מחקר זה נתמך על ידי תכנית נתמכת-MEXT לקרן המחקר האסטרטגי באוניברסיטאות פרטיות וJSPs מדען הצעיר ב &#39;המענק לHT ברצוננו להודות לOhtake Norihito כדי לערוך את קטעי וידאו.

1. הכן צלחת תפוחים <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מערבבים 12.5 אגר גרם, 125 מיליליטר 100% מיץ זמין מסחרי תפוח, 12.5 גרם גלוקוז, ו375 מיליליטר H 2 O. מיקרוגל את התערובת במשך 1 עד 2 דקות ויוצקים לצלחת תרבית תאי 3 סנטימטר. חנות ב 4 ° C. </li></ol> 2. צלב גנטי <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> השתמש בצלב הגנטי הנציג הבא: </li></ol> Or49a-mCD8 :: ה-GFP / ארגון נוער קתולי x w 1118 3. פרוטוקול Dissection והמכתים <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להרדים את הזבוב ולאחר מכן לחתוך את הראש לטוס בצורה אנכית על ידי החזקתו באמצעות מלקחיים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בזהירות להניח את חלק האנטנות המכילות בצלחת תפוחים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חותכים את הקטע השלישי של האנטנה באמצעות מספריים לנתיחה בסדר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הנח 90 μl של פתרון הקיבעון (paraformaldehyde 4% בPBST 0.1% (PBS עם 0.1% טריטון X-100)) לאמצע צלחת תרבות תחתית כוס. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בעדינות להעביר את antenn גזורAE עם מחט חדה ישירות לפתרון הקיבעון. במידת צורך, מבחינה פיזית להטביע את האנטנות לפתרון באמצעות מחט. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> דגירה של 40 דקות בטמפרטורת חדר (RT). שטוף את האנטנות בPBST 0.4% (PBS עם 0.4% טריטון X-100), 3x 10 דקות בכל אחד, לשמור אותם באותה הצלחת. השתמש בעצות צהובות כדי להסיר ולהוסיף פתרון PBST. השתמש 90 μl של הפתרון לשטוף בכל פעם. הערה: אין להניח את הצלחת לתוך שייקר במהלך אימונוהיסטוכימיה. לפני הסרה או הוספת הפתרון לתוך הצלחת, להביא את כל האנטנות במרכז הצלחת באמצעות המחט וזהירות להוסיף או להסיר את הפתרון מהקצה של המנה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חסום את האנטנות עם 90 μl של 5% בסרום סוס רגיל בPBST 0.1% 20 דקות ב RT. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר הסרת חסימת הפתרון, דגירה האנטנות עם 90μl של נוגדנים עיקריים בPBST 0.1% המכילים 5% בסרום סוס ל48 שעות על 4 מעלות צלזיוס במכל לח כפי שתואר לעיל <sעד&gt; 8. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שטוף את אנטנות 6x 10 דקות בPBST 0.4%. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> דגירה האנטנות עם 90 μl של נוגדנים משני בPBST 0.1% המכיל 5% בסרום סוס ל48 שעות ב 4 ° C. שטוף 6x 10 דקות באמצעות PBST 0.4%. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כדי לעלות את האנטנות, להסיר PBST ממנת התרבות ככל האפשר ולהציג בהדרגה שני ריכוזים שונים של גליצרול לאנטנות. ראשית להוסיף גליצרול 40% למנה ל1 עד 2 דקות; לאחר מכן להסיר את זה ולהוסיף גליצרול 80%. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לחלץ בזהירות את האנטנות (כולל גליצרול 80%) ממנת התרבות באמצעות קצה צהוב ומניח אותם על גבי שקופיות. מניח בעדינות coverslip על גבי וסוגר את קצות coverslip עם לק. האנטנות מוכנות להיות צילם על ידי מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי עכשיו. </li></ol>

