אנו מודים לד&quot;ר Soshana סוונדסן לביקורת ועריכת דוח זה קריטי. עבודה זו תרמה לעל ידי NIH / NINDS 1U24NS078370-01 וCIRM DR2A-05,320.

יש המחברים אין לחשוף.

<img alt="איור 6" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51219/51219fig6highres.jpg" width="500" /> איור 6. חיתוך סכמטי. הרחבת תאי גזע אליפטית / אב בתרבות בשיטת החיתוך המכני. שלבים קריטיים סקירה של ה?...

A correction was made to <a href="/video/51219">A cGMP-applicable Expansion Method for Aggregates of Human Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells or Fetal Brain Tissue</a>. The corresponding author was changed from:
Brandon C. Shelley 
to:
Clive Svendsen

A correction was made to <a href="/video/51219">A cGMP-applicable Expansion Method for Aggregates of Human Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells or Fetal Brain Tissue</a>. The corresponding author was changed.

Erratum: A cGMP-applicable Expansion Method for Aggregates of Human Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells or Fetal Brain Tissue

יש היסטוריה של הרחבת תאי גזע עצביים מכרסמים בתרבות כמו גם monolayer 1-3 או 4-7 neurospheres המצרפי ארוכה. בנוסף, תאים אנושיים ותאים עצביים (hNPCs) מבודדים מאזורים השונים של מערכת העצבים המרכזית מתפתחת 8-17 הורחבו במבחנה. תאים אלה הם דו עוצמה, מסוגל להבדיל לשני האסטרוציטים ונוירונים והיה כלי שימושי מאוד בלימוד התפתחות עצבית 18,19 ו20,21 מנגנון מחלה. hNPCs גם הושתל לתוך מודלים של בעלי חיים רבים ושונים של מחלות מערכת עצבים מרכזיות עם רמות משתנות של אינטגרציה, הישרדות והשפעות פונקציונליות 22-24. באופן מסורתי, מכרסם או NPCs נגזר עוברי האנושי חשופים לגורמי גדילה - גורם לעתים קרובות אפידרמיס צמיחה (EGF) ו / או גידול פיברובלסטים גורם-2 (FGF-2) 25-28 - ושניהם 29 חסיד ושלושהמערכות אליפטית ממדיות בדרך כלל passaged באמצעות ניתוק האנזימטית לתוך השעיה תא בודד 30-34. השיטה סטנדרטית להרחבת תאים למחקר או לשימוש קליני היא כmonolayer חסיד בשל מניפולציה קלה. עם זאת, יש לנו הראינו כי hNPCs monolayer passaging וneurosphere עם האנזימטית או תמיסות כימיות הביאה להזדקנות המוקדמת 35. בנוסף, דיסוציאציה האנזימטית עלולה לגרום לרמות מוגברות של מומים בידול וkaryotypic מבוססים על נתונים הפגינו עם תאי גזע עובריים 36-38. למרות שהשיטה סטנדרטית של hNPCs passaging הפיקה בפועל ייצור טוב הנוכחיים מוצרי כיתה (cGMP) שהושקעו בשלב 1 בניסויים קליניים (בתאי גזע Inc, Neuralstem Inc), השיטה מותר רק כמה סיבובים של הגברה תא, המגביל את בנקאי פוטנציאלי. ברור, ניסויי מחקר גדולים וניסויים קליניים בעתיד יכולים להפיק תועלת מהיכולתלהפיץ תאים בכמויות גדולות ועם הזדקנות מתעכבת כדי לאפשר צמיחה בקנה מידה גדולה ובבנקאות סלולרי. כדי לענות על צורך זה, פיתחנו רומן ודרך אוטומטית של neurospheres שלמות מכאנית passaging ידי &quot;לקצוץ&quot; אותם לקבוצות קטנות כדי לשמור על קשר תא אל התא. בשיטה זו גדלה מאוד תרבות תוחלת החיים 39 והשעיה שלהם מאפשרת שימוש יעיל יותר של שטח חממה בהשוואה לתרבויות monolayer, כפי שניתן לראות בשיטת תרבות bioreactor 3D אלטרנטיבית 40. פרוטוקול הקיצוץ בתנאי מאפשר לייצור של בנקים בקנה מידה גדולה ממדגם העובר אחד גדול יותר ממעבר 10, הישג סביר בשיטות passaging סטנדרטיות. בעוד ששיטה זו לhNPCs passaging היא בלתי שגרתית, הוא גדל ב פופולריות והיה לאחרונה, שפורסם עם סוגי תאים אחרים כגון תאי גזע עצביים שמקורם עוברי אנושי ותאי גזע pluripotent מושרה, המאפשרים התרחבות בקנה מידה גדולה עבור יישומים שונים, כולל בvדוגמנות המחלה itro 41-46. חשוב מכך, בנק תאים בדרגת cGMP hNPC כבר הופק בשיטת החיתוך, הוכחת כי הטכניקה יכולה להיות מיושמת כלפי יישומים קליניים בעתיד.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1230">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Beaker, 50 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>FB-100-50</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Bio-Safety Cabinet, class II</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Baker</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">SG-603A</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">4 ft. or 6 ft. model.&#160; 6 ft. model recommended; multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Blades, Double-edge Prep</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Personna</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">74-0002</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers.&#160; CAUTION: Sharp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Cell Freezing Media</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">C6295-50ML</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">DMSO, serum-free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Centrifuge, swing-bucket with 15 mL inserts</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">5810 R</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Conical Tubes, 15 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">S50712</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Conical Tubes, 50 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">352074</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Controlled Rate Freezer</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Planer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Kryo 750</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Cryovials, 2 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">430488</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Culture Flask, Vented, T12.5</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">353107</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Culture Flask, Vented, T25</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">353081</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Culture Flask, Vented, T175</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">353045</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Culture Flask, Vented, T75&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">353110</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Filter, 0.22 &#181;m, attached cup, 1 L</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">SCGPU11RE</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Filter, 0.22 &#181;m, attached cup, 150 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">SCGVU01RE</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Filter, 0.22 &#181;m, attached cup, 500 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">SCGPU05RE</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Filter, 0.22 &#181;m, attached cup, 50 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">SCGP00525</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Filter Paper, 8.5 cm circles</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Whatman/GE</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">1001-085</td>
