אנו מודים ט האנג, MC. צאי, א &#39;מנור, א&#39; סגל, מ &#39;קארודה, ט Swigut, ואני Shestopalov לדיונים. נתמך על ידי הסוכנות למדע, טכנולוגיה ומחקר של סינגפור (CC), NIH R01-R01 ו-CA118750 HG004361 (HYC), וקליפורניה המכון לרפואה הרגנרציה (HYC). HYC הוא המדען הקריירה המוקדמת של הווארד יוז רפואי במכון.

<ol><li>Koziol, M. J., Rinn, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((RNA+traffic+control+of+chromatin+complexes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Curr.+Opin.+Genet.+Dev%22%5BJournal%5D)">RNA traffic control of chromatin complexes.</a> Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 20, 142-148 (2010).</li>
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<li>Pandey, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Kcnq1ot1+antisense+noncoding+RNA+mediates+lineage-specific+transcriptional+silencing+through+chromatin-level+regulation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mol.+Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">Kcnq1ot1 antisense noncoding RNA mediates lineage-specific transcriptional silencing through chromatin-level regulation.</a> Mol. Cell. 32, 232-246 (2008).</li>
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<li>Khalil, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Many+human+large+intergenic+noncoding+RNAs+associate+with+chromatin-modifying+complexes+and+affect+gene+expression%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A%22%5BJournal%5D)">Many human large intergenic noncoding RNAs associate with chromatin-modifying complexes and affect gene expression.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 11667-11672 (2009).</li>
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<li>Meller, V. H., Wu, K. H., Roman, G., Kuroda, M. I., Davis, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((roX1+RNA+paints+the+X+chromosome+of+male+Drosophila+and+is+regulated+by+the+dosage+compensation+system%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">roX1 RNA paints the X chromosome of male Drosophila and is regulated by the dosage compensation system.</a> Cell. 88, 445-457 (1997).</li>
<li>Franke, A., Baker, B. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+rox1+and+rox2+RNAs+are+essential+components+of+the+compensasome%2C+which+mediates+dosage+compensation+in+Drosophila%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mol.+Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">The rox1 and rox2 RNAs are essential components of the compensasome, which mediates dosage compensation in Drosophila.</a> Mol. Cell. 4, 117-122 (1999).</li>
<li>Gupta, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Long+non-coding+RNA+HOTAIR+reprograms+chromatin+state+to+promote+cancer+metastasis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR reprograms chromatin state to promote cancer metastasis.</a> Nature. 464, 1071-1076 (2010).</li>
<li>Tsai, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Long+noncoding+RNA+as+modular+scaffold+of+histone+modification+complexes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Long noncoding RNA as modular scaffold of histone modification complexes.</a> Science. 329, 689-693 (2010).</li>
<li>Zappulla, D. C., Cech, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((RNA+as+a+flexible+scaffold+for+proteins%3A+yeast+telomerase+and+beyond%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cold+Spring+Harb.+Symp.+Quant.+Biol.%22%5BJournal%5D)">RNA as a flexible scaffold for proteins: yeast telomerase and beyond.</a> Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol.. 71, 217-224 (2006).</li>
<li>Nagano, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+Air+noncoding+RNA+epigenetically+silences+transcription+by+targeting+G9a+to+chromatin%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">The Air noncoding RNA epigenetically silences transcription by targeting G9a to chromatin.</a> Science. 322, 1717-1720 (2008).</li>
<li>Carter, D., Chakalova, L., Osborne, C. S., Dai, Y. F., Fraser, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Long-range+chromatin+regulatory+interactions+in+vivo%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">Long-range chromatin regulatory interactions in vivo.</a> Nature. 32, 623-626 (2002).</li>
<li>Chu, C., Qu, K., Zhong, F. L., Artandi, S. E., Chang, H. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Genomic+Maps+of+Long+Noncoding+RNA+Occupancy+Reveal+Principles+of+RNA-Chromatin+Interactions%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mol.+Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">Genomic Maps of Long Noncoding RNA Occupancy Reveal Principles of RNA-Chromatin Interactions.</a> Mol. Cell. , (2011).</li>
<li>Raj, A., van den Bogaard, P., Rifkin, S. A., van Oudenaarden, A., Tyagi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Imaging+individual+mRNA+molecules+using+multiple+singly+labeled+probes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat.+Methods%22%5BJournal%5D)">Imaging individual mRNA molecules using multiple singly labeled probes.</a> Nat. Methods. 5, 877-879 (2008).</li>
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ס צ &#39;ו ח.י. צ&#39;אנג נקראים כמו ממציאים על יישום פטנט על שיטה זו.