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	<li>Christensen, T. A., White, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Representation of olfactory information in the brain In The Neurobiology of Taste and Smell. , 201-232 (2000).</li><li>Ache, B. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+a+common+strategy+for+transducing+olfactory+information.">Towards a common strategy for transducing olfactory information.</a> Sem. Cell Biol. 5, 55-63 (1994).</li><li>Bargmann, C. I., Hartwieg, E., Horvitz, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Odorant-selective+genes+and+neurons+mediate+olfaction.">Odorant-selective genes and neurons mediate olfaction.</a> C. elegans. Cell. 13, 515-527 (1993).</li><li>Barth, A. L., Justice, N. J., Ngai, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asynchronous+onset+of+odorant+receptor+expression+in+the+developing+zebrafish+olfactory+system.">Asynchronous onset of odorant receptor expression in the developing zebrafish olfactory system.</a> Neuron. 16, 23-34 (1996).</li><li>Firestein, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+the+olfactory+system+makes+sense+of+scents.">How the olfactory system makes sense of scents.</a> Nature. 413, 211-218 (2001).</li><li>Stockinger, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+circuitry+that+governs+Drosophila+male+courtship+behavior.">Neural circuitry that governs Drosophila male courtship behavior.</a> Cell. 121, 795-807 (2005).</li><li>Endo, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromatin+modification+of+Notch+targets+in+olfactory+receptor+neuron+diversification.">Chromatin modification of Notch targets in olfactory receptor neuron diversification.</a> Nat Neurosci. 15, 224-233 (2011).</li><li>Karim, M. R., Moore, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+analysis+of+Drosophila+larval+peripheral+sensory+neuron+dendrites+and+axons+using+genetic+mosaics.">Morphological analysis of Drosophila larval peripheral sensory neuron dendrites and axons using genetic mosaics.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2011).</li><li>Suh, G. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single+population+of+olfactory+sensory+neurons+mediates+an+innate+avoidance+behaviour+in+Drosophila.">A single population of olfactory sensory neurons mediates an innate avoidance behaviour in Drosophila.</a> Nature. 431, 854-859 (2004).</li><li>Sachse, S., Galizia, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+inhibition+for+temporal+and+spatial+odor+representation+in+olfactory+output+neurons:+A+calcium+imaging+study.">Role of inhibition for temporal and spatial odor representation in olfactory output neurons: A calcium imaging study.</a> J Neurophysiol. 87, 1106-1117 (2002).</li><li>Hallem, E. A., Ho, M. G., Carlson, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+basis+of+odor+coding+in+the+Drosophila+antenna.">The molecular basis of odor coding in the Drosophila antenna.</a> Cell. 117, 965-979 (2004).</li><li>Vosshall, L. B., Wong, A. M., Axel, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+olfactory+sensory+map+in+the+fly+brain.">An olfactory sensory map in the fly brain.</a> Cell. 102, 147-159 (2000).</li><li>Couto, A., Alenius, M., Dickson, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular,+anatomical+and+functional+organization+of+the+Drosophila+olfactory+system.">Molecular, anatomical and functional organization of the Drosophila olfactory system.</a> Curr Biol. 15, 1535-1547 (2005).</li><li>Clyne, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Odorant+response+of+individual+sensilla+on+the+Drosophila+antenna.">Odorant response of individual sensilla on the Drosophila antenna.</a> Invert Neurosci. 3, 127-135 (1997).</li><li>Vosshall, L. 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יש המחברים אין לחשוף.

דיסקציה של אנטנת דרוזופילה אנו מתארים היא פשוט וקל לביצוע בסביבת מעבדה. כדי להבטיח לנתיחה מוצלחת, חיוני לנצל מספריים עדינים עם קצוות. בעוד immunostaining האנטנה גזור, חשוב כדי לדגור אותם במכל המלא בלחות, כדי למנוע אידוי של פתרון הנוגדן. יש האנטנה גזור נטייה לצוף בפתרון. ...

