This work was supported by grants from the Institute of Science and Technology of the Federal District (ICyTDF, 64/2012 to EO) and the Mexican Council for Science and Technology (Conacyt, 179895 to MS).

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

על מנת ללמוד באינטראקציות בין המאכסן לפתוגן מבחנה במהלך זיהום האפיתל על ידי א histolytica, חשוב לעבוד עם תרבויות מבוססות היטב של שני תאים וtrophozoites אפיתל. לדוגמא, בעבר, א תרבויות histolytica היו בדרך כלל הוקמו בשיתוף עם מינים מסוימים של חיידקים או trypanosomatids ...

histolytica Entamoeba הוא protozoan תא בודד אחראי של amoebiasis האנושי, דלקת מעיים וגורם לדלקת ושלשולים. E. histolytica מדביק עד 50 מיליון אנשים מדי שנה, אך רק כ -10% מאנשים נגועים לפתח סימפטומים הקשורים לamoebiasis 1. הדבקה מתרחשת על בליעה של מזון מזוהם או מים המכילים E. ציסטות histolytica. במעי, ציסטות לייצר trophozoites לחיות כי לדבוק mucin המעי הגס ולהתרבות 2. Trophozoites בדרך כלל בצורת ציסטות שמופרשות דרך צואה. במקרים אחרים, ומסיבות שעדיין לא ידועות, trophozoites לשבור את שכבת האפיתל במעי ולפלוש לרקמות הבסיסיות. במקרים הגרועים ביותר, הם נכנסים לזרם הדם ומשפיעים על איברים אחרים כגון הכבד 3. שבירת מחסום אפיתל דורשת שיבוש של מבני transmembranal אפיתל, כי לשמור על תאים הצטרפו. תאי אפיתלקשרים נוצרים על ידי מורכב junctional פסגת המורכב ההדוק (TJ) וadherens צמתים (AJ), ודסמוזומים 4. צמתים apical ביותר הם TJ, ולכן, הם המכשול הראשון עלב ידי א histolytica וכמה פתוגנים אחרים בזמן פלישה מארחת. TJ מורכב מקולטנים הידבקות transmembranal כגון claudins, occludin ומולקולות junctional הידבקות (JAM) העוסקים בהומו או אינטראקציות heterophilic עם הקולטנים של התא השכן. הם מחויבים intracellularly ידי מולקולות פיגום של occludens zonula משפחה (ההסתדרות הציונית) המתחברים לקולטנים הידבקות cytoskeleton אקטין לספק חוזק מכאני נוסף לאפיתל. TJ אחראי לאיטום רקמת מעי מלומן המעיים, מניעת מים מוגזמים וזליגה מומסת. כך, לאחר TJ הם שיבשו על ידי טפיל, רקמות פלשו. E. histolytica מפריש כמה מולקולות כגון: (i) המעורבים בהידבקות של אמבות לטארגתאי et 5; (Ii) גורמי קרום פעיל משתתפים בהרג של תאי מארח ידי exocytosis, למשל פפטידים יוצרי ערוץ יון כינה amoebapores 6,7; וכן (iii) proteinases שבזות חלבוני מטריצת חוץ תאיים ולתווך 5,8,9 התפוררות רקמה. פרוטאז ציסטאין EhCP112 ומולקולת הידבקות EhADH112 שיחד יוצר קומפלקס EhCPADH112 שני E. histolytica ארסיות חלבונים שממלאים תפקיד מרכזי בפירוק של TJ 10. trophozoites בשידור חי, lysates הכולל שלהם ומוצרים מופרשים לגרום לשינויים מולקולריים בהפרעה המורכבת ופונקציונלית של TJ מחסום האפיתל. במחקר זה, הוא הראה כי EhCP112 וEhADH112 אינטראקציה עם occludin וחלבונים claudin-1 שמוביל להפנמה ופירוק של חלבוני תא, ובכך להקל E. כניסת histolytica דרך מסלול paracellular. נתונים אלה וo שלנוו קבוצות אחרות 11-17 ממליץ בחום שיש הצורך באינטראקציות בין מאכסן לפתוגן ספציפיים המאפשרות פלישת הטפיל. להתיר את הבסיס המולקולרי של אינטראקציות אלה הוא בעל חשיבות עליונה להבנה טובה יותר של הפתוגנזה amoebiasis. הפרעה סלקטיבית של TJ ידי trophozoites, מאופיין בחדירות paracellular מוגברות, ניתן למדוד על ידי ירידה בהתנגדות חשמלית transepithelial (TER). ההעברה של חלבונים טפילים כלפי epithelia מארח יכולה להיקבע על ידי מכתים immunofluorescence ומיקרוסקופ לייזר confocal, שיטה שיכולה גם לחשוף את שיתוף הלוקליזציה של גורמים ארסי אמבה עם סמני junctional האפיתל המצביעים על יחסי גומלין ישירים אפשריים. במאמר זה, אנו מתארים בפירוט כיצד תאי אפיתל וtrophozoites מעובדות, שנקטפו ומניפולציות כדי לבחון אינטראקציות בין המאכסן לפתוגן והשלכות שלהם.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Entamoeba histolytica HM1:IMSS, Clone A&#160;</td>
			<td>IMSS Hospital, Mexico</td>
			<td>Without/number</td>
			<td>Virulent trophozoites18&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="8">TYI broth</td>
			<td rowspan="8">Becton, Dickinson and Company 
			Merck 
			Merck 
			Merck 
			J.T. Baker 
			Reproquifin 
			SIGMA-Aldrich 
			SIGMA-Aldrich</td>
			<td rowspan="8">211862 
			K35625437 626 
			21578 
			4873 
			3252-01 
			CAS 50-81-7 
			C7880 
			F-5879</td>
			<td rowspan="8">3.45% BBL Biosate peptone 
			58 mM glucose 
			39 mM NaCl 
			5 mM KH2PO4 
			6.5 mM K2HPO4 
			16.3 mM ascorbic acid 
			8.1 mM L-cysteine 
			&#160;0.1 mM ferric ammonium citrate, adjust pH 6.819</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum adult</td>
			<td>Microlab , Labs., Mex.</td>
			<td>SU146</td>
			<td>Use at 10% and inactivated to 56&#176; C for 30 min</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond&#160; vitamin&#160; mixture- Tween 80</td>
			<td>In vitro</td>
			<td>SR-07</td>
			<td>Use at 3%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin&#160;</td>
			<td>Lakeside,&#160; M&#233;x.</td>
			<td>34564SSA IV</td>
			<td>0.5 IU/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td>Lakeside,&#160; M&#233;x.</td>
			<td>75757SSA IV</td>
			<td>35 &#181;g/ mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyrex 15 mL screw cap culture tubes with PTFE lined phenolic caps</td>
			<td>Corning-Pyrex</td>
			<td>9826-16X</td>
			<td>16x125 mm, capacity 15 mL and caps fabricated from special formula resistant to effects of temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture plates, 6 Well</td>