כאן תיארנו ציוץ-seq, שיטת מיפוי באתרים ב vivo lncRNA מחייב הגנום כולו. הפרמטרים העיקריים להצלחה הם בריכות מפוצלים של ריצוף בדיקות oligonucleotide ו crosslinking glutaraldehyde. העיצוב של זיקה הבדיקות, הוא פשוט נתן את רצף הרנ&quot;א ואינה דורשת ידע מוקדם על מבנה של RNA או תחומים פונקציונליים. ההצלחה שלנו עם roX2, TERC, ו HOTAIR - שלושה RNAs שונות למדי בשני המינים - מצביע על כך ציוץ-seq היא להכליל צפוי lncRNAs רבים. כמו עם כל הניסויים, פקדי טיפול ונכון נדרשים לפרש את התוצאות. LncRNA שונים עשויים לדרוש טיטרציה של התנאים, ושינוי מושכל של תנאים, כגון מבחר של בדיקות קרבה או crosslinkers שונים, עשוי להדגיש היבטים שונים של RNA-הכרומטין אינטראקציות. כמו SEQ-Chip, לא כל האירועים המחייבים הינם פונקציונלי בהכרח, ועל מחקרים נוספים נדרשים כדי לברר את ההשלכות הביולוגיות של RNA Occupancy על הכרומטין. עם זאת, אנו צופים יישומים מעניינים של טכנולוגיה זו עבור חוקרים של הכרומטין הקשורים lncRNAs אחרים, אשר כעת מספר אלפי 8,9. בדיוק כמו שבב ואילך פתחה את הדלת הגנום כולו החקירות של אינטראקציות חלבון דנ&quot;א, ציוץ-seq מחקרים של &quot;RNA interactome&quot; עשוי לחשוף אפיקים חדשים רבים של הביולוגיה.

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">Buffer List:</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Dissolve a pellet of complete protease inhibitor in 1 ml water as 50x stock. Make 100 mM PMSF in isopropanol (100x stock). Superase-in is used as 200x stock. Store all at -20 &amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Lysis Buffer:</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">50 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.0&lt;br/&gt;10 mM EDTA&lt;br/&gt;1% SDS&lt;br/&gt;Always add PMSF, P.I. and Superase-in fresh before use except when washing beads</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Proteinase K Buffer (for DNA)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">100 mM NaCl&lt;br/&gt;10 mM TrisCl pH 8.0 (For RNA use pH 7.0)&lt;br/&gt;1 mM EDTA&lt;br/&gt;0.5% SDS&lt;br/&gt;Add 5% by volume Proteainse K (Ambion AM2546 20 mg/ml) fresh before use</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Hybridization Buffer</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">750 mM NaCl&lt;br/&gt;1% SDS&lt;br/&gt;50 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.0&lt;br/&gt;1 mM EDTA&lt;br/&gt;15% formamide (store in the dark at 4 &amp;deg;C)&lt;br/&gt;Always add PMSF, P.I. and Superase-in fresh before use</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Wash Buffer</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">2x NaCl and Sodium citrate (SSC) (diluted from 20x SSC Invitrogen stock)&lt;br/&gt;0.5% SDS&lt;br/&gt;Always add PMSF fresh before use</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">DNA elution Buffer</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">50 mM NaHCO3&lt;br/&gt;1% SDS</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Table of specific reagents and equipment:</td></tr><tr><td>Glutaraldehyde (EM grade)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G5882-10x10ml</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Motorized pellet mixer</td><td>VWR international</td><td>V8185-904</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protease inhibitor</td><td>Roche Group</td><td>11873580001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PMSF</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>78830</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Superase-in</td><td>Ambion</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ambion.com/catalog/CatNum.php?AM2696&quot;&gt;AM2696&lt;/a&gt;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bioruptor</td><td>Diagenode</td><td>UCD-200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Falcon tubes (for sonication)</td><td>Corning</td><td>430790</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Proteinase K</td><td>Ambion</td><td>AM2546</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCR purification kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>C-1 magnetic beads</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>65002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PMSF</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P7626-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DynaMag-15 magnet</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>123-01D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DynaMag-2 magnet</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>123-21D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MIRNeasy mini kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>217004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rnase H</td><td>Epicentre Biotechnologies</td><td>R0601K</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rnase A</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>R4875-100MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phase Lock Gel Heavy</td><td>5 PRIME</td><td>2302810</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trizol</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15596-018</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phenol:chloroform:Isoamyl</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15593-031</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform</td><td>Ricca</td><td>RSOC0020-1C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GlycoBlue</td><td>Ambion</td><td>AM9515</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycine</td><td>JT Baker</td><td>4057-06</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS, pH 7.4</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>10010-049</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Elution Buffer (EB)</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>19086</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>20x SSC</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15557-036</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10% SDS</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15553-027</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNA-&lt;em&gt;free&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Ambion</td><td>AM1906</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Buffer kit</td><td>Ambion</td><td>AM9010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formamide</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15515-026</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