מערכת חוש הריח משמשת להבחין בין מגוון עצום של מולקולות ריח ולאחר מכן לשלוח את המידע וכתוצאה מכך למרכזי המוח גבוהים יותר. קלט זה משמש לשלוט במדויק התנהגות בעלי חיים בסיסית, כגון האכלה והזדווגות 1-6. כמו כל סוג תא עצב חוש הריח קשור לקבוצה מסוימת של ריחות, הפיזור של תאי עצב קולטני ריח (orn) ים הוא חיוני לתפקוד התקין של מערכת חוש הריח נכון 7. הגנטיקה דרוזופילה מאפשרת לנו לבצע חקירה ברמת התא בודדת מעורבת מנגנונים מולקולריים הקשורים בהתפתחות orn ותפקוד פיסיולוגי 8-16. immunostaining ההר השלם של אנטנות דרוזופילה אפשר לנו להבין בפירוט רב יותר את המנגנונים המולקולריים המעורבים בפיזור של תאי עצב קולטני ריח (orn) של 7. במסמך זה אנו מספקים תיאור מקיף של שיטה פשוטה לachieve זה.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Stemi DV4 dissection microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>Stemi DV4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass bottom culture dishes&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MatTek corporation</td><td>P35G-0-10-C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissection scissor</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>15000-08</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rat anti-ELAV</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td>7E8A10</td><td>Dilution 1:200</td></tr><tr><td>Mouse anti-GFP</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A11122</td><td>Dilution 1:400</td></tr><tr><td>Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories</td><td>711-225-152</td><td>Dilution 1:200</td></tr><tr><td>Donkey Anti-Rat IgG</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories</td><td>712-165-150</td><td>Dilution 1:200</td></tr></tbody></table>

whole mount immunolabeling of olfactory receptor neurons in the drosophila antenna

מולקולות odorant נקשרות לקולטנים היעד שלהם באופן מדויק ומתואם. כל קולטן מזהה אות מסוימת ומעביר מידע זה למוח. ככזה, קביעת אופן בו מידע הרחה מועבר למוח, שינוי הן תפיסה והתנהגות, חקירה ראויה. מעניין לציין, כי יש ראיות המתעוררות כי גורמי התמרה ותעתיק תאיים מעורבים בפיזור של עצב קולטני ריח. כאן אנו מספקים כולה חזקים הר שיטת תיוג חיסוני לassay in vivo ארגון תא עצב קולטני ריח. באמצעות שיטה זו, זיהינו את כל תאי העצב קולטני הריח עם נוגדן אנטי ELAV, סמן פאן עצבי ידוע וOr49a-mCD8 :: ה-GFP, נוירון קולטני ריח במיוחד לידי ביטוי בנוירון-NBA באמצעות נוגדן אנטי-GFP.

הבטחה כי גם הנתיחה והקיבוע מבוצעים במהירות היא גורם מפתח בהשגת הצלחה בפרוטוקול זה. בעזרת מספריים ומלקחיים עדינים הוא גם חיוני. לאחר immunostaining, אנטנות ניאון שכותרתו נבדקו תחת מיקרוסקופ confocal. בדרך כלל אנחנו לוקחים את חלקי 1μm באמצעות עדשת 20x. אנו כותרת-NBA 7 ORNs באמצעות ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna at JoVE.com

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

הר immunolabeling השלם של חוש הריח קולטן נוירונים<em&gt; דרוזופילה</em&gt; אנטנה

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

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Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

9.0K Views.  Doshisha University. Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

Video: Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

The sense of smell is essential for insects to find foods, mates, predators, and oviposition sites3. Insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are enclosed in sensory hairs called sensilla, which cover the surface of olfactory organs. The surface of each sensillum is covered with tiny pores, through which odorants pass and dissolve in a fluid called sensillum lymph, which bathes the sensory dendrites of the OSNs housed in a given sensillum. The OSN dendrites express odorant receptor (OR) proteins, which in insects function as odor-gated ion channels4, 5. The interaction of odorants with ORs either increases or decreases the basal firing rate of the OSN. This neuronal activity in the form of action potentials embodies the first representation of the quality, intensity, and temporal characteristics of the odorant6, 7.
Given the easy access to these sensory hairs, it is possible to perform extracellular recordings from single OSNs by introducing a recording electrode into the sensillum lymph, while the reference electrode is placed in the lymph of the eye or body of the insect. In Drosophila, sensilla house between one and four OSNs, but each OSN typically displays a characteristic spike amplitude. Spike sorting techniques make it possible to assign spiking responses to individual OSNs. This single sensillum recording (SSR) technique monitors the difference in potential between the sensillum lymph and the reference electrode as electrical spikes that are generated by the receptor activity on OSNs1, 2, 8. Changes in the number of spikes in response to the odorant represent the cellular basis of odor coding in insects. Here, we describe the preparation method currently used in our lab to perform SSR on Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae, and show representative traces induced by the odorants in a sensillum-specific manner.