			<td>Corning-Costar</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td>Sterile plates, well diameter 34.8 mm and growth area 9.5 cm2.&#160; Rings on lid prevent cross-contamination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25cm2 cell culture flask</td>
			<td>Corning-Costar</td>
			<td>430168</td>
			<td>Canted neck flasks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MDCK (Madin Darby canine kidney) type I</td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td>CCL34</td>
			<td>Kidney epithelial cells grown between the 60th and 90th passage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM medium&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>12800-017</td>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium with high glucose.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neonate Calf Serum</td>
			<td>In vitro</td>
			<td>S-02</td>
			<td>Use at 10%.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin mixture&#160;</td>
			<td>In vitro&#160;</td>
			<td>A-01</td>
			<td>Stock solution 10,000 U/&#181;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>AMSA</td>
			<td>398MJ94SSA IV</td>
			<td>Stock solution 100 IU/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin solution&#160;</td>
			<td>In vitro</td>
			<td>EN-005</td>
			<td>0.05% enzyme solution without calcium and magnesium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>75cm2 cell culture flask</td>
			<td>Corning-Costar</td>
			<td>430720</td>
			<td>Canted neck flasks for trophozoite culture in TYI-S-33 medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transwell permeable supports</td>
			<td>Corning-Costar</td>
			<td>3470</td>
			<td>0.4. &#181;m polyster membrane, 6.5 mm insert in 24 well plate, growth area 0.3 cm2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24 well cell culture dish&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning-Costar</td>
			<td>3524</td>
			<td>Clear polystyrene, treated for optimal cell attachment, sterilized by gamma radiation and certified non-pyrogenic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete Mini</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11836 153 001</td>
			<td>Protease inhibitor cocktail inhibits a broad spectrum of serine, cysteine and metallo-proteases. Final concentration 1 mM&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido (4-guanidino) butane (E-64)</td>
			<td>SIGMA-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E3132</td>
			<td>Cystein protease inhibitor, final concentration 40 &#181;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p&#945;ZO-1&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>402200</td>
			<td>IgG rabbit policlonal&#160; antibody&#160; against&#160; a synthetic peptide in the middle region of the ZO-1 human protein</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>m&#945;EhCPADH112</td>
			<td>Homemade antibody</td>
			<td>Without/ Number</td>
			<td>IgM mouse monoclonal antibody&#160; against&#160; 444-601 epitope located at C-terminal of EhCPADH11221,27</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC-goat anti-mouse IgM</td>
			<td>Zymed</td>
			<td>62-6811</td>
			<td>Fluorescein isotiocyanate (FITC)-labelled goat anti-mouse secondary&#160; antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRITC- goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Zymed</td>
			<td>816114</td>
			<td>Tetramethyl-rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-labelled&#160; goat anti-rabbit IgG&#160; secondary antibody.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>STX2 Electrode</td>
			<td>World Precision Instrument&#160;</td>
			<td>102711</td>
			<td>Consists of a fixed pair of double electrodes, 4 mm wide and 1 mm thick. Each stick of the electrode pair contains a silver/silver-chloride pellet for measuring voltage and a silver electrode for passing current. For use with EVOM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EVOM epithelial voltohmmeter</td>
			<td>World Precision Instrument&#160;</td>
			<td>12111</td>
			<td>Use in resistance mode and maintain unplugged during TER measurements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neubauer chamber</td>
			<td>MEARIENFELD</td>
			<td>610610</td>
			<td>Hemocytometer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica TCS_SP5_MO</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>Without/number</td>
			<td>Laser confocal microscopy with Leica microsystems CMS Gmbh/leica Las af Lite/BIN software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vectashield</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td>Mounting medium for fluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4&#180;, 6-diamino-2-phenylindole (Dapi)</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>D-9542</td>
			<td>0.05 mM final concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>US Biological</td>
			<td>A-1310</td>
			<td>0.5%&#160; final concentration for blocking solution</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of the epithelial damage produced by entamoeba histolytica infection