			<td style="width:464px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Forceps, Standard Pattern - Serrated/Curved/18 cm</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">11001-18</td>
			<td style="width:464px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Freezing Chamber, Isopropyl Alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Nalgene</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">5100-0001</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">&#34;Mr. Frosty&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Incubator, 37&#176;C/5% CO2</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Forma</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">370 series</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Hemacytometer, Phase</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Hausser Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">1475</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">McIlwain Tissue Chopper</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Lafayette Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">TC752-PD</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">&#160;Petri dish modification required.&#160;&#160; CAUTION:&#160; Moving, sharp blade.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Micropipettor, 1 - 10 &#956;L</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">F144562</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Micropipettor, 100 - 1000 &#956;L (starter kit)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">F167700</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Micropipettor, 2 - 20 &#956;L (starter kit)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">F167700</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Micropipettor, 20 - 200 &#956;L (starter kit)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">F167700</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nutdriver, Autoclavable, 5/16&#34;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Steritool</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">10302</td>
			<td style="width:464px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pasteur Pipets, cotton-plugged</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">13-678-8B</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Petri Dish, Glass, Autoclavable</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">3160-100</td>
			<td style="width:464px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Pipet Aid</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Drummond</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">4-000-101</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Shim disc</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">VARIABLE</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Sterile barrier pipet tips, 10 &#956;L</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">AvantGuard</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">AV10R-H</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Sterile barrier pipet tips, 1000 &#956;L</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">AvantGuard</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">AV1000</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Sterile barrier pipet tips, 20 &#956;L</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">AvantGuard</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">AV20-H</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Sterile barrier pipet tips, 200 &#956;L</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">AvantGuard</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">AV200-H</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Sterile Disposable pipettes, all-plastic wrap, 10 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">13-676-10J</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Sterile Disposable pipettes, all-plastic wrap, 2 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">13-675-3C</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Sterile Disposable pipettes, all-plastic wrap, 25 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">13-676-10K</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Sterile Disposable pipettes, all-plastic wrap, 5 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">13-676-10H</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Sterilization Pouches, 19 x 33 cm</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Crosstex</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">SCL</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:479px;">Strainer, 40 &#181;m</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">352340</td>
			<td style="width:464px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Tissue Culture Dishes, 60 mm</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">351007</td>
			<td style="width:464px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Tube Racks, Interlocking Four-Way</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">03-448-17</td>
			<td style="width:464px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Water Bath</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>S52602Q</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:464px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Neural Progenitor Cell-Specific Processing Reagents</td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td style="width:464px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Neural Stem Cell Expansion Medium (Stemline)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">S3194-500ML</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">Important to use the Stemline brand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">GF316</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Recombinant Human Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">LIF1010</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Trypan Blue (0.4%)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">T8154-100ML</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">TrypLE Select (1X)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">12563-011</td>
			<td style="width:464px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a cgmp-applicable expansion method for aggregates of human neural stem and progenitor cells derived from pluripotent stem cells or fetal brain tissue