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

Electrophysiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons to odorants can be measured in insects using single sensillum recordings. In this video article we will demonstrate how to perform single sensillum recordings in the antennae of the vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and the maxillary palps of the malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae).

Sensillum הקלטות סינגל חרקים תסיסנית melanogaster ו אנופלס gambiae</em

The sense of smell is essential for insects to find foods, mates, predators, and oviposition sites3. Insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are enclosed ...

Calcium Imaging of Odor-evoked Responses in the Drosophila Antennal Lobe

The antennal lobe is the primary olfactory center in the insect brain and represents the anatomical and functional equivalent of the vertebrate olfactory bulb1-5. Olfactory information in the external world is transmitted to the antennal lobe by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), which segregate to distinct regions of neuropil called glomeruli according to the specific olfactory receptor they express. Here, OSN axons synapse with both local interneurons (LNs), whose processes can innervate many different glomeruli, and projection neurons (PNs), which convey olfactory information to higher olfactory brain regions.
Optical imaging of the activity of OSNs, LNs and PNs in the antennal lobe - traditionally using synthetic calcium indicators (e.g. calcium green, FURA-2) or voltage-sensitive dyes (e.g. RH414) - has long been an important technique to understand how olfactory stimuli are represented as spatial and temporal patterns of glomerular activity in many species of insects6-10. Development of genetically-encoded neural activity reporters, such as the fluorescent calcium indicators G-CaMP11,12 and Cameleon13, the bioluminescent calcium indicator GFP-aequorin14,15, or a reporter of synaptic transmission, synapto-pHluorin16 has made the olfactory system of the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, particularly accessible to neurophysiological imaging, complementing its comprehensively-described molecular, electrophysiological and neuroanatomical properties2,4,17. These reporters can be selectively expressed via binary transcriptional control systems (e.g. GAL4/UAS18, LexA/LexAop19,20, Q system21) in defined populations of neurons within the olfactory circuitry to dissect with high spatial and temporal resolution how odor-evoked neural activity is represented, modulated and transformed22-24.
Here we describe the preparation and analysis methods to measure odor-evoked responses in the Drosophila antennal lobe using G-CaMP25-27. The animal preparation is minimally invasive and can be adapted to imaging using wide-field fluorescence, confocal and two-photon microscopes.

Calcium Imaging of Odor-evoked Responses in the Drosophila Antennal Lobe

We describe an established technique to measure and analyze odor-evoked calcium responses in the antennal lobe of living Drosophila melanogaster.

סידן הדמיה של ריח עוררו התגובות תסיסנית מחושים האונה

The antennal lobe is the primary olfactory center in the insect brain and represents the anatomical and functional equivalent of the vertebrate olfactory ...

Immunohistological Labeling of Microtubules in Sensory Neuron Dendrites, Tracheae, and Muscles in the Drosophila Larva Body Wall

To understand how differences in complex cell shapes are achieved, it is important to accurately follow microtubule organization. The Drosophila larval body wall contains several cell types that are models to study cell and tissue morphogenesis. For example tracheae are used to examine tube morphogenesis1, and the dendritic arborization (DA) sensory neurons of the Drosophila larva have become a primary system for the elucidation of general and neuron-class-specific mechanisms of dendritic differentiation2-5 and degeneration6.
The shape of dendrite branches can vary significantly between neuron classes, and even among different branches of a single neuron7,8. Genetic studies in DA neurons suggest that differential cytoskeletal organization can underlie morphological differences in dendritic branch shape4,9-11. We provide a robust immunological labeling method to assay in vivo microtubule organization in DA sensory neuron dendrite arbor (Figures 1, 2, Movie 1). This protocol illustrates the dissection and immunostaining of first instar larva, a stage when active sensory neuron dendrite outgrowth and branching organization is occurring 12,13.
In addition to staining sensory neurons, this method achieves robust labeling of microtubule organization in muscles (Movies 2, 3), trachea (Figure 3, Movie 3), and other body wall tissues. It is valuable for investigators wishing to analyze microtubule organization in situ in the body wall when investigating mechanisms that control tissue and cell shape.

