עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי אסתר ויוסף Klingenstein הקרן, קרן מק &#39;נייט הקרן, וNINDS 1R01NS066408-01A1.

<ol>
	<li>O'Keefe, J., Dostrovsky, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hippocampus+as+a+spatial+map.">The hippocampus as a spatial map.</a> Brain Research. 34, 171-175 (1971).</li><li>Pennartz, C. M., Berke, J. D., Graybiel, A. M., Ito, R., Lansink, C. S., van der Meer, M., Redish, A. D., Smith, K. S., Voorn, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Corticostriatal Interactions during Learning, Memory Processing, and Decision. 29, 12831-12838 (2009).</li><li>Kepecs, A., Uchida, N., Zariwala, H., Mainen, Z. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+correlates,+computation,+and+behavioural+impact+of+decision+confidence.">Neural correlates, computation, and behavioural impact of decision confidence.</a> Nature. 455, 227-2231 (2008).</li><li>Hahnloser, R. H. R., Kozhevnikov, A. A., Fee, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+ultra-sparse+code+underlies+the+generation+of+neural+sequences+in+a+songbird.">An ultra-sparse code underlies the generation of neural sequences in a songbird.</a> Nature. 419, 65-70 (2002).</li><li>Leonardo, A., Fee, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ensemble+Coding+of+Vocal+Control+in+Birdsong.">Ensemble Coding of Vocal Control in Birdsong.</a> J. Neurosci. 25 (3), 652-661 (2005).</li><li>Yamamoto, J., Wilson, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+chronically+implantable+precision+motorized+microdrive+array+for+freely+behaving+animals.">Large-scale chronically implantable precision motorized microdrive array for freely behaving animals.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 100 (4), 2430-2440 (2008).</li><li>Fee, M. S., Leonardo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Miniature+motorized+microdrive+and+commutator+system+for+chronic+neural+recording+in+small+animals.">Miniature motorized microdrive and commutator system for chronic neural recording in small animals.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 112, 83-94 (2001).</li><li>&#214;lveczky, B. P., Otchy, T. M., Goldberg, J. H., Aronov, D., Fee, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+the+neural+control+of+a+complex+motor+sequence+during+learning.">Changes in the neural control of a complex motor sequence during learning.</a> J. Neurophys. 106, 386-397 (2011).</li><li>Otchy, T. M., &#214;lveczky, B. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Sensory+Experience+on+the+Development+and+Maintenance+of+a+Motor+Program+Underlying+a+Complex+Motor+Sequence.">Effects of Sensory Experience on the Development and Maintenance of a Motor Program Underlying a Complex Motor Sequence.</a> Soc. for Neurosci. Abstr. , (2011).</li><li>Goldberg, J. H., Adler, A., Bergman, H., Fee, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Singing-related+neural+activity+distinguishes+two+putative+pallidal+cell+types+in+the+songbird+basal+ganglia:+comparison+to+the+primate+internal+and+external+pallidal+segments.">Singing-related neural activity distinguishes two putative pallidal cell types in the songbird basal ganglia: comparison to the primate internal and external pallidal segments.</a> J. Neurosci. 30 (20), 7088-7098 (2010).</li><li>Goldberg, J. H., Fee, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Singing-related+neural+activity+distinguishes+four+classes+of+putative+striatal+neurons+in+the+songbird+basal+ganglia.">Singing-related neural activity distinguishes four classes of putative striatal neurons in the songbird basal ganglia.</a> J. Neurophys. 103 (4), 2002-2014 (2010).</li><li>Venkatachalam, S., Fee, M. S., Kleinfeld, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Miniature+headstage+with+6-channel+drive+and+vacuum-assisted+microwire+implantation+for+chronic+recording+from+neocortex.">Miniature headstage with 6-channel drive and vacuum-assisted microwire implantation for chronic recording from neocortex.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 90, 37-46 (1999).</li><li>Shirvalkar, P. R., Shapiro, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+Construction+of+a+Cost+Effective+Headstage+for+Simultaneous+Neural+Stimulation+and+Recording+in+the+Water+Maze.">Design and Construction of a Cost Effective Headstage for Simultaneous Neural Stimulation and Recording in the Water Maze.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (44), e2155 (2010).</li></ol>