chromatin isolation by rna purification (chirp)

RNAs noncoding ארוכים הם וסתים מרכזיים של הכרומטין מדינות תהליכים ביולוגיים חשובים כגון פיצוי המינון, החתמה, ועל ביטוי גנים התפתחותיים 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. התגלית האחרונה של אלפי lncRNAs בשיתוף עם ספציפיים שינוי מתחמי הכרומטין, כגון קומפלקס מדכא Polycomb 2 (PRC2) כי מתווך היסטון H3 ליזין 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), מציע תפקידים רחבים עבור lncRNAs רבים בניהול מדינות הכרומטין של הגן הספציפי אופנה 8,9. בעוד כמה lncRNAs נחשבים לעבוד בחבר העמים על גנים סמוכים, lncRNAs אחרים לעבוד טרנס להסדיר גנים הממוקמים רחוק. למשל, תסיסנית lncRNAs roX1 ו roX2 לאגד באזורים רבים על כרומוזום X של תאים זכריים, הם קריטיים עבור פיצוי במינון 10,11. עם זאת, המיקומים המדויקים של אתרי הקישור שלהם אינם ידועים ברזולוציה גבוהה. באופן דומה, אדם lncRNA HOTAIR יכול להשפיע PRC2 תפוסה על Hundreds של גנים בגנום כולו 3,12,13, אבל איך הספציפיות מושגת אינו ברור. LncRNAs יכול גם לשמש פיגומים מודולריים לגייס את הרכבה של קומפלקסים חלבונים רבים. קלאסי חוצה משחק RNA הפיגום הוא RNA TERC המשמש תבנית ואת הפיגום על telomerase מורכב 14; HOTAIR יכול גם לשמש פיגום עבור PRC2 ו demethylase H3K4 מורכב 13. מחקרים קודמים מיפוי תפוסה RNA על הכרומטין חשפו תובנות משמעותיות 15,16, אבל רק לוקוס גן יחיד בכל פעם. האתרים התפוסה של רוב lncRNAs אינם ידועים, וכן את התפקידים של lncRNAs בוויסות הכרומטין היה להסיק בעיקר את ההשפעות העקיפות של ההפרעות lncRNA. כשם immunoprecipitation הכרומטין ואחריו microarray או רצף עמוק (שבב שבב או שבב seq, בהתאמה) השתפר מאוד את הבנתנו-DNA חלבון אינטראקציות בקנה מידה גנומי, הנה אנחנו להמחיש recenפורסם tly האסטרטגיה למפות רב תפוסה RNA הגנום כולו ברזולוציה גבוהה 17. , שיטה זו בידוד הכרומטין על ידי טיהור RNA (ציוץ) (איור 1), מבוסס על לכידת הזיקה של יעד lncRNA: מורכב הכרומטין על ידי ריצוף antisense-oligos, אשר לאחר מכן יוצרת מפה של אתרי הקישור הגנומי ברזולוציה של מאות בסיסים שונים עם רגישות גבוה ונמוך רקע. ציוץ הוא ישים lncRNAs רבים בגלל העיצוב של זיקה הבדיקות, הוא פשוט נתן את רצף הרנ&quot;א ואינה דורשת ידע על מבנה של RNA או תחומים פונקציונליים.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification ChIRP at JoVE.com