Immunohistological Labeling of Microtubules in Sensory Neuron Dendrites, Tracheae, and Muscles in the Drosophila Larva Body Wall

To understand how complex cell shapes, such as neuronal dendrites, are achieved during development, it is important to be able to accurately assay microtubule organization. Here we describe a robust immunohistological labeling method to examine microtubule organization of dendritic arborization neuron sensory dendrites, trachea, muscle, and other Drosophila larva body wall tissues.

תיוג Immunohistological של microtubules ב דנדריטים Neuron חושי, Tracheae, והשרירים של תסיסנית גוף Larva הכותל

To understand how differences in complex cell shapes are achieved, it is important to accurately follow microtubule organization. The Drosophila larval ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the proteins involved in these pathways are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and other eukaryotes, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that similar organizing principles exist during the development of these organisms. Importantly, Drosophila has been used extensively to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating processes that are required in mammals including neurogenesis, differentiation, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Flies have also been used successfully to model a variety of human neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we describe a protocol for the step-by-step microdissection, fixation, and immunofluorescent localization of proteins within the adult Drosophila brain. This protocol focuses on two example neuronal populations, mushroom body neurons and retinal photoreceptors, and includes optional steps to trace individual mushroom body neurons using Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. Example data from both wild-type and mutant brains are shown along with a brief description of a scoring criteria for axonal guidance defects. While this protocol highlights two well-established antibodies for investigating the morphology of mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons, other Drosophila brain regions and the localization of proteins within other brain regions can also be investigated using this protocol.

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

This protocol describes the dissection and immunostaining of adult Drosophila melanogaster brain tissues. Specifically, this protocol highlights the use of Drosophila mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons as example neuronal subsets that can be accurately used to uncover general principles underlying many aspects of neuronal development.

ניתוח Immunofluorescent מכתים של פטריות הגוף והנפש ומה קולט אור נוירונים במוח למבוגרים דרוזופילה melanogaster

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

Developmental Biology

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

In this article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the lipophilic fluorescent membrane marker DiI. This method allows the visualization of neuronal cell morphology in great detail. It is possible to label any cell in the CNS: cell bodies of target neurons are visualized under DIC optics or by expression of a fluorescent genetic marker such as GFP. After labeling, the DiI can be transformed into a permanent brown stain by photoconversion to allow visualization of cell morphology with transmitted light and DIC optics. Alternatively, the DiI-labeled cells can be observed directly with confocal microscopy, enabling genetically introduced fluorescent reporter proteins to be colocalised. The technique can be used in any animal, irrespective of genotype, making it possible to analyze mutant phenotypes at single cell resolution.

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

We present a technique for labeling single neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila embryos, which allows the analysis of neuronal morphology by either transmitted light or confocal microscopy.

תיוג של תאים בודדים במערכת העצבים המרכזית של<em&gt; דרוזופילה melanogaster</em

In this  article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the ...

Preparing Developing Peripheral Olfactory Tissue for Molecular and Immunohistochemical Analysis in Drosophila

The olfactory system of Drosophila is a widely used system in developmental neurobiology, systems neuroscience, as well as neurophysiology, behavior, and behavioral evolution. Drosophila olfactory tissues house the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) that detect volatile chemical cues in addition to hydro- and thermo-sensory neurons. In this protocol, we describe the dissection of developing peripheral olfactory tissue of the adult Drosophila species. We first describe how to stage and age Drosophila larvae, followed by the dissection of the antennal disc from early pupal stages, followed by the dissection of the antennae from mid-pupal stages and adults. We also show methods where preparations can be utilized in molecular techniques, such as the RNA extraction for qRT-PCR, RNAseq, or immunohistochemistry. These methods can also be applied to other Drosophila species after species-specific pupal development times are determined, and respective stages are calculated for appropriate aging.