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הפרוטוקול המובא כאן יביא מכשיר מסוגל הקלטות באיכות גבוהה עם ממצאי תנועה מינימאליים רק אם טיפול הולם היא נלקחה עם הבנייה. אם חשיבות קריטית ההתקף של המעבורת במארז: הדוקה מדי ואת הסיכון לעומס המנוע הוא גבוה; רופף מדי והסיכון לחפץ תנועה משמעותי הוא גבוהה. כושר אידיאלי יא?...

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design and assembly of an ultra-light motorized microdrive for chronic neural recordings in small animals

היכולת כרונית להקליט מאוכלוסיות של נוירונים בחיות באופן חופשי מתנהגות הוכיחה כלי רבת ערך עבור לנתח את הפונקציה של מעגלים עצביים העומדים בבסיס מגוון רחב של התנהגויות טבעיות, כולל 1 ניווט, קבלת החלטות 2,3, והדור של רצפים מוטוריים מורכבים 4 , 5,6. התקדמות בעיבוד הדיוק אפשרה לייצור של מכשירים קלי משקל מתאימים להקלטות כרוניות בבעלי חיים קטנים, כגון עכברים וציפוריים שיר. היכולת להתאים את המיקום האלקטרודה עם מנועים קטנים הנשלטים מרחוק הגדילה עוד יותר את תשואת ההקלטה בהקשרים התנהגותיים שונים על ידי צמצום טיפול בעלי חיים. 6,7 כאן אנו מתארים פרוטוקול לבנות microdrive ממונע קל במיוחד עבור הקלטות כרוניות ארוכות טווח בבעלי חיים קטנים. העיצוב שלנו התפתח מגרסה 7 שפורסם קודם לכן, והותאם לקלויות שימוש והעלות effectiveness להיות מעשי יותר ונגיש למגוון רחב של חוקרים. עיצוב 8,9,10,11 זה מוכח מאפשר למיצוב בסדר, מרחוק של אלקטרודות על פני טווח של ~ 5 מ&quot;מ ושוקל פחות מ 750 מ&quot;ג כאשר הורכב במלואו. אנו מציגים את הפרוטוקול המלא ל איך לבנות ולהרכיב כוננים אלה, כוללים שרטוטי 3D CAD לכל רכיבי Microdrive המותאמים אישית.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Assembly of an Ultra-light Motorized Microdrive for Chronic Neural Recordings in Small Animals at JoVE.com

Design and Assembly of an Ultra-light Motorized Microdrive for Chronic Neural Recordings in Small Animals

העיצוב, הייצור וההרכבה של ממונע microdrive קל במיוחד הוא תאר. המכשיר מספק פתרון חסכוני וקל לשימוש, עבור הקלטות כרוניות של יחידות בודדות בחיות מתנהגות קטנות.

תכנון והרכבה של Microdrive קל במיוחד ממונע להקלטות עצביות כרוניות בבעלי חיים קטנים

The ability to chronically record from populations of neurons in freely behaving animals has proven an invaluable tool for dissecting the function of ...

design-assembly-an-ultra-light-motorized-microdrive-for-chronic

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.0K Views.  Harvard University. העיצוב, הייצור וההרכבה של ממונע microdrive קל במיוחד הוא תאר. המכשיר מספק פתרון חסכוני וקל לשימוש, עבור הקלטות כרוניות של יחידות בודדות בחיות מתנהגות קטנות.