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification ChIRP

ציוץ הוא טכניקה חדשנית ומהירה למפות אתרי הקישור הגנומי של RNAs noncoding ארוכות (lncRNAs). השיטה מנצלת את הייחודיות של תחושת אנטי oligonucleotides ריצוף כדי לאפשר ספירה של lncRNA הנכנס אתרים הגנומי.

בידוד הכרומטין על ידי טיהור RNA (ציוץ)

Long noncoding RNAs are key regulators of chromatin states for important biological processes such as dosage compensation, imprinting, and developmental ...

chromatin-isolation-by-rna-purification-chirp

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)

86.2K Views.  Stanford University School of Medicine. ציוץ הוא טכניקה חדשנית ומהירה למפות אתרי הקישור הגנומי של RNAs noncoding ארוכות (lncRNAs). השיטה מנצלת את הייחודיות של תחושת אנטי oligonucleotides ריצוף כדי לאפשר ספירה של lncRNA הנכנס אתרים הגנומי.

Video: Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification ChIRP

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Protocol for Low-abundance Embryonic Samples

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a widely-used technique for mapping the localization of post-translationally modified histones, histone variants, transcription factors, or chromatin-modifying enzymes at a given locus or on a genome-wide scale. The combination of ChIP assays with next-generation sequencing (i.e., ChIP-Seq) is a powerful approach to globally uncover gene regulatory networks and to improve the functional annotation of genomes, especially of non-coding regulatory sequences. ChIP protocols normally require large amounts of cellular material, thus precluding the applicability of this method to investigating rare cell types or small tissue biopsies. In order to make the ChIP assay compatible with the amount of biological material that can typically be obtained in vivo during early vertebrate embryogenesis, we describe here a simplified ChIP protocol in which the number of steps required to complete the assay were reduced to minimize sample loss. This ChIP protocol has been successfully used to investigate different histone modifications in various embryonic chicken and adult mouse tissues using low to medium cell numbers (5 x 104 - 5 x 105 cells). Importantly, this protocol is compatible with ChIP-seq technology using standard library preparation methods, thus providing global epigenomic maps in highly relevant embryonic tissues.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP Protocol for Low-abundance Embryonic Samples

Here, we describe a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and ChIP-seq library preparation protocol to generate global epigenomic profiles from low-abundance chicken embryonic samples.

כרומטין פרוטוקול Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) עבור דגימות עובריים נמוך-שפע

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a widely-used technique for mapping the localization of post-translationally modified histones, histone variants, ...

Genetics

Monitoring Protein-RNA Interaction Dynamics In Vivo at High Temporal Resolution Using &#967;CRAC

The interaction between RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and their RNA substrates exhibits fluidity and complexity. Within its lifespan, a single RNA can be bound by many different RBPs that will regulate its production, stability, activity, and degradation. As such, much has been done to understand the dynamics that exist between these two types of molecules. A particularly important breakthrough came with the emergence of &#8216;cross-linking and immunoprecipitation&#8217; (CLIP). This technique allowed stringent investigation into which RNAs are bound by a particular RBP. In short, the protein of interest is UV cross-linked to its RNA substrates in vivo, purified under highly stringent conditions, and then the RNAs covalently cross-linked to the protein are converted into cDNA libraries and sequenced. Since its conception, many derivative techniques have been developed in order to make CLIP amenable to particular fields of study. However, cross-linking using ultraviolet light is notoriously inefficient. This results in extended exposure times that make the temporal study of RBP-RNA interactions impossible. To overcome this issue, we recently designed and built much-improved UV irradiation and cell harvesting devices. Using these new tools, we developed a protocol for time-resolved analyses of RBP-RNA interactions in living cells at high temporal resolution: Kinetic CRoss-linking and Analysis of cDNAs (&#967;CRAC). We recently used this technique to study the role of yeast RBPs in nutrient stress adaptation. This manuscript provides a detailed overview of the &#967;CRAC method and presents recent results obtained with the Nrd1 RBP.