Preparing Developing Peripheral Olfactory Tissue for Molecular and Immunohistochemical Analysis in Drosophila

Here, we present a protocol to stage and dissect developing olfactory tissue from Drosophila species. The dissected tissue can later be used for molecular analyses, such as quantitative RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction) or RNA sequencing (RNAseq), as well as in vivo analyses such as immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization.

הכנת לפתח רקמות היקפיים חוש הריח עבור מולקולרית וניתוח Immunohistochemical ב דרוזופילה

The olfactory system of Drosophila is a widely used system in developmental neurobiology, systems neuroscience, as well as neurophysiology, behavior, and ...

Whole Mount Labeling of Cilia in the Main Olfactory System of Mice

The mouse olfactory system comprises 6-10 million olfactory sensory neurons in the epithelium lining the nasal cavity. Olfactory neurons extend a single dendrite to the surface of the epithelium, ending in a structure called dendritic knob. Cilia emanate from this knob into the mucus covering the epithelial surface. The proteins of the olfactory signal transduction cascade are mainly localized in the ciliary membrane, being in direct contact with volatile substances in the environment. For a detailed understanding of olfactory signal transduction, one important aspect is the exact morphological analysis of signaling protein distribution. Using light microscopical approaches in conventional cryosections, protein localization in olfactory cilia is difficult to determine due to the density of ciliary structures. To overcome this problem, we optimized an approach for whole mount labeling of cilia, leading to improved visualization of their morphology and the distribution of signaling proteins. We demonstrate the power of this approach by comparing whole mount and conventional cryosection labeling of Kirrel2. This axon-guidance adhesion molecule is known to localize in a subset of sensory neurons and their axons in an activity-dependent manner. Whole mount cilia labeling revealed an additional and novel picture of the localization of this protein.

Cilia of olfactory sensory neurons contain proteins of the signal transduction cascade, but a detailed spatial analysis of their distribution is difficult in cryosections. We describe here an optimized approach for whole mount labeling and en face visualization of ciliary proteins.

הר תיוג כל צילה במערכת חוש הריח העיקרית של עכברים

The mouse olfactory system comprises 6-10 million olfactory sensory neurons in the epithelium lining the nasal cavity. Olfactory neurons extend a single ...

An Explant System for Time-Lapse Imaging Studies of Olfactory Circuit Assembly in Drosophila

~Neurons are precisely interconnected to form circuits essential for the proper function of the brain. The Drosophila olfactory system provides an excellent model to investigate this process since 50 types of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) from the antennae and maxillary palps project their axons to 50 identifiable glomeruli in the antennal lobe and form synaptic connections with dendrites from 50 types of second-order projection neurons (PNs). Previous studies mainly focused on identifying important molecules that regulate the precise targeting in the olfactory circuit using fixed tissues. Here, an antennae-brain explant system that recapitulates key developmental milestones of olfactory circuit assembly in culture is described. Through dissecting the external cuticle and cleaning opaque fat bodies covering the developing pupal brain, high quality images of single neurons from live brains can be collected using two-photon microscopy. This allows time-lapse imaging of single ORN axon targeting from live tissue. This approach will help reveal important cell biological contexts and functions of previously identified important genes and identify mechanisms underpinning the dynamic process of circuit assembly.

An Explant System for Time-Lapse Imaging Studies of Olfactory Circuit Assembly in Drosophila

This protocol describes the dissection procedure, culture condition, and live imaging of an antennae-brain explant system for the study of the olfactory circuit assembly.

מערכת אקספלנט למחקרי הדמיה בהילוך מהיר של מכלול מעגלי חוש הריח בדרוזופילה

~Neurons are precisely interconnected to form circuits essential for the proper function of the brain. The Drosophila olfactory system provides an ...