טכניקת הרחבת תא לצבור מספר גדול של תאים מדגימה אחת עבור ניסויי מחקר וניסויים קליניים תרוויח הקהילה בתאי גזע באופן משמעותי. שיטות הרחבה הנוכחיות רבות מייגע ויקרות, ואלה הקשורים ניתוק מוחלט עלולים לגרום לכמה סוגי גזע ותאים ובתאים לעבור התמיינות או הזדקנות מוקדמת. כדי להתגבר על בעיות אלה, פיתחנו שיטת passaging מכאנית אוטומטית המכונה &quot;קיצוץ&quot; כי הוא פשוט ולא יקר. טכניקה זו מונעת ניתוק כימי או אנזימטי לתאים בודדים, ובמקום זאת מאפשרת להרחבה בקנה מידה גדולה של תרבויות מושעים, אליפטית, כי לשמור על קשר עם תא / תא קבוע. שיטת הקיצוץ יש בעיקר נעשתה שימוש בתאים עובריים שמקורם במוח עצבי אב או neurospheres, ולאחרונה יצאה לאור לשימוש בתאי גזע עצביים שמקורם בתאי גזע pluripotent עובריים ומושרים. Involv ההליךes זריעת neurospheres על גבי צלחת פטרי תרבית רקמה ולאחר מכן עובר להב חד, סטרילי דרך תאי יעילות אוטומציה של התהליך המייגע של ידני מכאני מתנער בכל תחום. השעיית תאים בתרבית מספקת יחס שטח לנפח חיובי פני השטח; כפי שניתן גדלו מעל 500,000 תאים בתוך neurosphere אחד של פחות מ 0.5 מ&quot;מ קוטר. בבקבוק T175 אחד, מעל 50 מיליון תאים יכולים לגדול בתרבויות השעיה לעומת רק 15 מ&#39;בתרבויות חסיד. חשוב מכך, הליך הקיצוץ נעשה שימוש בפרקטיקת ייצור טוב הנוכחית (cGMP), המאפשר ייצור כמות המוני של מוצרי תא כיתה קלינית.

<img alt="איור 5" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51219/51219fig5highres.jpg" width="500" /> מספרים סלולריים איור 5. נציגי נתונים.) תחזית של hNPCs הקפוא ב p19, ולאחר מכן הפשירו והתרחבו כmonolayer חסיד באמצעות ניתוק האנזימטית בהשוואה לneurospheres passaged באמצעות שיטת החיתוך. יום 0 מיי?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A cGMP-applicable Expansion Method for Aggregates of Human Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells or Fetal Brain Tissue at JoVE.

A cGMP-applicable Expansion Method for Aggregates of Human Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells or Fetal Brain Tissue

פרוטוקול זה מתאר שיטת חיתוך מכאנית רומן המאפשרת ההתרחבות של אגרגטים גזע ותאים אב עצביים כדוריים ללא ניתוק להשעית תא בודד. שמירה על קשר תא / תא מאפשרת צמיחה מהירה ויציבה במשך 40 מעברים.