Kinetic cross-linking and analysis of cDNA is a method that allows investigation of the dynamics of protein-RNA interactions in living cells at high temporal resolution. Here the protocol is described in detail, including the growth of yeast cells, UV cross-linking, harvesting, protein purification, and next generation sequencing library preparation steps.

ניטור דינמיקת אינטראקציה חלבון-רנ"א ב-Vivo ברזולוציה טמפורלית גבוהה באמצעות χCRAC

The interaction between RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and their RNA substrates exhibits fluidity and complexity. Within its lifespan, a single RNA can be ...

Biochemistry

Genome-wide Analysis using ChIP to Identify Isoform-specific Gene Targets

Recruitment of transcriptional and epigenetic factors to their targets is a key step in their regulation. Prominently featured in recruitment are the protein domains that bind to specific histone modifications. One such domain is the plant homeodomain (PHD), found in several chromatin-binding proteins. The epigenetic factor RBP2 has multiple PHD domains, however, they have different functions (Figure 4). In particular, the C-terminal PHD domain, found in a RBP2 oncogenic fusion in human leukemia, binds to trimethylated lysine 4 in histone H3 (H3K4me3)1. The transcript corresponding to the RBP2 isoform containing the C-terminal PHD accumulates during differentiation of promonocytic, lymphoma-derived, U937 cells into monocytes2. Consistent with both sets of data, genome-wide analysis showed that in differentiated U937 cells, the RBP2 protein gets localized to genomic regions highly enriched for H3K4me33. Localization of RBP2 to its targets correlates with a decrease in H3K4me3 due to RBP2 histone demethylase activity and a decrease in transcriptional activity. In contrast, two other PHDs of RBP2 are unable to bind H3K4me3. Notably, the C-terminal domain PHD of RBP2 is absent in the smaller RBP2 isoform4. It is conceivable that the small isoform of RBP2, which lacks interaction with H3K4me3, differs from the larger isoform in genomic location. The difference in genomic location of RBP2 isoforms may account for the observed diversity in RBP2 function. Specifically, RBP2 is a critical player in cellular differentiation mediated by the retinoblastoma protein (pRB). Consistent with these data, previous genome-wide analysis, without distinction between isoforms, identified two distinct groups of RBP2 target genes: 1) genes bound by RBP2 in a manner that is independent of differentiation; 2) genes bound by RBP2 in a differentiation-dependent manner.
To identify differences in localization between the isoforms we performed genome-wide location analysis by ChIP-Seq. Using antibodies that detect both RBP2 isoforms we have located all RBP2 targets. Additionally we have antibodies that only bind large, and not small RBP2 isoform (Figure 4). After identifying the large isoform targets, one can then subtract them from all RBP2 targets to reveal the targets of small isoform. These data show the contribution of chromatin-interacting domain in protein recruitment to its binding sites in the genome.

Here we are presenting a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) procedure for genome-wide location analysis of protein isoforms that differ in a histone-binding domain. We are applying it to ChIP-Seq analysis to identify the targets of the KDM5A/JARID1A/RBP2 histone demethylase.

הגנום כולו ניתוח באמצעות שבב זיהוי איזופורם ספציפי מטרות ג&#39;ין

Recruitment of transcriptional and epigenetic factors to their targets is a key step in their regulation. Prominently featured in recruitment are the ...