Localization of Odorant Receptor Genes in Locust Antennae by RNA In Situ Hybridization

Insects have evolved sophisticated olfactory reception systems to sense exogenous chemical signals. These chemical signals are transduced by Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs) housed in hair-like structures, called chemosensilla, of the antennae. On the ORNs&#39; membranes, Odorant Receptors (ORs) are believed to be involved in odor coding. Thus, being able to identify genes localized to the ORNs is necessary to recognize OR genes, and provides a fundamental basis for further functional in situ studies. The RNA expression levels of specific ORs in insect antennae are very low, and preserving insect tissue for histology is challenging. Thus, it is difficult to localize an OR to a specific type of sensilla using RNA in situ hybridization. In this paper, a detailed and highly effective RNA in situ hybridization protocol particularly for lowly expressed OR genes of insects, is introduced. In addition, a specific OR gene was identified by conducting double-color fluorescent in situ hybridization experiments using a co-expressing receptor gene, Orco, as a marker.

Localization of Odorant Receptor Genes in Locust Antennae by RNA In Situ Hybridization

This paper describes a detailed and highly effective RNA in situ hybridization protocol particularly for low-level expressed Odorant Receptor (OR) genes, as well as other genes, in insect antennae using digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled or biotin-labeled probes.

לוקליזציה של גנים קולטן Odorant ב אנטנות ארבה על ידי RNA<em&gt; באתרו</em&gt; הכלאה

Insects have evolved sophisticated olfactory reception systems to sense exogenous chemical signals. These chemical signals are transduced by Olfactory ...

Electrophysiological Recording from Drosophila Trichoid Sensilla in Response to Odorants of Low Volatility

Insects rely on their sense of smell to guide a wide range of behaviors that are critical for their survival, such as food-seeking, predator avoidance, oviposition, and mating. Myriad chemicals of varying volatilities have been identified as natural odorants that activate insect Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs). However, studying the olfactory responses to low-volatility odorants has been hampered by an inability to effectively present such stimuli using conventional odor-delivery methods. Here, we describe a procedure that permits the effective presentation of low-volatility odorants for in vivo Single-Sensillum Recording (SSR). By minimizing the distance between the odor source and the target tissue, this method allows for the application of biologically salient but hitherto inaccessible odorants, including palmitoleic acid, a stimulatory pheromone with a demonstrated effect on ORNs involved in courtship and mating behavior1. Our procedure thus affords a new avenue to assay a host of low-volatility odorants for the study of insect olfaction and pheromone communication.

Electrophysiological Recording from Drosophila Trichoid Sensilla in Response to Odorants of Low Volatility

The overall goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to present odorants of low volatility for single-sensillum recording from Drosophila olfactory receptor neurons that respond to long-chain cuticular pheromones.

הקלטה אלקטרופיזיולוגית מ<em&gt; תסיסנית</em&gt; Trichoid Sensilla בתגובה ריחות של תנודתיות נמוכה

Insects rely on their sense of smell to guide a wide range of behaviors that are critical for their survival, such as food-seeking, predator avoidance, ...

הר immunolabeling השלם של חוש הריח קולטן נוירונים

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Sensillum הקלטות סינגל חרקים תסיסנית melanogaster ו אנופלס gambiae

סידן הדמיה של ריח עוררו התגובות תסיסנית מחושים האונה

תיוג Immunohistological של microtubules ב דנדריטים Neuron חושי, Tracheae, והשרירים של תסיסנית גוף Larva הכותל

ניתוח Immunofluorescent מכתים של פטריות הגוף והנפש ומה קולט אור נוירונים במוח למבוגרים דרוזופילה melanogaster

תיוג של תאים בודדים במערכת העצבים המרכזית של

הכנת לפתח רקמות היקפיים חוש הריח עבור מולקולרית וניתוח Immunohistochemical ב דרוזופילה

הר תיוג כל צילה במערכת חוש הריח העיקרית של עכברים

מערכת אקספלנט למחקרי הדמיה בהילוך מהיר של מכלול מעגלי חוש הריח בדרוזופילה

לוקליזציה של גנים קולטן Odorant ב אנטנות ארבה על ידי RNA

הקלטה אלקטרופיזיולוגית מ