Video: Design and Assembly of an Ultra-light Motorized Microdrive for Chronic Neural Recordings in Small Animals

Electrode Fabrication and Implantation in Aplysia californica for Multi-channel Neural and Muscular Recordings in Intact, Freely Behaving Animals

Recording from key nerves and muscles of Aplysia during feeding behavior allows us to study the patterns of neural control in an intact animal. Simultaneously recording from multiple nerves and muscles gives us precise information about the timing of neural activity. Previous recording methods have worked for two electrodes, but the study of additional nerves or muscles required combining and averaging the recordings of multiple animals, which made it difficult to determine fine details of timing and phasing, because of variability from response to response, and from animal to animal. Implanting four individual electrodes has a very low success rate due to the formation of adhesions that prevent animals from performing normal feeding movements. We developed a new method of electrode fabrication that reduces the bulk of the electrodes inside the animal allowing for normal feeding movements. Using a combination of glues to attach the electrodes results in a more reliable insulation of the electrode which lasts longer, making it possible to record for periods as long as a week. The fabrication technique that we describe could be extended to incorporate several additional electrodes, and would be applicable to vertebrate animals.

Electrode Fabrication and Implantation in Aplysia californica for Multi-channel Neural and Muscular Recordings in Intact, Freely Behaving Animals

A technique is described for implanting four in vivo electrodes to monitor the neuromuscular control of feeding behavior in Aplysia californica.

אלקטרודה ייצור השרשה ב Aplysia californica עבור הקלטות רב ערוצי עצבית ושרירי ב, חיים שלמים חופשי מתנהג

Recording from key nerves and muscles of Aplysia during feeding behavior allows us to study the patterns of neural control in an intact animal.  ...

A Thin-skull Window Technique for Chronic Two-photon In vivo Imaging of Murine Microglia in Models of Neuroinflammation

Traditionally in neuroscience, in vivo two photon imaging of the murine central nervous system has either involved the use of open-skull1,2 or thinned-skull 3 preparations. While the open-skull technique is very versatile, it is not optimal for studying microglia because it is invasive and can cause microglial activation. Even though the thinned-skull approach is minimally invasive, the repeated re-thinning of skull required for chronic imaging increases the risks of tissue injury and microglial activation and allows for a limited number of imaging sessions. Here we present a chronic thin-skull window method for monitoring murine microglia in vivo over an extended period of time using two-photon microscopy. We demonstrate how to prepare a stable, accessible, thinned-skull cortical window (TSCW) with an apposed glass coverslip that remains translucent over the course of three weeks of intermittent observation. This TSCW preparation is far more immunologically inert with respect to microglial activation than open craniotomy or repeated skull thinning and allows an arbitrary number of imaging sessions during a time period of weeks. We prepare TSCW in CX3CR1 GFP/+ mice 4 to visualize microglia with enhanced green fluorescent protein to &le;150 &mu;m beneath the pial surface. We also show that this preparation can be used in conjunction with stereotactic brain injections of the HIV-1 neurotoxic protein Tat, adjacent to the TSCW, which is capable of inducing durable microgliosis. Therefore, this method is extremely useful for examining changes in microglial morphology and motility over time in the living brain in models of HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) and other neurodegenerative diseases with a neuroinflammatory component.

A Thin-skull Window Technique for Chronic Two-photon In vivo Imaging of Murine Microglia in Models of Neuroinflammation

We describe a method for repeatedly visualizing murine microglia and circulating monocytes in vivo over hours, days or weeks using transcranial two-photon microscopy. We demonstrate how to prepare a thinned-skull window that allows intermittent observation of quiescent microglia that can be activated by adjacent stereotactic injection of the HIV-1 regulatory protein Tat.

הגולגולת דק חלון טכניקה כרונית דו פוטון ב-vivo הדמיה של microglia Murine של מודלים של Neuroinflammation

Traditionally in neuroscience, in vivo two photon imaging of the murine central nervous system has either involved the use of open-skull1,2 or ...

