The authors thank researchers at the University of Iowa, Drs. Luis Tecedor, Ines Martins and Beverly Davidson for instructions and helpful comments regarding striatal cultures, and Drs. Kara Gordon, Nicole Bode and Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre for genotyping assistance and discussions. We also thank Dr. Eric Weyand (Animal Identification and Marking Systems) for helpful comments regarding tattooing, and Dr. Shutaro Katsurabayashi (Fukuoka University) for helpful comments regarding the mouse culture. This work was supported by grants from the American Heart Association, the Department of Defense (Peer Reviewed Medical Research Program award W81XWH-14-1-0301), the Dystonia Medical Research Foundation, the Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr. Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and the Whitehall Foundation (N.C.H.).

The author (Zhengmin Huang) is the president of EZ BioResearch LLC that produces reagents described in this article.

הפרוטוקול המובא כאן כולל נהלים לקעקוע לתייג / לזהות עכברים, לgenotyping עכברים מטיפי זנב, ולתאי עצב במוח עכבר culturing בצפיפות נמוכה. בסיבוב ניסויים באמצעות 6-8 גורים אחד, נהלים אלה בדרך כלל דורשים ~ 0.5 שעות, ~ 4 שעות ו~ 2 שעות, בהתאמה, על סך של 6-7 שעות. זה עושה את זה מעשי לניסוי אחד כד?...

מודלים של מכרסמים של מחלות גנטיות הוכיחו שימושיים בהקמת הפונקציות הפיזיולוגיות של חלבונים וחומצות גרעין נורמלים, כמו גם את השלכות pathophysiological של פגמים באלה. דוגמאות כוללות עכברים חסרים לחלבונים מעורבים בתפקודים תאיים מפתח, כמו גם מודלים של עכברים של הפרעות כגון מחלת אלצהיימר. עם זאת, מניפולציות גנטיות מסוימות יכולות להוביל לקטלני בילוד זמן קצר או כמה ימים לאחר לידה. במקרים אלה, תרביות תאים עיקריות הן כלי חשוב, כי ניתן להשיג תאי חיים מהגורים העובריים או ילוד לפני המוות, הם יכולים להישמר במשך לפחות כמה שבועות במבחנה, ובמשך הזמן הזה התפתחות עצבית מוקדם יכולה להיות מלווה ב ניסויים ביוכימיים, פונקציונליים וצורניים. לתרבויות העיקריות, זה יכול להיות מועיל לצלחת הנוירונים בצפיפות נמוכה; זה עושה את זה אפשר לדמיין את somata הבודד, דנדריטים, פירי axonal וtermi עצבאלכסונים ברזולוציה מרחבית גבוהה. עם זאת, ההישרדות וההתמיינות של תאי עצב בצפיפות נמוכה בדרך כלל דורש כי הם מצופים בשכבת מזין גליה, שיתוף תרבותי עם תאי גלייה בהעדר המגע פיזי עימם, או בתרבית בינונית המותנה בגליה 1. הקמת תרבויות עצביות בצפיפות נמוכה בשכבות מזין גליה יכולה להיות תלויה במהיר ואמין genotyping מראש - תוך כמה שעות בניגוד לכמה ימים. מהירות היא חשובה במיוחד כאשר גנוטיפ העצבי צריכה להיות מתאים לזה של שכבת מזין גליה מוכנה מראש. כדוגמא מעשית יותר, ייתכן שיהיה צורך להחליט איזה גורים שגנוטיפ להשתמש בתרבויות יצירה, כדי לייעל את היעילות של ניסוי. כאן אנו מדגימים את הפרוטוקול עובד שהיה בשימוש כבר genotyping עכבר מהיר, פשוט ואמין בפרסומים קודמים 2-6. זנבות עכבר ומשמשות ערכה זמינה מסחרי. פרוטוקול זה כולל מיצוי בשלב יחיד של חומצות גרעין מהרקמות, ולא דורש צעד טיהור גרעין חומצה ולא שימוש במאגר סיום (&quot;להפסיק פתרון &#39;). האמינות של שיטת genotyping זה בא לידי ביטוי בהצגת התוצאות של סדרה של בדיקות, כאשר הבדלים הם הציגו ביחס לסכום התחלתי של הדגימות, גילם של בעלי החיים ואת אורכו של amplicons PCR. ערכה זו מציעה את היתרונות של מיצוי ואמינות אוטומטיים. למען להיות מקיף, השימוש בקעקוע לזיהוי לטווח ארוך של עכברי genotyped הוא הוכיח גם. קעקוע מושגת על ידי החלת דיו קעקוע לדרמיס של העור (מתחת לאפידרמיס) 7. הליך מתואר לקעקוע כפות הרגלי של עכברים ילודים או יום 1 ישן, אם כי ניתן ליישם קעקועים לחלקים אחרים של הגוף, כגון זנבות ורגליים, ועניםals בכל הגילים. בנוסף, הליכים יהיו הפגינו לציפוי ונוירונים culturing עכבר בצפיפות נמוכה, המבוססים על הכנה מותאמת סוגים שונים של שכבות מזין גליה 2,8 של. אנו משתמשים במודל גנטי עכבר של דיסטוניה DYT1 הפרעת נוירולוגית בירושה - הפרעת תנועה אוטוזומלית דומיננטית הנגרמת על ידי מוטציה בגן TOR1A (c.904_906delGAG / c.907_909delGAG; p.Glu302del / p.Glu303del) 9. החלבון המקודד, torsinA, שייך ל&quot; ATPases הקשורים לפעילויות מגוונות סלולריות &quot;משפחה של חלבונים (+ AAA), שחבריה בדרך כלל לבצע פעולות כמו מלווה-, סיוע ב: חלבון התגלגלות, פירוק חלבון מורכב, סחר בקרום, ואיחוי שלפוחית 10-13. תוצאות המוטציה במחיקה במסגרת של קודון לחומצה גלוטמית, ויכולות להוביל לתופעה של &#39;התחלה המוקדמת של כללי דיסטוניה המבודדת&#39; 14,15. עם זאת, בדרךמנגנוני ophysiological אחראים להפרעה זו יישארו הבין היטב. במודל של עכברי נוק-ב, אלל מוטנטי הוא Tor1a tm2Wtd, ציינו להלן כTor1a ΔE. עכברי מטופלים אנושיים ברי-קיימא וגנטי לחקות עם דיסטוניה DYT1 הטרוזיגוטיים ΔE-torsinA בנוק-, ואילו הומוזיגוטים לדפוק בעכברים למות לאחר הלידה 16,17, עם זמן האחזור למוות לאחר לידה מושפעת מרקע גנטי 18. המוות המוקדם של עכברים לדפוק בהומוזיגוטים מחייב ששני genotyping של בעלי חיים ואת הקמתה של תרבויות עצביות הושלמו במהירות. כדוגמא נוספת של גנוטיפ, Tfap2a (גורם שעתוק AP-2α, הפעלה משפר מחייב 2α חלבון) ישמשו. החלבון מקודד על ידי הגן הזה הוא חשוב בויסות תהליכים תאיים רבים, כגון ריבוי, בידול, הישרדות ואפופטוזיס 19.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>REAGENTS - tattooing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Machine Cleanser</td>