histolytica Entamoeba הוא סוכן סיבתי של amoebiasis האנושי, גורם עיקרי לשלשולים ומורסה בכבד בארצות טרופיות. זיהום הוא שיזם את האינטראקציה של הפתוגן עם תאי אפיתל במעי. אינטראקציה זו מובילה לשיבוש של מבנים אינטר כגון צמתים הדוקים (TJ). TJ להבטיח איטום של שכבת האפיתל להפריד רקמת מארח מלומן מעיים. מחקרים שנעשה לאחרונה מספקים ראיות לכך שהשיבוש של TJ ידי EhCPADH112 החלבון הטפילה הוא תנאי הכרחי לE. פלישת histolytica שמלווה בחוסר תפקוד מחסום האפיתל. לפיכך, הניתוח של מנגנונים מולקולריים מעורבים בפירוק TJ במהלך E. פלישת histolytica היא בעלת חשיבות עליונה לשיפור ההבנה של הפתוגנזה amoebiasis שלנו. מאמר זה מציג מודל קל המאפשר ההערכה של אינטראקציות בין המאכסן לפתוגן ראשוניים ופוטנציאל פלישת הטפיל. פרמטרים כדי להיות מנותחים כוללים tהתנגדות ransepithelial חשמל, אינטראקציה של EhCPADH112 עם רצפטורים אפיתל פני השטח, שינויים בביטוי ולוקליזציה של סמני junctional אפיתל ולוקליזציה של מולקולות טפיל בתוך תאי אפיתל.