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in rodents have shown a direct link between testosterone and aggressive behavior1 and folk wisdom adapts these findings to humans, suggesting that testosterone induces antisocial, egoistic or even aggressive behavior2. However, many researchers doubt a direct testosterone-aggression link in humans, arguing instead that testosterone is primarily involved in status-related behavior3,4. As a high status can also be achieved by aggressive and antisocial means it can be difficult to distinguish between anti-social and status seeking behavior.
We therefore set up an experimental environment, in which status can only be achieved by prosocial means. In a double-blind and placebo-controlled experiment, we administered a single sublingual dose of 0.5 mg of testosterone (with a hydroxypropyl-&beta;-cyclodextrin carrier) to 121 women and investigated their social interaction behavior in an economic bargaining paradigm. Real monetary incentives are at stake in this paradigm; every player A receives a certain amount of money and has to make an offer to another player B on how to share the money. If B accepts, she gets what was offered and player A keeps the rest. If B refuses the offer, nobody gets anything. A status seeking player A is expected to avoid being rejected by behaving in a prosocial way, i.e. by making higher offers.
The results show that if expectations about the hormone are controlled for, testosterone administration leads to a significant increase in fair bargaining offers compared to placebo. The role of expectations is reflected in the fact that subjects who report that they believe to have received testosterone make lower offers than those who say they believe that they were treated with a placebo. These findings suggest that the experimental economics approach is sensitive for detecting neurobiological effects as subtle as those achieved by administration of hormones. Moreover, the findings point towards the importance of both psychosocial as well as neuroendocrine factors in determining the influence of testosterone on human social behavior.

The procedure described in this protocol shows that testosterone administration and folk beliefs about testosterone may be associated with directly opposed social behaviors.

שילוב של התנהגות אנדוקרינולוגיה וכלכלה ניסויית: החלטת טסטוסטרון חברתית ביצוע

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

High-density EEG Recordings of the Freely Moving Mice using Polyimide-based Microelectrode

Electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates the averaged electrical activity of the neuronal populations on a large-scale level. It is widely utilized as a noninvasive brain monitoring tool in cognitive neuroscience as well as a diagnostic tool for epilepsy and sleep disorders in neurology. However, the underlying mechanism of EEG rhythm generation is still under the veil. Recently introduced polyimide-based microelectrode (PBM-array) for high resolution mouse EEG1 is one of the trials to answer the neurophysiological questions on EEG signals based on a rich genetic resource that the mouse model contains for the analysis of complex EEG generation process. This application of nanofabricated PBM-array to mouse skull is an efficient tool for collecting large-scale brain activity of transgenic mice and accommodates to identify the neural correlates to certain EEG rhythms in conjunction with behavior. However its ultra-thin thickness and bifurcated structure cause a trouble in handling and implantation of PBM-array. In the presented video, the preparation and surgery steps for the implantation of PBM-array on a mouse skull are described step by step. Handling and surgery tips to help researchers succeed in implantation are also provided.

In this article, we described the surgery procedure and handling tips for implantation of ultra-thin polyimide-based microelectrode array (PBM-array) on the mouse skull for acquisition of high-density encephalography (EEG) in a mouse model.

בצפיפות גבוהה הקלטות EEG של העכברים לנוע בחופשיות באמצעות polyimide מבוססי microelectrode

Electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates the averaged electrical activity of the neuronal populations on a large-scale level. It is widely utilized as a ...

A Procedure for Implanting Organized Arrays of Microwires for Single-unit Recordings in Awake, Behaving Animals

In vivo electrophysiological recordings in the awake, behaving animal provide a powerful method for understanding neural signaling at the single-cell level. The technique allows experimenters to examine temporally and regionally specific firing patterns in order to correlate recorded action potentials with ongoing behavior. Moreover, single-unit recordings can be combined with a plethora of other techniques in order to produce comprehensive explanations of neural function. In this article, we describe the anesthesia and preparation for microwire implantation. Subsequently, we enumerate the necessary equipment and surgical steps to accurately insert a microwire array into a target structure. Lastly, we briefly describe the equipment used to record from each individual electrode in the array. The fixed microwire arrays described are well-suited for chronic implantation and allow for longitudinal recordings of neural data in almost any behavioral preparation. We discuss tracing electrode tracks to triangulate microwire positions as well as ways to combine microwire implantation with immunohistochemical techniques in order to increase the anatomical specificity of recorded results.