שיטת הרחבת cGMP-ישימה עבור מצרפים של עצבי אנושי ותאים שמקורם בתאי גזע pluripotent או רקמת מוח עוברית

A cell expansion technique to amass large numbers of cells from a single specimen for research experiments and clinical trials would greatly benefit the ...

a-cgmp-applicable-expansion-method-for-aggregates-human-neural-stem

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.4K Views.  Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.  פרוטוקול זה מתאר שיטת חיתוך מכאנית רומן המאפשרת ההתרחבות של אגרגטים גזע ותאים אב עצביים כדוריים ללא ניתוק להשעית תא בודד. שמירה על קשר תא / תא מאפשרת צמיחה מהירה ויציבה במשך 40 מעברים. 

Video: A cGMP-applicable Expansion Method for Aggregates of Human Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells or Fetal Brain Tissue

Neural-Colony Forming Cell Assay: An Assay To Discriminate Bona Fide Neural Stem Cells from Neural Progenitor Cells

The neurosphere assay (NSA) is one of the most frequently used methods to isolate, expand and also calculate the frequency of neural stem cells (NSCs). Furthermore, this serum-free culture system has also been employed to expand stem cells and determine their frequency from a variety of tumors and normal tissues. It has been shown recently that a one-to-one relationship does not exist between neurosphere formation and NSCs. This suggests that the NSA as currently applied, overestimates the frequency of NSCs in a mixed population of neural precursor cells isolated from both the embryonic and adult mammalian brain. This video practically demonstrates a novel collagen based semi- solid assay, the neural-colony forming cell assay (N-CFCA), which has the ability to discriminate stem from progenitor cells based on their long-term proliferative potential, and thus provides a method to enumerate NSC frequency. In the N-CFCA, colonies &ge;2 mm in diameter are derived from cells that meet all the functional criteria of a NSC, while colonies &lt; 2mm are derived from progenitors. The N-CFCA procedure can be used for cells prepared from different sources including primary and cultured adult or embryonic mouse CNS cells. Here we use cells prepared from passage one neurospheres generated from embryonic day 14 mice brain to perform N-CFCA. The cultures are replenished with proliferation medium every seven days for three weeks to allow the plated cells to exhibit their full proliferative potential and then the frequency of neural progenitor and bona fide neural stem cells is calculated respectively by counting the number of colonies that are &lt; 2mm and the ones that are &ge;2mm in reference to the number of cells that were initially plated.

This video protocol demonstrates how to discriminate and enumerate bona fide neural stem cells in a mixed population of neural precursor cells using the neural colony-forming cell assay.

עצבית, המושבה יצירת Assay נייד: Assay להפלות בונה תאים בתום גזע עצביים מן ובתאים עצבית

The neurosphere assay (NSA) is one of the most frequently used methods to isolate, expand and also calculate the frequency of neural stem cells (NSCs). ...

Generation of Neural Stem Cells from Discarded Human Fetal Cortical Tissue

Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside along the ventricular zone neuroepithelium during the development of the cortical plate. These early progenitors ultimately give rise to intermediate progenitors and later, the various neuronal and glial cell subtypes that form the cerebral cortex. The capacity to generate and expand human NSCs (so called neurospheres) from discarded normal fetal tissue provides a means with which to directly study the functional aspects of normal human NSC development 1-5. This approach can also be directed toward the generation of NSCs from known neurological disorders, thereby affording the opportunity to identify disease processes that alter progenitor proliferation, migration and differentiation 6-9. We have focused on identifying pathological mechanisms in human Down syndrome NSCs that might contribute to the accelerated Alzheimer's disease phenotype 10,11. Neither in vivo nor in vitro mouse models can replicate the identical repertoire of genes located on human chromosome 21. 
Here we use a simple and reliable method to isolate Down syndrome NSCs from aborted human fetal cortices and grow them in culture. The methodology provides specific aspects of harvesting the tissue, dissection with limited anatomical landmarks, cell sorting, plating and passaging of human NSCs. We also provide some basic protocols for inducing differentiation of human NSCs into more selective cell subtypes.