			<td>Animal Identification and Marking Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td>NMCR3</td>
			<td>This is used to clean the needles and the holder after tattooing.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Machine Drying Agent</td>
			<td>Animal Identification and Marking Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td>NDAR4</td>
			<td>This is used to dry the needles and holder after cleaning.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neonate Tattoo Black Pigment</td>
			<td>Animal Identification and Marking Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td>NBP01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skin Prep Applicator</td>
			<td>Animal Identification and Marking Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td>NSPA1</td>
			<td>Q-tip.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skin Prep solution</td>
			<td>Animal Identification and Marking Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td>NSP01</td>
			<td>This reagent delivers a thin layer of oil that enhances the efficiency of tattooing and prevents tattoo fading, by (information from vendor): 1) preventing non-tattooed skin from being stained temporarily, thereby allowing the quality of a paw pad tattoo to be easily evaluated before the pup is returned to its home cage &#8211; the stained skin surface can be confused with the tattooed skin, 2) reducing skin damage during tattooing &#8211; softening the skin and lubricating the needle will help the needle penetrate the skin without causing skin damage, and 3) preventing molecular oxygen from entering the skin, thereby reducing inflammatory responses to reactive oxygen species that can be generated.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>REAGENTS - genotyping</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EZ Fast Tissue/Tail PCR Genotyping Kit (Strip Tube Format)</td>
			<td>EZ BioResearch LLC</td>
			<td>G2001-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2X PCR Ready Mix II</td>
			<td>EZ BioResearch LLC</td>
			<td>G2001-100</td>
			<td>A red, loading dye for electrophoresis is included in the 2X PCR Ready Mix solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Lysis Solution A</td>
			<td>EZ BioResearch LLC</td>
			<td>G2001-100</td>
			<td>Prepare DNA Extraction Solution by mixing 20 &#181;l of Tissue Lysis Solution A and 180 &#181;l of Tissue Lysis Solution B per specimen.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Lysis Solution B</td>
			<td>EZ BioResearch LLC</td>
			<td>G2001-100</td>
			<td>Prepare DNA Extraction Solution by mixing 20 &#181;l of Tissue Lysis Solution A and 180 &#181;l of Tissue Lysis Solution B per specimen.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic acid, glacial</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH 3092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose optimized grade, molecular biology grade</td>
			<td>rpi</td>
			<td>A20090-500&#160;</td>
			<td>We use 2% agarose gels in TAE buffer containing the SYBR Safe DNA gel stain (diluted 10,000-fold) or ethidium bromide (0.5 &#181;g/ml gel volume).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethidium bromide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E7637-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, disodium salt dihydrate (EDTA)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP120-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filtered Pipet Tips, Aerosol-Free, 0.1-10 &#181;l</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific Inc</td>
			<td>UG104-96RS&#160;</td>
			<td>Use pipette tips that are sterile and free of DNA, RNase and DNase. For all steps involving DNA, use filtered pipette tips to avoid cross-contamination.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filtered Pipet Tips, Premium Fit Filter Tips, 0.5-20 &#181;l</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific Inc</td>
			<td>UG2020-RS</td>
			<td>Use pipette tips that are sterile and free of DNA, RNase and DNase. For all steps involving DNA, use filtered pipette tips to avoid cross-contamination.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filtered Pipet Tips, Premium Fit Filter Tips, 1-200 &#181;l</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific Inc</td>
			<td>UG2812-RS</td>
			<td>Use pipette tips that are sterile and free of DNA, RNase and DNase. For all steps involving DNA, use filtered pipette tips to avoid cross-contamination.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular weight marker, EZ DNA Even Ladders 100 bp</td>
			<td>EZ BioResearch LLC</td>
			<td>L1001</td>