Implanting organized arrays of microwires for use in single-unit electrophysiological recordings presents a number of technical challenges.&#160;Methods for performing this technique and the equipment necessary are described.&#160;Also, the beneficial use of organized microwire arrays to record from distinct neural subregions with high spatial selectivity is discussed.

הליך השתלת מערכים מאורגנים של Microwires להקלטות יחידה אחת בAwake, מתנהגת בעלי חיים

In vivo electrophysiological recordings in the awake, behaving animal provide a powerful method for understanding neural signaling at the single-cell ...

Design and Fabrication of Ultralight Weight, Adjustable Multi-electrode Probes for Electrophysiological Recordings in Mice

The number of physiological investigations in the mouse, mus musculus, has experienced a recent surge, paralleling the growth in methods of genetic targeting for microcircuit dissection and disease modeling. The introduction of optogenetics, for example, has allowed for bidirectional manipulation of genetically-identified neurons, at an unprecedented temporal resolution. To capitalize on these tools and gain insight into dynamic interactions among brain microcircuits, it is essential that one has the ability to record from ensembles of neurons deep within the brain of this small rodent, in both head-fixed and freely behaving preparations. To record from deep structures and distinct cell layers requires a preparation that allows precise advancement of electrodes towards desired brain regions. To record neural ensembles, it is necessary that each electrode be independently movable, allowing the experimenter to resolve individual cells while leaving neighboring electrodes undisturbed. To do both in a freely behaving mouse requires an electrode drive that is lightweight, resilient, and highly customizable for targeting specific brain structures.
A technique for designing and fabricating miniature, ultralight weight, microdrive electrode arrays that are individually customizable and easily assembled from commercially available parts is presented. These devices are easily scalable and can be customized to the structure being targeted; it has been used successfully to record from thalamic and cortical regions in a freely behaving animal during natural behavior.

Understanding the neural substrates of behavior requires brain circuit ensemble recording. Because of its genetic tractability, the mouse offers a model for circuit dissection and disease mimicry. Here, a method of designing and fabricating miniaturized probes is described that is suitable for targeting deep brain structure in the mouse.

עיצוב וייצור של Ultralight משקל, בדיקות Multi-אלקטרודה מתכוונן לקלטות אלקטרו בעכברים

The number of physiological investigations in the mouse, mus musculus, has experienced a recent surge, paralleling the growth in methods of genetic ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls body functions and internal organ rhythms when animals are exposed to emotional challenges and changes in their living environments. In general experiments, signals from different organs, such as the brain and the heart, are recorded by independent recording systems that require multiple recording devices and different procedures for processing the data files. This study describes a new method that can simultaneously monitor electrical biosignals, including tens of local field potentials in multiple brain regions, electrocardiograms that represent the cardiac rhythm, electromyograms that represent awake/sleep-related muscle contraction, and breathing signals, in a freely moving rat. The recording configuration of this method is based on a conventional micro-drive array for cortical local field potential recordings in which tens of electrodes are accommodated, and the signals obtained from these electrodes are integrated into a single electrical board mounted on the animal's head. Here, this recording system was improved so that signals from the peripheral organs are also transferred to an electrical interface board. In a single surgery, electrodes are first separately implanted into the appropriate body parts and the target brain areas. The open ends of all of these electrodes are then soldered to individual channels of the electrical board above the animal's head so that all of the signals can be integrated into the single electrical board. Connecting this board to a recording device allows for the collection of all of the signals into a single device, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data processing, because all data can be handled in the same data file. This technique will aid the understanding of the neurophysiological correlates of the associations between central and peripheral organs.

This study introduces a method for the simultaneous recording of local field potentials in the brain, electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and breathing signals of a freely moving rat. This technique, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data analysis, will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between the brain and peripheral organs.

הקלטות סימולטני של פוטנציאל קורטיקלית שדה מקומי, רל, Electromyogram נושם קצב מעכברוש נעה בחופשיות

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls ...