A simple and reliable method on isolation and culture of neural stem cells from discarded human fetal cortical tissue is described. Cultures derived from known human neurological disorders can be used for characterization of pathological cellular and molecular processes, as well as provide a platform to assess pharmacological efficacy.

הדור של בתאי גזע עצביים מן רקמה אנושית זרוקות קליפתיים עוברית

Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside along the ventricular zone neuroepithelium during the development of the cortical plate. These early progenitors ...

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for tissue formation during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis during adulthood 1. Currently, great efforts are invested towards controlling the switch of somatic stem cells from expansion to differentiation because this is thought to be fundamental for developing novel strategies for regenerative medicine 1,2. However, a major challenge in the study and use of somatic stem cell is that their expansion has been proven very difficult to control.
Here we describe a system that allows the control of neural stem/progenitor cell (altogether referred to as NSC) expansion in the mouse embryonic cortex or the adult hippocampus by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, a major regulator of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and somatic stem cell differentiation 3,4. Specifically, two different approaches are described by which the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex is overexpressed in NSC in vivo. By the first approach, overexpression of the cell cycle regulators is obtained by injecting plasmids encoding for cdk4/cyclinD1 in the lumen of the mouse telencephalon followed by in utero electroporation to deliver them to NSC of the lateral cortex, thus, triggering episomal expression of the transgenes 5-8. By the second approach, highly concentrated HIV-derived viruses are stereotaxically injected in the dentate gyrus of the adult mouse hippocampus, thus, triggering constitutive expression of the cell cycle regulators after integration of the viral construct in the genome of infected cells 9. Both approaches, whose basic principles were already described by other video protocols 10-14, were here optimized to i) reduce tissue damage, ii) target wide portions of very specific brain regions, iii) obtain high numbers of manipulated cells within each region, and iv) trigger high expression levels of the transgenes within each cell. Transient overexpression of the transgenes using the two approaches is obtained by different means i.e. by natural dilution of the electroporated plasmids due to cell division or tamoxifen administration in Cre-expressing NSC infected with viruses carrying cdk4/cyclinD1 flanked by loxP sites, respectively 9,15.
These methods provide a very powerful platform to acutely and tissue-specifically manipulate the expression of any gene in the mouse brain. In particular, by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, our system allows the temporal control of NSC expansion and their switch to differentiation, thus, ultimately increasing the number of neurons generated in the mammalian brain. Our approach may be critically important for basic research and using somatic stem cells for therapy of the mammalian central nervous system while providing a better understanding of i) stem cell contribution to tissue formation during development, ii) tissue homeostasis during adulthood, iii) the role of adult neurogenesis in cognitive functions, and perhaps, iv) better using somatic stem cells in models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Controlling the expansion of somatic stem cells is a major factor hampering their study and use in therapy. Here we describe a system to temporally control neural stem cells expansion during development and adulthood, which can be used to increase the number of neurons generated in the mouse brain.

התרחבות של תאי גזע עצביים עובריים ומבוגרים על ידי<em&gt; ברחם</em&gt; Electroporation או הזרקת Stereotaxic ויראלי

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrates throughout the embryo, giving rise to diverse cell types 1-3. NC also has the unique ability to influence the differentiation and maturation of target organs4-6. When explanted in vitro, NC progenitors undergo self-renewal, migrate and differentiate into a variety of tissue types including neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells, cartilage and bone. 
NC multipotency was first described from explants of the avian neural tube7-9. In vitro isolation of NC cells facilitates the study of NC dynamics including proliferation, migration, and multipotency. Further work in the avian and rat systems demonstrated that explanted NC cells retain their NC potential when transplanted back into the embryo10-13. Because these inherent cellular properties are preserved in explanted NC progenitors, the neural tube explant assay provides an attractive option for studying the NC in vitro. 
To attain a better understanding of the mammalian NC, many methods have been employed to isolate NC populations. NC-derived progenitors can be cultured from post-migratory locations in both the embryo and adult to study the dynamics of post-migratory NC progenitors11,14-20, however isolation of NC progenitors as they emigrate from the neural tube provides optimal preservation of NC cell potential and migratory properties13,21,22. Some protocols employ fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate a NC population enriched for particular progenitors11,13,14,17. However, when starting with early stage embryos, cell numbers adequate for analyses are difficult to obtain with FACS, complicating the isolation of early NC populations from individual embryos. Here, we describe an approach that does not rely on FACS and results in an approximately 96% pure NC population based on a Wnt1-Cre activated lineage reporter23. 
The method presented here is adapted from protocols optimized for the culture of rat NC11,13. The advantages of this protocol compared to previous methods are that 1) the cells are not grown on a feeder layer, 2) FACS is not required to obtain a relatively pure NC population, 3) premigratory NC cells are isolated and 4) results are easily quantified. Furthermore, this protocol can be used for isolation of NC from any mutant mouse model, facilitating the study of NC characteristics with different genetic manipulations. The limitation of this approach is that the NC is removed from the context of the embryo, which is known to influence the survival, migration and differentiation of the NC2,24-28.