Chromatin Interaction Analysis with Paired-End Tag Sequencing (ChIA-PET) for Mapping Chromatin Interactions and Understanding Transcription Regulation

Genomes are organized into three-dimensional structures, adopting higher-order conformations inside the micron-sized nuclear spaces 7, 2, 12. Such architectures are not random and involve interactions between gene promoters and regulatory elements 13. The binding of transcription factors to specific regulatory sequences brings about a network of transcription regulation and coordination 1, 14. 
Chromatin Interaction Analysis by Paired-End Tag Sequencing (ChIA-PET) was developed to identify these higher-order chromatin structures 5,6. Cells are fixed and interacting loci are captured by covalent DNA-protein cross-links. To minimize non-specific noise and reduce complexity, as well as to increase the specificity of the chromatin interaction analysis, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is used against specific protein factors to enrich chromatin fragments of interest before proximity ligation. Ligation involving half-linkers subsequently forms covalent links between pairs of DNA fragments tethered together within individual chromatin complexes. The flanking MmeI restriction enzyme sites in the half-linkers allow extraction of paired end tag-linker-tag constructs (PETs) upon MmeI digestion. As the half-linkers are biotinylated, these PET constructs are purified using streptavidin-magnetic beads. The purified PETs are ligated with next-generation sequencing adaptors and a catalog of interacting fragments is generated via next-generation sequencers such as the Illumina Genome Analyzer. Mapping and bioinformatics analysis is then performed to identify ChIP-enriched binding sites and ChIP-enriched chromatin interactions 8. 
We have produced a video to demonstrate critical aspects of the ChIA-PET protocol, especially the preparation of ChIP as the quality of ChIP plays a major role in the outcome of a ChIA-PET library. As the protocols are very long, only the critical steps are shown in the video.

Chromatin Interaction Analysis with Paired-End Tag Sequencing ChIA-PET for Mapping Chromatin Interactions and Understanding Transcription Regulation

Chromatin Interaction Analysis by Paired-End Tag Sequencing (ChIA-PET) is a method for de novo detection of chromatin interactions, for better understanding of transcriptional control.

הכרומטין ניתוח אינטראקציה עם מנבא סוף תג הרצף (Chia-PET) עבור מיפוי אינטראקציות הכרומטין הבנת תקנה תמלול

Genomes are organized into three-dimensional structures, adopting higher-order conformations inside the micron-sized nuclear spaces 7, 2, 12. Such ...

Method for the Isolation and Identification of mRNAs, microRNAs and Protein Components of Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from Cell Extracts using RIP-Chip

As a result of the development of high-throughput sequencing and efficient microarray analysis, global gene expression analysis has become an easy and readily available form of data collection. In many research and disease models however, steady state levels of target gene mRNA does not always directly correlate with steady state protein levels. Post-transcriptional gene regulation is a likely explanation of the divergence between the two. Driven by the binding of RNA Binding Proteins (RBP), post-transcriptional regulation affects mRNA localization, stability and translation by forming a Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex with target mRNAs. Identifying these unknown de novo mRNA targets from cellular extracts in the RNP complex is pivotal to understanding mechanisms and functions of the RBP and their resulting effect on protein output. This protocol outlines a method termed RNP immunoprecipitation-microarray (RIP-Chip), which allows for the identification of specific mRNAs associated in the ribonucleoprotein complex, under changing experimental conditions, along with options to further optimize an experiment for the individual researcher. With this important experimental tool, researchers can explore the intricate mechanisms associated with post-transcriptional gene regulation as well as other ribonucleoprotein interactions.

A step by step protocol to isolating and identifying RNA associated complexes through RIP-Chip.

שיטה לבידוד וזיהוי mRNAs, רנ&quot;א ורכיבי חלבון של מכלולי Ribonucleoprotein מתמציות סלולריות באמצעות שבב RIP

As a result of the development of high-throughput sequencing and efficient microarray analysis, global gene expression analysis has become an easy and ...