Chronic Implantation of Whole-cortical Electrocorticographic Array in the Common Marmoset

Electrocorticography (ECoG) allows the monitoring of electrical field potentials from the cerebral cortex with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent development of thin, flexible ECoG electrodes has enabled conduction of stable recordings of large-scale cortical activity. We have developed a whole-cortical ECoG array for the common marmoset. The array continuously covers almost the entire lateral surface of cortical hemisphere, from the occipital pole to the temporal and frontal poles, and it captures whole-cortical neural activity in one shot. This protocol describes a chronic implantation procedure of the array in the epidural space of the marmoset brain. Marmosets have two advantages regarding ECoG recordings, one being the homologous organization of anatomical structures in humans and macaques, including frontal, parietal, and temporal complexes. The other advantage is that the marmoset brain is lissencephalic and contains a large number of complexes, which are more difficult to access in macaques with ECoG, that are exposed to the brain surface.These features allow direct access to most cortical areas beneath the surface of the brain. This system provides an opportunity to investigate global cortical information processing with high resolutions at a sub-millisecond order in time and millimeter order in space.

We have developed a whole-cortical electrocorticographic array for the common marmoset that continuously covers almost the entire lateral surface of cortex, from the occipital pole to the temporal and frontal poles. This protocol describes a chronic implantation procedure of the array in the epidural space of the marmoset brain.

השרשה כרונית של מערך שלם-קורטיקליים Electrocorticographic ב המרמוסט נפוצות

Electrocorticography (ECoG) allows the monitoring of electrical field potentials from the cerebral cortex with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent ...

Rabies Necropsy Techniques in Large and Small Animals

The New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) Rabies Laboratory receives between 6,000 to 9,000 specimens annually and performs rabies testing for the entire state, with the exception of New York City. The Rabies laboratory necropsies a variety of animals ranging in size from bats to bovids. Most of these specimens are animals exhibiting neurological signs, however, less than 10% actually test positive for rabies; implying trauma, lesions or other infectious agents as the cause of these symptoms. Due to the risk of aerosolizing undiagnosed infectious agents, the Rabies Laboratory does not use power tools or saws. Three necropsy techniques will be presented for animals whose skulls are impenetrable with scissors. The laboratory has implemented these techniques to decrease potential exposure to infectious agents, eliminate unnecessary manipulation of the specimen and reduce processing time. The advantages of a preferred technique opposed to another is subject to the trained individual processing the specimen.

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate safe necropsy techniques in small and large animals to obtain satisfactory tissue samples for rabies testing.

כלבת נקרומה טכניקות בעלי חיים גדולים וקטנים

The New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) Rabies Laboratory receives between 6,000 to 9,000 specimens annually and performs rabies testing for the ...

Multi-Fiber Photometry to Record Neural Activity in Freely-Moving Animals

Recording the activity of a group of neurons in a freely-moving animal is a challenging undertaking. Moreover, as the brain is dissected into smaller and smaller functional subgroups, it becomes paramount to record from projections and/or genetically-defined subpopulations of neurons. Fiber photometry is an accessible and powerful approach that can overcome these challenges. By combining optical and genetic methodologies, neural activity can be measured in deep brain structures by expressing genetically-encoded calcium indicators, which translate neural activity into an optical signal that can be easily measured. The current protocol details the components of a multi-fiber photometry system, how to access deep brain structures to deliver and collect light, a method to account for motion artifacts, and how to process and analyze fluorescent signals. The protocol details experimental considerations when performing single and dual color imaging, from either single or multiple implanted optic fibers.

This protocol details how to implement and perform multi-fiber photometry recordings, how to correct for calcium-independent artifacts, and important considerations for dual-color photometry imaging.

מולטי-סיב פונסה להקליט פעילות עצבית בבעלי חיים הנעים באופן חופשי

Recording the activity of a group of neurons in a freely-moving animal is a challenging undertaking. Moreover, as the brain is dissected into smaller and ...