying Cellular Behavior

We describe a microfluidic device with microgrooved patterns for studying cellular behavior. This microfluidic platform consists of a top fluidic channel and a bottom microgrooved substrate. To fabricate the microgrooved channels, a top poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) mold containing the impression of the microfluidic channels was aligned and bonded to a microgrooved substrate. Using this device, mouse fibroblast cells were immobilized and patterned within microgrooved substrates (25, 50, 75, and 100 &mu;m wide). To study apoptosis in a microfluidic device, media containing hydrogen peroxide, Annexin V, and propidium iodide was perfused into the fluidic channel for 2 hours. We found that cells exposed to the oxidative stress became apoptotic. These apoptotic cells were confirmed by Annexin V that bound to phosphatidylserine at the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane during the apoptosis process. Using this microfluidic device with microgrooved patterns, the apoptosis process was observed in real-time and analyzed by using an inverted microscope containing an incubation chamber (37&deg;C, 5% CO2). Therefore, this microfluidic device incorporated with microgrooved substrates could be useful for studying the cellular behavior and performing high-throughput drug screening.

We describe a protocol for the fabrication of microfluidic devices that can enable cell capture and culture. In this approach patterned microstructures such as grooves within microfluidic channels are used to create low shear stress regions within which cell can dock.

מכשיר microfluidic עם דפוסי Groove לחקר התנהגות נייד

We describe a microfluidic device with microgrooved patterns for studying cellular behavior.  This microfluidic platform consists of a top fluidic channel ...

A Gradient-generating Microfluidic Device for Cell Biology

 The fabrication and operation of a gradient-generating microfluidic device for studying cellular behavior is described.  A microfluidic platform is an enabling experimental tool, because it can precisely manipulate fluid flows, enable high-throughput experiments, and generate stable soluble concentration gradients.  Compared to conventional gradient generators, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based  microfluidic devices can generate stable concentration gradients of growth factors with well-defined profiles.  Here, we developed simple gradient-generating microfluidic devices with three separate inlets.  Three microchannels combined into one microchannel to generate concentration gradients.  The stability and shape of growth factor gradients were confirmed by fluorescein isothyiocyanate (FITC)-dextran with a molecular weight similar to epidermal growth factor (EGF).  Using this microfluidic device, we demonstrated that fibroblasts exposed to concentration gradients of EGF migrated toward higher concentrations.  The directional orientation of cell migration and motility of migrating cells were quantitatively assessed by cell tracking analysis.  Thus, this gradient-generating microfluidic device might be useful for studying and analyzing the behavior of migrating cells.

We describe a protocol for the microfabrication of the gradient-generating microfluidic device that can generate spatial and temporal gradients in well-defined microenvironment. In this approach, the gradient-generating microfluidic device can be used to study directed cell migration, embryogenesis, wound healing, and cancer metastasis.

התקן Gradient מניבות Microfluidic עבור ביולוגיה של התא

 The fabrication and operation of a gradient-generating microfluidic device for studying cellular behavior is described.  A microfluidic platform is an ...

CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Capture Using a Disposable Microfluidic Chip for HIV

CD4 + T-לימפוציטים לכידת באמצעות שבב Microfluidic פנויה ל-HIV

Cell Capture Using a Microfluidic Device

תא לכידת באמצעות מכשיר microfluidic

Preparing T Cell Growth Factor from Rat Splenocytes

Maintenance of antigen-specific T cell lines or clones in culture requires rounds of antigen-induced activation separated by phases of cell expansion 1,2. Addition of interleukin 2 to the culture media during the expansion phase is necessary to prevent cell death and sufficient to maintain short-term T cell lines but has been shown to increase Th1 polarization 3. Replacement of interleukin 2 by T cell growth factor (TCGF) which contains a mix of cytokines is more effective than interleukin 2 in maintaining long-term T cell lines in vitro 3. Moreover, TCGF can easily be prepared in large amounts in the laboratory and is much cheaper than recombinant interleukin 2. 
Here, we show how to prepare TCGF from rat splenocyte culture supernatants. For this procedure, we harvest spleens from naive Lewis rats euthanized for thymus and blood collection. We prepare single-cell suspensions from the spleens, lyze the red blood cells by osmotic shock, and seed the splenocytes in culture medium. The cells are stimulated with concanavalin A, a mitogen that non-selectively activates all rat T lymphocytes, inducing the production of cytokines. The culture supernantant is collected 48 hours later andexcess concanavalin A is bound to alpha methyl mannoside to prevent it from activating T cell lines to which TCGF will be added. The TCGF is then sterile-filtered, aliquoted, and stored at -20&deg;C.

We describe the preparation of T cell growth factor used for the in vitro expansion of antigen-specific rat T lymphocyte lines.

הכנת פקטור T צמיחת תאים מן Splenocytes עכברוש

Maintenance of antigen-specific T cell lines or clones in culture requires rounds of antigen-induced activation separated by phases of cell expansion 1,2. ...