			<td>We use either of these three molecular weight markers.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular weight marker, EZ DNA Even Ladders 1000 bp</td>
			<td>EZ BioResearch LLC</td>
			<td>L1010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular weight marker, TrackIt, 100 bp DNA Ladder</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10488-058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR tubes, 8-tube strips with individually attached dome top caps, natural, 0.2 ml&#160;</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1402-2900</td>
			<td>Use tubes that are sterile and free of DNA, RNase and DNase. An 8-tube strip is easy to handle and to group the specimens than individual tubes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR tubes, Ultraflux Individual&#160;</td>
			<td>rpi</td>
			<td>145660</td>
			<td>Use tubes that are sterile and free of DNA, RNase and DNase.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seal-Rite 0.5 ml microcentrifuge tube, natural</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1605-0000</td>
			<td>Use tubes that are sterile and free of DNA, RNase and DNase.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYBR Safe DNA gel stain * 10,000x concentration in DMSO</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>S33102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris base</td>
			<td>rpi</td>
			<td>T60040-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primers for amplifying Tor1a gene in &#916;E-torsinA knock-in mice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5&#39;-AGT CTG TGG CTG GCT CTC CC-3&#39; (forward) and 5&#39;-CCT CAG GCT GCT CAC AAC CAC-3&#39; (reverse) (reference 18). These primers were used at a final concentration of 1.0 ng/&#181;l (~0.16 &#181;M) (reference 2).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primers for amplifying Tfap2a gene in wild-type mice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5&#39;-GAA AGG TGT AGG CAG AAG TTT GTC AGG GC-3&#39; (forward), 5&#39;-CGT GTG GCT GTT GGG GTT GTT GCT GAG GTA-3&#39; (reverse) for the 498-bp amplicon, 5&#39;-CAC CCT ATC AGG GGA GGA CAA CTT TCG-3&#39; (forward), 5&#39;-AGA CAC TCG GGC TTT GGA GAT CAT TC-3&#39; (reverse) for the 983-bp amplicon, and 5&#39;-CAC CCT ATC AGG GGA GGA CAA CTT TCG-3&#39; (forward), 5&#39;-ACA GTG TAG TAA GGC AAA GCA AGG AG-3&#39; (reverse) for the 1990-bp amplicon. These primers are used at 0.5 &#181;M.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>REAGENTS - cell culture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-Fluoro-2&#8242;-deoxyuridine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F0503-100MG</td>
			<td>See comments section of uridine for more information.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B-27 supplement</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Dishes 35 x 10 mm Dishes, Tissue Culture-treated</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>353001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Flasks, T25, Tissue Culture-treated, Canted-neck, plug-seal cap, 25 cm2 Growth Area, 70 ml</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>353082</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Flasks, T75, Tissue Culture-treated, Canted-neck, vented cap, 75 cm2 Growth Area, 250 ml</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>353136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical Tube, polypropylene, 15 ml</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>352095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Countess (cell number counter) chamber slides</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>C10312</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytosine &#946;-D-Arabinofuranoside hydrochloride (Ara-C hydrochloride)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C6645-100mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose (Dextrose) anhydrous, SigmaUltra, 99.5% (GC)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7528-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dish, Petri glass 100 x 15 mm</td>
			<td>Pyrex</td>
			<td>3160-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled water</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15230-147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase Type II</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D4527-200KU</td>
			<td>Stock solution is prepared at 1500 units/20 &#956;l = 75000 units/ml in distilled water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), high glucose, GlutaMAX, pyruvate</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10569-010, 500 ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast PES Filter Unit, 250 ml, 50 mm diameter membrane, 0.2 &#181;m Pore Size</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>568-0020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast PES Filter Unit, 500 ml, 90 mm diameter membrane, 0.2 &#181;m Pore Size</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>569-0020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>26140-079</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass coverslip, 12 mm Round, thickness 0.09&#8211;0.12 mm, No. 0</td>