Isolation of embryonic neural crest from the neural tube facilitates the use of in vitro methods for studying migration, self-renewal, and multipotency of neural crest.

בידוד והתרבות של תאים עצביים לפסגה מהצינור עובריים עצבית Murine

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

Progenitor-derived Oligodendrocyte Culture System from Human Fetal Brain

Differentiation of human neural progenitors into neuronal and glial cell types offers a model to study and compare molecular regulation of neural cell lineage development. In vitro expansion of neural progenitors from fetal CNS tissue has been well characterized. Despite the identification and isolation of glial progenitors from adult human sub-cortical white matter and development of various culture conditions to direct differentiation of fetal neural progenitors into myelin producing oligodendrocytes, acquiring sufficient human oligodendrocytes for in vitro experimentation remains difficult. Differentiation of galactocerebroside+ (GalC) and O4+ oligodendrocyte precursor or progenitor cells (OPC) from neural precursor cells has been reported using second trimester fetal brain. However, these cells do not proliferate in the absence of support cells including astrocytes and neurons, and are lost quickly over time in culture. The need remains for a culture system to produce cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage suitable for in vitro experimentation.
Culture of primary human oligodendrocytes could, for example, be a useful model to study the pathogenesis of neurotropic infectious agents like the human polyomavirus, JCV, that in vivo infects those cells. These cultured cells could also provide models of other demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Primary, human fetal brain-derived, multipotential neural progenitor cells proliferate in vitro while maintaining the capacity to differentiate into neurons (progenitor-derived neurons, PDN) and astrocytes (progenitor-derived astrocytes, PDA) This study shows that neural progenitors can be induced to differentiate through many of the stages of oligodendrocytic lineage development (progenitor-derived oligodendrocytes, PDO). We culture neural progenitor cells in DMEM-F12 serum-free media supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-AA), Sonic hedgehog (Shh), neurotrophic factor 3 (NT-3), N-2 and triiodothyronine (T3). The cultured cells are passaged at 2.5e6 cells per 75cm flasks approximately every seven days. Using these conditions, the majority of the cells in culture maintain a morphology characterized by few processes and express markers of pre-oligodendrocyte cells, such as A2B5 and O-4. When we remove the four growth factors (GF) (bFGF, PDGF-AA, Shh, NT-3) and add conditioned media from PDN, the cells start to acquire more processes and express markers specific of oligodendrocyte differentiation, such as GalC and myelin basic protein (MBP). We performed phenotypic characterization using multicolor flow cytometry to identify unique markers of oligodendrocyte.

Primary, human fetal brain-derived, multipotential progenitor cells proliferate in vitro while maintaining the capacity to differentiate into neurons and astrocytes. This work shows that neural progenitors can be induced to differentiate through stages of the oligodendrocytic lineage by conditioning with select growth factors.

מערכת מוליד-נגזר Oligodendrocyte תרבות ממוח העוברי של אדם

Differentiation of human neural progenitors into neuronal and glial cell types offers a model to study and compare molecular regulation of neural cell ...