עבור א &#39;מוצלחת תרבות histolytica, שני תנאים חשובים חייבים להתממש: צמיחה בתנאי axenic וקציר בשלב לוגריתמים. בעבר, תרבויות של E. histolytica הוקמו בקלות בשיתוף עם מינים מסוימים של חיידקים או trypanosomatids 22. עם זאת, כיום מקובל שיש לי טיפוח axenic של טפיל זה כלומר subcultivation ב...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection at JoVE.com

Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection

הדבקת בני אדם על ידי Entamoeba histolytica מובילה לamoebiasis, גורם עיקרי לשלשולים בארצות טרופיות. זיהום הוא ביוזמת אינטראקציות הפתוגן עם תאי אפיתל במעי, מעורר הפתיחה של אנשי קשר תאי תאים וכתוצאה מכך שלשולים, לפעמים אחריו דלקת בכבד. מאמר זה מספק מודל כדי להעריך את האינטראקציות בין המאכסן לפתוגן מוקדם כדי לשפר את ההבנה של הפתוגנזה amoebiasis שלנו.

ניתוח של נזק אפיתל הופק על ידי<em&gt; Histolytica Entamoeba</em&gt; זיהום

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of human amoebiasis, a major cause of diarrhea and hepatic abscess in tropical countries. Infection is ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection

18.6K Views.  Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute.  הדבקת בני אדם על ידי Entamoeba histolytica מובילה לamoebiasis, גורם עיקרי לשלשולים בארצות טרופיות. זיהום הוא ביוזמת אינטראקציות הפתוגן עם תאי אפיתל במעי, מעורר הפתיחה של אנשי קשר תאי תאים וכתוצאה מכך שלשולים, לפעמים אחריו דלקת בכבד. מאמר זה מספק מודל ...

Video: Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection

In vitro tRNA Methylation Assay with the Entamoeba histolytica DNA and tRNA Methyltransferase Dnmt2 (Ehmeth) Enzyme

Protozoan parasites are among the most devastating infectious agents of humans responsible for a variety of diseases including amebiasis, which is one of the three most common causes of death from parasitic disease. The agent of amebiasis is the amoeba parasite Entamoeba histolytica that exists under two stages: the infective cyst found in food or water and the invasive trophozoite living in the intestine. The clinical manifestations of amebiasis range from being asymptomatic to colitis, dysentery or liver abscesses. E. histolytica is one of the rare unicellular parasite with 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in its genome. 1, 2 It contains a single DNA methyltransferase, Ehmeth, that belongs to the Dnmt2 family. 2 A role for Dnmt2 in the control of repetitive elements has been established in E. histolytica, 3 Dictyostelium discoideum 4,5 and Drosophila. 6 Our recent work has shown that Ehmeth methylates tRNAAsp, and this finding indicates that this enzyme has a dual DNA/tRNAAsp methyltransferase activity. 7 This observation is in agreement with the dual activity that has been reported for D. discoideum and D. melanogaster. 8 The functional significance of the DNA/tRNA specificity of Dnmt2 enzymes is still unknown. To address this question, a method to determine the tRNA methyltransferase activity of Dnmt2 proteins was established. In this video, we describe a straightforward approach to prepare an adequate tRNA substrate for Dnmt2 and a method to measure its tRNA methyltransferase activity.

In vitro tRNA Methylation Assay with the Entamoeba histolytica DNA and tRNA Methyltransferase Dnmt2 Ehmeth Enzyme

This protocol describes the preparation of a synthetic tRNA substrate for the Entamoeba histolytica DNA/tRNA methyltransferase 2 (Dnmt2) homolog Ehmeth and the measure of its methyltransferase activity. This experimental approach can be used for investigating the activity of other Dnmt2 proteins.

ב Assay tRNA מתילציה במבחנה עם histolytica Entamoeba דנ&quot;א Dnmt2 tRNA methyltransferase (Ehmeth) אנזימים

Protozoan parasites are among the most devastating infectious agents of humans responsible for a variety of diseases including amebiasis, which is one of ...