Efficient Chromatin Immunoprecipitation using Limiting Amounts of Biomass

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a widely-used method for determining the interactions of different proteins with DNA in chromatin of living cells. Examples include sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factors, histones and their different modification states, enzymes such as RNA polymerases and ancillary factors, and DNA repair components. Despite its ubiquity, there is a lack of up-to-date, detailed methodologies for both bench preparation of material and for accurate analysis allowing quantitative metrics of interaction. Due to this lack of information, and also because, like any immunoprecipitation, conditions must be re-optimized for new sets of experimental conditions, the ChIP assay is susceptible to inaccurate or poorly quantitative results.
Our protocol is ultimately derived from seminal work on transcription factor:DNA interactions1,2 , but incorporates a number of improvements to sensitivity and reproducibility for difficult-to-obtain cell types. The protocol has been used successfully3,4 , both using qPCR to quantify DNA enrichment, or using a semi-quantitative variant of the below protocol.
This quantitative analysis of PCR-amplified material is performed computationally, and represents a limiting factor in the assay. Important controls and other considerations include the use of an isotype-matched antibody, as well as evaluation of a control region of genomic DNA, such as an intergenic region predicted not to be bound by the protein under study (or anticipated not to show changes under the experimental conditions). In addition, a standard curve of input material for every ChIP sample is used to derive absolute levels of enrichment in the experimental material. Use of standard curves helps to take into account differences between primer sets, regardless of how carefully they are designed, and also efficiency differences throughout the range of template concentrations for a single primer set. Our protocol is different from others that are available5-8 in that we extensively cover the later, analysis phase.

We describe a robust method for chromatin immunoprecipitation using primary T cells. The method is founded on standard approaches, but uses a specific set of conditions and reagents that improve efficiency for limited a quantities of cells. Importantly, a detailed description of the data analysis phase is presented.

הכרומטין immunoprecipitation יעיל באמצעות כמויות מגבילות של ביומסה

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a  widely-used method for determining the interactions of different proteins with  DNA in chromatin of living ...

Generation of High Quality Chromatin Immunoprecipitation DNA Template for High-throughput Sequencing (ChIP-seq)

ChIP-sequencing (ChIP-seq) methods directly offer whole-genome coverage, where combining chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and massively parallel sequencing can be utilized to identify the repertoire of mammalian DNA sequences bound by transcription factors in vivo. "Next-generation" genome sequencing technologies provide 1-2 orders of magnitude increase in the amount of sequence that can be cost-effectively generated over older technologies thus allowing for ChIP-seq methods to directly provide whole-genome coverage for effective profiling of mammalian protein-DNA interactions.
For successful ChIP-seq approaches, one must generate high quality ChIP DNA template to obtain the best sequencing outcomes. The description is based around experience with the protein product of the gene most strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, namely the transcription factor transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2). This factor has also been implicated in various cancers.
Outlined is how to generate high quality ChIP DNA template derived from the colorectal carcinoma cell line, HCT116, in order to build a high-resolution map through sequencing to determine the genes bound by TCF7L2, giving further insight in to its key role in the pathogenesis of complex traits.

Generation of High Quality Chromatin Immunoprecipitation DNA Template for High-throughput Sequencing ChIP-seq

The combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation and ultra-high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) can identify and map protein-DNA interactions in a given tissue or cell line. Outlined is how to generate a high quality ChIP template for subsequent sequencing, using experience with the transcription factor TCF7L2 as an example.

דור של תבנית הכרומטין immunoprecipitation איכות גבוהה עבור ה-DNA רצף תפוקה גבוהה (שבב ואילך)

ChIP-sequencing (ChIP-seq) methods directly  offer whole-genome coverage, where combining chromatin immunoprecipitation  (ChIP) and massively parallel ...

Isolation of Specific Genomic Regions and Identification of Associated Molecules by enChIP

The identification of molecules associated with specific genomic regions of interest is required to understand the mechanisms of regulation of the functions of these regions. To enable the non-biased identification of molecules interacting with a specific genomic region of interest, we recently developed the engineered DNA-binding molecule-mediated chromatin immunoprecipitation (enChIP) technique. Here, we describe how to use enChIP to isolate specific genomic regions and identify the associated proteins and RNAs. First, a genomic region of interest is tagged with a transcription activator-like (TAL) protein or a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) complex consisting of a catalytically inactive form of Cas9 and a guide RNA. Subsequently, the chromatin is crosslinked and fragmented by sonication. The tagged locus is then immunoprecipitated and the crosslinking is reversed. Finally, the proteins or RNAs that are associated with the isolated chromatin are subjected to mass spectrometric or RNA sequencing analyses, respectively. This approach allows the successful identification of proteins and RNAs associated with a genomic region of interest.