Feeder-free Derivation of Neural Crest Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a source of transplantable cells for regenerative applications after disease or accidents. Neural crest (NC) cells are the precursors for a large variety of adult somatic cells, such as cells from the peripheral nervous system and glia, melanocytes and mesenchymal cells. They are a valuable source of cells to study aspects of human embryonic development, including cell fate specification and migration. Further differentiation of NC progenitor cells into terminally differentiated cell types offers the possibility to model human diseases in vitro, investigate disease mechanisms and generate cells for regenerative medicine. This article presents the adaptation of a currently available in vitro differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs. This new protocol requires 18 days of differentiation, is feeder-free, easily scalable and highly reproducible among human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines. Both old and new protocols yield NC cells of equal identity.

Neural crest (NC) cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) have great potential for modeling human development and disease and for cell replacement therapies. Here, a feeder-free adaptation of the currently widely used in vitro differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs is presented.

גזירה ללא מזין של תאים עצביים קרסט אב קדמון מפלוריפוטנטיים אדם בתאי גזע

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a ...

Directed Dopaminergic Neuron Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (also known as A9 DA neurons) are the specific cell type that is lost in Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD). There is great interest in deriving A9 DA neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for regenerative cell replacement therapy for PD. During neural development, A9 DA neurons originate from the floor plate (FP) precursors located at the ventral midline of the central nervous system. Here, we optimized the culture conditions for the stepwise differentiation of hPSCs to A9 DA neurons, which mimics embryonic DA neuron development. In our protocol, we first describe the efficient generation of FP precursor cells from hPSCs using a small molecule method, and then convert the FP cells to A9 DA neurons, which could be maintained in vitro for several months. This efficient, repeatable and controllable protocol works well in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from normal persons and PD patients, in which one could derive A9 DA neurons to perform in vitro disease modeling and drug screening and in vivo cell transplantation therapy for PD.

We, based on knowledge from developmental biology and published research, developed an optimized protocol to efficiently generate A9 midbrain dopaminergic neurons from both human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells, which would be useful for disease modeling and cell replacement therapy for Parkinson&#8217;s disease.

בימוי דופאמין Neuron בידול מתאי גזע pluripotent האדם

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta  (also known as A9 DA neurons) are the specific cell type that is lost in ...

Identifying Cell Surface Markers of Primary Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells by Metabolic Labeling of Sialoglycan

Neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) are the cellular basis for the complex structures and functions of the brain. They are located in specialized niches in vivo and can be isolated and expanded in vitro, serving as an important resource for cell transplantation to repair brain damage. However, NSPCs are heterogeneous and not clearly defined at the molecular level or purified due to a lack of specific cell surface markers. The protocol presented, which has been previously reported, combines a neural-endothelial co-culture system with a metabolic glycan labeling method to identify the surface sialoglycoproteome of primary NSPCs. The NSPC-endothelial co-culture system allows self-renewal and expansion of primary NSPCs in vitro, generating a sufficient number of NSPCs. Sialoglycans in cultured NSPCs are labeled using an unnatural sialic acid metabolic reporter with bioorthogonal functional groups. By comparing the sialoglycoproteome from self-renewing NSPCs expanded in an endothelial co-culture with differentiating neural culture, we identify a list of membrane proteins that are enriched in NSPCs. In detail, the protocol involves: 1) set-up of an NSPC-endothelial co-culture and NSPC differentiating culture; 2) labeling with azidosugar per-O-acetylated N-azidoacetylmannosamine (Ac4ManNAz); and 3) biotin conjugation to modified sialoglycan for imaging after fixation of neural culture or protein extraction from neural culture for mass spectrometry analysis. Then, the NSPC-enriched surface marker candidates are selected by comparative analysis of mass spectrometry data from both the expanded NSPC and differentiated neural cultures. This protocol is highly sensitive for identifying membrane proteins of low abundance in the starting materials, and it can be applied to marker discovery in other systems with appropriate modifications

Presented here is a protocol that combines an in vitro neural-endothelial co-culture system and metabolic incorporation of sialoglycan with bioorthogonal functional groups to expand primary neural stem and progenitor cells and label their surface sialoglycoproteins for imaging or mass-spectrometry analysis of cell surface markers.