Assessing Neural Stem Cell Motility Using an Agarose Gel-based Microfluidic Device

While microfluidic technology is reaching a new level of maturity for macromolecular assays, cell-based assays are still at an infant stage1. This is largely due to the difficulty with which one can create a cell-compatible and steady microenvironment using conventional microfabrication techniques and materials. We address this problem via the introduction of a novel microfabrication material, agarose gel, as the base material for the microfluidic device. Agarose gel is highly malleable, and permeable to gas and nutrients necessary for cell survival, and thus an ideal material for cell-based assays. We have shown previously that agarose gel based devices have been successful in studying bacterial and neutrophil cell migration2. In this report, three parallel microfluidic channels are patterned in an agarose gel membrane of about 1mm thickness. Constant flows with media/buffer are maintained in the two side channels using a peristaltic pump. Cells are maintained in the center channel for observation. Since the nutrients and chemicals in the side channels are constantly diffusing from the side to center channel, the chemical environment of the center channel is easily controlled via the flow along the side channels. Using this device, we demonstrate that the movement of neural stem cells can be monitored optically with ease under various chemical conditions, and the experimental results show that the over expression of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) enhances the motility of neural stem cells. Motility of neural stem cells is an important biomarker for assessing cells aggressiveness, thus tumorigenic factor3. Deciphering the mechanism underlying NSC motility will yield insight into both disorders of neural development and into brain cancer stem cell invasion.

We demonstrate that the over expression of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) enhances the motility of neural stem cells(NSCs) using a novel agarose gel based microfluidic device. This technology can be readily adaptable to other mammalian cell systems where cell sources are scarce, such as human neural stem cells, and the turn around time is critical.

הערכת תנועתיות עצבי לתאי גזע באמצעות התקן הג&#39;ל מבוסס agarose Microfluidic

While microfluidic technology is reaching a new level of maturity for macromolecular assays, cell-based assays are still at an infant stage1. This is ...

Protocol for Culturing Sympathetic Neurons from Rat Superior Cervical Ganglia (SCG)

The superior cervical ganglia (SCG) in rats are small, glossy, almond-shaped structures that contain sympathetic neurons.  These neurons provide sympathetic innervations for the head and neck regions and they constitute a well-characterized and relatively homogeneous population (4).  Sympathetic neurons are dependent on nerve growth factor (NGF) for survival, differentiation and axonal growth and the wide-spread availability of NGF facilitates their culture and experimental manipulation (2, 3, 6).  For these reasons, cultured sympathetic neurons have been used in a wide variety of studies including neuronal development and differentiation, mechanisms of programmed and pathological cell death, and signal transduction (1, 2, 5, and 6).  Dissecting out the SCG from newborn rats and culturing sympathetic neurons is not very complicated and can be mastered fairly quickly.  In this article, we will describe in detail how to dissect out the SCG from newborn rat pups and to use them to establish cultures of sympathetic neurons.  The article will also describe the preparatory steps and the various reagents and equipment that are needed to achieve this.

Protocol for Culturing Sympathetic Neurons from Rat Superior Cervical Ganglia SCG

This is a protocol describing how to isolate and culture primary sympathetic neurons from superior cervical ganglia (SCG) of newborn rat pups.

פרוטוקול נוירונים culturing הסימפתטית מן הגרעינים עכברוש צוואר הרחם מעולה (SCG)

The superior cervical ganglia (SCG) in rats are small, glossy, almond-shaped structures that contain sympathetic neurons.  These neurons provide ...

Calcium Imaging of Cortical Neurons using Fura-2 AM

Calcium imaging is a common technique that is useful for measuring calcium signals in cultured cells. Calcium imaging techniques take advantage of calcium indicator dyes, which are BAPTA-based organic molecules that change their spectral properties in response to the binding of Ca2+ ions. Calcium indicator dyes fall into two categories, ratio-metric dyes like Fura-2 and Indo-1 and single-wavelength dyes like Fluo-4. Ratio-metric dyes change either their excitation or their emission spectra in response to calcium, allowing the concentration of intracellular calcium to be determined from the ratio of fluorescence emission or excitation at distinct wavelengths.  The main advantage of using ratio-metric dyes over single wavelength probes is that the ratio signal is independent of the dye concentration, illumination intensity, and optical path length allowing the concentration of intracellular calcium to be determined independently of these artifacts. One of the most common calcium indicators is Fura-2, which has an emission peak at 505 nM and changes its excitation peak from 340 nm to 380 nm in response to calcium binding.  Here we describe the use of Fura-2 to measure intracellular calcium elevations in neurons and other excitable cells.

Calcium signals play a key role in many cellular processes including gene expression, survival and differentiation. Here we demonstrate how to perform calcium imaging using Fura-2 AM. Calcium imaging is a valuable tool to study the regulation of intracellular calcium in real time and its regulation of signaling cascades.

סידן הדמיה של נוירונים קליפתיים באמצעות Fura, 02:00

Calcium imaging is a common technique that is useful for measuring calcium signals in cultured cells. Calcium imaging techniques take advantage of calcium ...