Development of a Negative Selectable Marker for Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis and infects up to 10% of the world's population. The molecular techniques that have enabled the up- and down-regulation of gene expression rely on the transfection of stably maintained plasmids. While these have increased our understanding of Entamoeba virulence factors, the capacity to integrate exogenous DNA into genome, which would allow reverse genetics experiments, would be a significant advantage in the study of this parasite. The challenges presented by this organism include inability to select for homologous recombination events and difficulty to cure episomal plasmid DNA from transfected trophozoites. The later results in a high background of exogenous DNA, a major problem in the identification of trophozoites in which a bona fide genomic integration event has occurred. We report the development of a negative selection system based upon transgenic expression of a yeast cytosine deaminase and uracil phosphoribosyl transferase chimera (FCU1) and selection with prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC). The FCU1 enzyme converts non-toxic 5-FC into toxic 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorouridine-5'-monophosphate. E. histolytica lines expressing FCU1 were found to be 30 fold more sensitive to the prodrug compared to the control strain.

Development of a Negative Selectable Marker for Entamoeba histolytica

We report development of a negative selection system in E. histolytica based upon transgenic expression of a chimeric protein (FCU1) and selection with the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine. The FCU1 protein is a fusion of yeast cytosine deaminase and uracil phosphoribosyltransferase. Expression of FCU1 resulted in increased E. histolytica sensitivity towards 5-fluorocytosine.

פיתוח מרקר לבחירה שלילי Entamoeba histolytica</em

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis and infects up to 10% of the world's population. The molecular techniques that have enabled the ...

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&#x2019;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed to them and occasionally to pathogens. The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) play a key role for induction of the mucosal immune response to these microbes1, 2. To initiate the mucosal immune response, the mucosal antigens must be transported from the gut lumen across the epithelial barrier into organized lymphoid follicles such as Peyer's patches. This antigen transcytosis is mediated by specialized epithelial M cells3, 4. M cells are atypical epithelial cells that actively phagocytose macromolecules and microbes. Unlike dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, which target antigens to lysosomes for degradation, M cells mainly transcytose the internalized antigens. This vigorous macromolecular transcytosis through M cells delivers antigen to the underlying organized lymphoid follicles and is believed to be essential for initiating antigen-specific mucosal immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms promoting this antigen uptake by M cells are largely unknown. We have previously reported that glycoprotein 2 (Gp2), specifically expressed on the apical plasma membrane of M cells among enterocytes, serves as a transcytotic receptor for a subset of commensal and pathogenic enterobacteria, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), by recognizing FimH, a component of type I pili on the bacterial outer membrane 5. Here, we present a method for the application of a mouse Peyer's patch intestinal loop assay to evaluate bacterial uptake by M cells. This method is an improved version of the mouse intestinal loop assay previously described 6, 7. The improved points are as follows: 1. Isoflurane was used as an anesthetic agent. 2. Approximately 1 cm ligated intestinal loop including Peyer's patch was set up. 3. Bacteria taken up by M cells were fluorescently labeled by fluorescence labeling reagent or by overexpressing fluorescent protein such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). 4. M cells in the follicle-associated epithelium covering Peyer's patch were detected by whole-mount immunostainig with anti Gp2 antibody. 5. Fluorescent bacterial transcytosis by M cells were observed by confocal microscopic analysis. The mouse Peyer's patch intestinal loop assay could supply the answer what kind of commensal or pathogenic bacteria transcytosed by M cells, and may lead us to understand the molecular mechanism of how to stimulate mucosal immune system through M cells.

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&amp;#8217;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

M cells in a specialized follicle-associated epithelium covering Peyer&#x2019;s patches play an important role for the mucosal immunosurveillance in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Here we described the evaluation method for bacterial transcytosis by M cells in vivo. This method provides a method to understand M-cell function in the immune system.

יישום של עכבר Ligated מעיים תיקון של Peyer Assay Loop להערכת ספיגת חיידקים על ידי תאים M

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed ...

Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

Throughout the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII) to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been increasingly recognized. AECII have been shown to participate in cytokine production in inflamed airways and to even act as antigen-presenting cells in both infection and T-cell mediated autoimmunity 1-8. Therefore, they are especially interesting also in clinical contexts such as airway hyper-reactivity to foreign and self-antigens as well as infections that directly or indirectly target AECII. However, our understanding of the detailed immunologic functions served by alveolar type II epithelial cells in the healthy lung as well as in inflammation remains fragmentary. Many studies regarding AECII function are performed using mouse or human alveolar epithelial cell lines 9-12. Working with cell lines certainly offers a range of benefits, such as the availability of large numbers of cells for extensive analyses. However, we believe the use of primary murine AECII allows a better understanding of the role of this cell type in complex processes like infection or autoimmune inflammation. Primary murine AECII can be isolated directly from animals suffering from such respiratory conditions, meaning they have been subject to all additional extrinsic factors playing a role in the analyzed setting. As an example, viable AECII can be isolated from mice intranasally infected with influenza A virus, which primarily targets these cells for replication 13. Importantly, through ex vivo infection of AECII isolated from healthy mice, studies of the cellular responses mounted upon infection can be further extended.
Our protocol for the isolation of primary murine AECII is based on enzymatic digestion of the mouse lung followed by labeling of the resulting cell suspension with antibodies specific for CD11c, CD11b, F4/80, CD19, CD45 and CD16/CD32. Granular AECII are then identified as the unlabeled and sideward scatter high (SSChigh) cell population and are separated by fluorescence activated cell sorting 3.
In comparison to alternative methods of isolating primary epithelial cells from mouse lungs, our protocol for flow cytometric isolation of AECII by negative selection yields untouched, highly viable and pure AECII in relatively short time. Additionally, and in contrast to conventional methods of isolation by panning and depletion of lymphocytes via binding of antibody-coupled magnetic beads 14, 15, flow cytometric cell-sorting allows discrimination by means of cell size and granularity. Given that instrumentation for flow cytometric cell sorting is available, the described procedure can be applied at relatively low costs. Next to standard antibodies and enzymes for lung disintegration, no additional reagents such as magnetic beads are required. The isolated cells are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies, which include in vitro culture and T-cell stimulation assays as well as transcriptome, proteome or secretome analyses 3, 4.

We describe the rapid isolation of primary murine type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII) by flow cytometric negative selection. These AECII show high viability and purity and are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies regarding their role in respiratory conditions such as autoimmune or infectious diseases.

בידוד Cytometric זרימה של תאים ראשוניים Murine Type II alveolar אפיתל ללימודים פונקציונליים ומולקולריים

Throughout  the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII)  to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been ...

Analysis of the Solvent Accessibility of Cysteine Residues on Maize rayado fino virus Virus-like Particles Produced in Nicotiana benthamiana Plants and Cross-linking of Peptides to VLPs

Mimicking and exploiting virus properties and physicochemical and physical characteristics holds promise to provide solutions to some of the world's most pressing challenges. The sheer range and types of viruses coupled with their intriguing properties potentially give endless opportunities for applications in virus-based technologies. Viruses have the ability to self- assemble into particles with discrete shape and size, specificity of symmetry, polyvalence, and stable properties under a wide range of temperature and pH conditions. Not surprisingly, with such a remarkable range of properties, viruses are proposed for use in biomaterials 9, vaccines 14, 15, electronic materials, chemical tools, and molecular electronic containers4, 5, 10, 11, 16, 18, 12.
In order to utilize viruses in nanotechnology, they must be modified from their natural forms to impart new functions. This challenging process can be performed through several mechanisms including genetic modification of the viral genome and chemically attaching foreign or desired molecules to the virus particle reactive groups 8. The ability to modify a virus primarily depends upon the physiochemical and physical properties of the virus. In addition, the genetic or physiochemical modifications need to be performed without adversely affecting the virus native structure and virus function. Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) coat proteins self-assemble in Escherichia coli producing stable and empty VLPs that are stabilized by protein-protein interactions and that can be used in virus-based technologies applications 8. VLPs produced in tobacco plants were examined as a scaffold on which a variety of peptides can be covalently displayed 13. Here, we describe the steps to 1) determine which of the solvent-accessible cysteines in a virus capsid are available for modification, and 2) bioconjugate peptides to the modified capsids. By using native or mutationally-inserted amino acid residues and standard coupling technologies, a wide variety of materials have been displayed on the surface of plant viruses such as, Brome mosaic virus 3, Carnation mottle virus 12, Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus 6, Tobacco mosaic virus 17, Turnip yellow mosaic virus 1, and MRFV 13.