The identification of molecules associated with specific genomic regions of interest is required to understand the mechanisms of regulation of the functions of these regions. This protocol describes procedures to perform engineered DNA-binding molecule-mediated chromatin imunoprecipitation (enChIP) for identification of proteins and RNAs associated with a specific genomic region.

בידוד של אזורים הגנומי ספציפיים וזיהוי של Associated מולקולות על ידי enChIP

The identification of molecules associated with specific genomic regions of interest is required to understand the mechanisms of regulation of the ...

TChIP-Seq: Cell-Type-Specific Epigenome Profiling

Epigenetic regulation plays central roles in gene expression. Since histone modification was discovered in the 1960s, its physiological and pathological functions have been extensively studied. Indeed, the advent of next-generation deep sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) via specific histone modification antibodies has revolutionized our view of epigenetic regulation across the genome. Conversely, tissues typically consist of diverse cell types, and their complex mixture poses analytic challenges to investigating the epigenome in a particular cell type. To address the cell type-specific chromatin state in a genome-wide manner, we recently developed tandem chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (tChIP-Seq), which is based on the selective purification of chromatin by tagged core histone proteins from cell types of interest, followed by ChIP-Seq. The goal of this protocol is the introduction of best practices of tChIP-Seq. This technique provides a versatile tool for tissue-specific epigenome investigation in diverse histone modifications and model organisms.

We describe a step-by-step protocol for tandem chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (tChIP-Seq) that enables the analysis of cell-type-specific genome-wide histone modification.

TChIP-Seq: יצירת פרופילים ייחודיים לסוג התא Epigenome

Epigenetic regulation plays central roles in gene expression. Since histone modification was discovered in the 1960s, its physiological and pathological ...

Chromatin Extraction from Frozen Chimeric Liver Tissue for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Analysis

Crosslinking Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (X-ChIP) is a widely used technique to assess levels of histone marks and occupancy of transcription factors on host and/or pathogen chromatin. Chromatin preparation from tissues creates additional challenges that need to be overcome to obtain reproducible and reliable protocols comparable to those used for cell culture. Tissue disruption and fixation are critical steps to achieve efficient shearing of chromatin. Coexistence of different cell types and clusters may also require different shearing times to reach optimal fragment size and hinders shearing reproducibility. The purpose of this method is to achieve reliable and reproducible host chromatin preparations from frozen tissue (liver) suitable for both ChIP-qPCR and next generation sequencing (NGS) applications. We observed that the combination of liquid nitrogen tissue pulverization followed by homogenization leads to increased reproducibility compared to homogenization only, since it provides a suspension consisting mostly of dissociated single cells that can be efficiently sheared. Moreover, the fixation step should be performed under mild rotation to provide homogeneous crosslinking. The fixed material is then suitable for buffer-based nuclei isolation, to reduce contamination of cytoplasmic protein and pathogen DNAs and RNAs (when applicable), avoiding time-consuming centrifugation gradients. Subsequent sonication will complete nuclear lysis and shear the chromatin, producing a specific size range according to the chosen shearing conditions. The size range should fall between 100 and 300 nt for NGS applications, while it could be higher (300-700 nt) for ChIP-qPCR analysis. Such protocol adaptations can greatly improve chromatin analyses from frozen tissue specimens.

This protocol focuses on chromatin preparation from snap frozen tissues and it is suitable for Crosslinking Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (X-ChIP) followed by either quantitative PCR analysis (X-ChIP-qPCR) or next generation sequencing approaches (X-ChIP-seq).

מיצוי כרומטין מרקמת כבד כימרית קפואה לניתוח משקעים חיסוניים של כרומטין

Crosslinking Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (X-ChIP) is a widely used technique to assess levels of histone marks and occupancy of transcription factors on ...

בידוד הכרומטין על ידי טיהור RNA (ציוץ)

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