זיהוי סמני שטח תא של גזע עצבי ראשוני ובתאי מחולל מטבולית על ידי תיוג מטבולי של סילוגליקן

Neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) are the cellular basis for the complex structures and functions of the brain. They are located in specialized ...

Derivation, Expansion, Cryopreservation and Characterization of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) can be differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to develop ex vivo cellular models for studying blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. This modified protocol provides detailed steps to derive, expand, and cryopreserve BMECs from human iPSCs using a different donor and reagents than those reported in previous protocols. iPSCs are treated with essential 6 medium for 4 days, followed by 2 days of human endothelial serum-free culture medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor, retinoic acid, and B27 supplement. At day 6, cells are sub-cultured onto a collagen/fibronectin matrix for 2 days. Immunocytochemistry is performed at day 8 for BMEC marker analysis using CLDN5, OCLN, TJP1, PECAM1, and SLC2A1. Western blotting is performed to confirm BMEC marker expression, and absence of SOX17, an endodermal marker. Angiogenic potential is demonstrated with a sprouting assay. Trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) is measured using chopstick electrodes and voltohmmeter starting at day 7. Efflux transporter activity for ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1 and ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 1 is measured using a multi-plate reader at day 8. Successful derivation of BMECs is confirmed by the presence of relevant cell markers, low levels of SOX17, angiogenic potential, transporter activity, and TEER values ~2000 &#937; x cm2. BMECs are expanded until day 10 before passaging onto freshly coated collagen/fibronectin plates or cryopreserved. This protocol demonstrates that iPSC-derived BMECs can be expanded and passaged at least once. However, lower TEER values and poorer localization of BMEC markers was observed after cryopreservation. BMECs can be utilized in co-culture experiments with other cell types (neurons, glia, pericytes), in three-dimensional brain models (organ-chip and hydrogel), for vascularization of brain organoids, and for studying BBB dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders.

This protocol details an adapted method to derive, expand, and cryopreserve brain microvascular endothelial cells obtained by differentiating human induced pluripotent stem cells, and to study blood brain barrier properties in an ex vivo model.

נגזרת, התרחבות, קריומורציה ואפיון של תאי אנדותל מיקרו-וסקולריים במוח מתאי גזע פלוריפוטנטיים הנגרמים על ידי בני אדם

Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) can be differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to develop ex vivo cellular models ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Multiple Mitochondrial Parameters in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Neural and Glial Derivatives

Mitochondria are important in the pathophysiology of many neurodegenerative diseases. Changes in mitochondrial volume, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number are often features of these processes. This report details a novel flow cytometry-based approach to measure multiple mitochondrial parameters in different cell types, including human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and iPSC-derived neural and glial cells. This flow-based strategy uses live cells to measure mitochondrial volume, MMP, and ROS levels, as well as fixed cells to estimate components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) and mtDNA-associated proteins such as mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). 
By co-staining with fluorescent reporters, including MitoTracker Green (MTG), tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE), and MitoSox Red, changes in mitochondrial volume, MMP, and mitochondrial ROS can be quantified and related to mitochondrial content. Double staining with antibodies against MRC complex subunits and translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 (TOMM20) permits the assessment of MRC subunit expression. As the amount of TFAM is proportional to mtDNA copy number, the measurement of TFAM per TOMM20 gives an indirect measurement of mtDNA per mitochondrial volume. The entire protocol can be carried out within 2-3 h. Importantly, these protocols allow the measurement of mitochondrial parameters, both at the total level and the specific level per mitochondrial volume, using flow cytometry.

This study reports a novel approach to measure multiple mitochondrial functional parameters based on flow cytometry and double staining with two fluorescent reporters or antibodies to detect changes in mitochondrial volume, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species level, mitochondrial respiratory chain composition, and mitochondrial DNA.

ניתוח ציטומטרי של זרימה של פרמטרים מיטוכונדריאליים מרובים בתאי גזע פלוריפוטנטיים המושרים על ידי האדם ונגזרותיהם העצביות והגליליות

Mitochondria are important in the pathophysiology of many neurodegenerative diseases. Changes in mitochondrial volume, mitochondrial membrane potential ...