Analysis of the Solvent Accessibility of Cysteine Residues on Maize rayado fino virus Virus-like Particles Produced in Nicotiana benthamiana Plants and Cross-linking of Peptides to VLPs

A method to analyze the solvent accessibility of the thiol group of cysteine residues of Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV)-virus-like particles (VLPs) followed by a peptide cross-linking reaction is described. The method takes advantage of the availability of several chemical groups on the surface of the VLPs that can be targets for specific reactions.

ניתוח של הנגישות המרככת של שאריות ציסטאין על<em&gt; תירס rayado Fino וירוס</em&gt; חלקיקי נגיף דמויים מיוצרים ב<em&gt; Nicotiana benthamiana</em&gt; צמחים וקישור צולב של פפטידים לVLPs

Mimicking  and exploiting virus properties and physicochemical and physical  characteristics holds promise to provide solutions to some of  the world's ...

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination

Latex agglutination reagents are widely used in microbial diagnosis, identification and serotyping. Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide. Current vaccines target the pneumococcal capsule, and there are over 90 capsular serotypes. Serotyping pneumococcal isolates is therefore important for assessing the impact of vaccination programs and for epidemiological purposes. The World Health Organization has recommended latex agglutination as an alternative method to the &#8216;gold standard&#8217; Quellung test for serotyping pneumococci. Latex agglutination is a relatively simple, quick and inexpensive method; and is therefore suitable for resource-poor settings as well as laboratories with high-volume workloads. Latex agglutination reagents can be prepared in-house utilizing commercially-sourced antibodies that are passively attached to latex particles. This manuscript describes a method of production and quality control of latex agglutination reagents, and details a sequential testing approach which is time- and cost-effective. 
This method of production and quality control may also be suitable for other testing purposes.

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination

Latex agglutination testing is a simple, rapid and inexpensive method for serotyping Streptococcus pneumoniae, and has also been widely applied in diagnostic microbiology. This manuscript describes the in-house production of latex agglutination reagents, quality control procedures and the application of this technique to pneumococcal serotyping.

קופסית Serotyping של<em&gt; Streptococcus pneumoniae</em&gt; על ידי לאטקס התלכדות

Latex agglutination reagents are widely used in microbial diagnosis, identification and serotyping. Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a major ...

Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH

Defective DNA repair leads to increased genomic instability, which is the root cause of mutations that lead to tumorigenesis. Analysis of the frequency and type of chromosome aberrations in different cell types allows defects in DNA repair pathways to be elucidated. Understanding mammalian DNA repair biology has been greatly helped by the production of mice with knockouts in specific genes. The goal of this protocol is to quantify genomic instability in mouse B lymphocytes. Labeling of the telomeres using PNA-FISH probes (peptide nucleic acid - fluorescent in situ hybridization) facilitates the rapid analysis of genomic instability in metaphase chromosome spreads. B cells have specific advantages relative to fibroblasts, because they have normal ploidy and a higher mitotic index. Short-term culture of B cells therefore enables precise measurement of genomic instability in a primary cell population which is likely to have fewer secondary genetic mutations than what is typically found in transformed fibroblasts or patient cell lines.

DNA repair pathways are essential for maintenance of genomic integrity and preventing mutation and cancer. The goal of this protocol is to quantify genomic instability by direct observation of chromosome aberrations in metaphase spreads from mouse B cells using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for telomeric DNA repeats.

ניתוח מהיר של סטיות כרומוזום בעכבר לימפוציטים מסוג B על ידי הרשות הפלסטינית-FISH

Defective DNA repair leads to increased genomic instability, which is the root cause of mutations that lead to tumorigenesis. Analysis of the frequency ...

Use of the Soft-agar Overlay Technique to Screen for Bacterially Produced Inhibitory Compounds

The soft-agar overlay technique was originally developed over 70 years ago and has been widely used in several areas of microbiological research, including work with bacteriophages and bacteriocins, proteinaceous antibacterial agents. This approach is relatively inexpensive, with minimal resource requirements. This technique consists of spotting supernatant from a donor strain (potentially harboring a toxic compound(s)) onto a solidified soft agar overlay that is seeded with a bacterial test strain (potentially sensitive to the toxic compound(s)). We utilized this technique to screen a library of Pseudomonas syringae strains for intraspecific killing. By combining this approach with a precipitation step and targeted gene deletions, multiple toxic compounds produced by the same strain can be differentiated. The two antagonistic agents commonly recovered using this technique are bacteriophages and bacteriocins. These two agents can be differentiated using two simple additional tests. Performing a serial dilution on a supernatant containing bacteriophage will result in individual plaques becoming less in number with greater dilution, whereas serial dilution of a supernatant containing bacteriocin will result a clearing zone that becomes uniformly more turbid with greater dilution. Additionally, a bacteriophage will produce a clearing zone when spotted onto a fresh soft agar overlay seeded with the same strain, whereas a bacteriocin will not produce a clearing zone when transferred to a fresh soft agar lawn, owing to the dilution of the bacteriocin.

We describe a simple method for screening bacterial cultures for the production of compounds inhibitory towards other bacteria.

השימוש בטכניקת הכיסוי הרך-אגר למסך תרכובות מעכבות הופקו bacterially

The soft-agar overlay technique was originally developed over 70 years ago and has been widely used in several areas of microbiological research, ...

Imaging Ca2+ Responses During Shigella Infection of Epithelial Cells

Ca2+ is a ubiquitous ion involved in all known cellular processes. While global Ca2+ responses may affect cell fate, local variations in free Ca2+ cytosolic concentrations, linked to release from internal stores or an influx through plasma membrane channels, regulate cortical cell processes. Pathogens that adhere to or invade host cells trigger a reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton underlying the host plasma membrane, which likely affects both global and local Ca2+ signaling. Because these events may occur at low frequencies in a pseudo-stochastic manner over extended kinetics, the analysis of Ca2+ signals induced by pathogens raises major technical challenges that need to be addressed.
Here, we report protocols for the detection of global and local Ca2+ signals upon a Shigella infection of epithelial cells. In these protocols, artefacts linked to a prolonged exposure and photodamage associated with the excitation of Ca2+ fluorescent probes are troubleshot by stringently controlling the acquisition parameters over defined time periods during a Shigella invasion. Procedures are implemented to rigorously analyze the amplitude and frequency of global cytosolic Ca2+ signals during extended infection kinetics using the chemical probe Fluo-4.

Imaging Ca2+ Responses During Shigella Infection of Epithelial Cells

Here, we present protocols to visualize calcium (Ca2+) responses elicited by HeLa cells infected by Shigella. By optimizing the parameters of bacterial infection and imaging with Ca2+ fluorescent probes, atypical global and local Ca2+ signals induced by bacteria over a large range of infection kinetics are characterized.

הדמיה Ca2 + תגובות במהלך זיהום שיגלה תאי אפיתל

Ca2+ is a ubiquitous ion involved in all known cellular processes. While global Ca2+ responses may affect cell fate, local variations in free Ca2+ ...

Characterization of Human Monocyte Subsets by Whole Blood Flow Cytometry Analysis

Monocytes are key contributors in various inflammatory disorders and alterations to these cells, including their subset proportions and functions, can have pathological significance. An ideal method for examining alterations to monocytes is whole blood flow cytometry as the minimal handling of samples by this method limits artifactual cell activation. However, many different approaches are taken to gate the monocyte subsets leading to inconsistent identification of the subsets between studies. Here we demonstrate a method using whole blood flow cytometry to identify and characterize human monocyte subsets (classical, intermediate, and non-classical). We outline how to prepare the blood samples for flow cytometry, gate the subsets (ensure contaminating cells have been removed), and determine monocyte subset expression of surface markers &#8212; in this example M1 and M2 markers. This protocol can be extended to other studies that require a standard gating method for assessing monocyte subset proportions and monocyte subset expression of other functional markers.

Here we present a protocol for characterizing monocyte subsets by whole blood flow cytometry. This includes outlining how to gate the subsets and assess their expression of surface markers and giving an example of the assessment of the expression of M1 (inflammatory) and M2 markers (anti-inflammatory).

אפיון של קבוצות משנה מונוציט האנושית על ידי דם לזרום Cytometry ניתוח

Monocytes are key contributors in various inflammatory disorders and alterations to these cells, including their subset proportions and functions, can ...