			<td>Carolina</td>
			<td>633017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX-I</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hanks&#39; Balanced Salts</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H2387-10X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES, &#8805;99.5% (titration)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3375-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid, 37%, A.C.S reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>258148-100 ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I5500-250 mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, MgSO4&#8226;(7H2O), BioUltra, &#8805;99.5% (Fluka)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>63138-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel Basement Membrane Matrix solution, Phenol Red-Free</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>356237</td>
			<td>This is the coating material for coverslips and flasks. 1) To prepare it, thaw the Matrigel Basement Membrane Matrix solution on ice, which usually takes ~1 day. Using a pre-cooled pipette, aliquot the thawed solution into pre-cooled T25 flasks on ice, and store the flasks at -20&#176;C. To prepare the working Matrigel solution, thaw the aliquotted Matrigel in a flask on ice, dilute 50-fold by adding pre-cooled MEM solution and keep the diluted solution at 4&#176;C. It is important to pre-cool all cultureware and media that come into contact with Matrigel, except during and after the coating of coverslips, to prevent it from prematurely forming a gel. 2) To coat the glass coverslips or culture flasks with Matrigel, apply the Matrigel solution to the surface. Before plating cells, it is important to completely dry up the surface. For this purpose, it might be helpful to aspirate Matrigel during the cellular centrifugation immediately before plating the cells and to allow enough time for drying.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minimum Essential Medium (MEM)</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>51200-038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MITO+ Serum Extender, 5 ml</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>355006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multiwell Plates, Tissue Culture-treated 24-well plate</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>353047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multiwell Plates, Tissue Culture-treated 6-well plate</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>353046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal-A Medium (1X), liquid</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10888-022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitric Acid</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>bdh 3044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NS (Neuronal Supplement) 21&#160;</td>
			<td>prepared in the lab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Source: reference 69</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur pipets, 5 &#190;&#8221;&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-678-6A</td>
			<td>Use this cotton-plugged 5 &#190;&#8221; Pasteur pipette for cellular trituration. Fire-polish the tip beforehand to smooth the cut surface and to reduce the internal diameter to 50-80% of the original. Too small a tip will disrupt the cells and reduce cell viability, but too large a tip will decrease the efficiency of trituration.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur pipets, 9&#8221;&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-678-6B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride (KCl), SigmaUltra, &#8805;99.0%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9333-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipet, 2 ml</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>357507</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipet, 5 ml&#160;</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>357543</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipet, 10 ml</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>357551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipet, 25 ml</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>357525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipet, 50 ml&#160;</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>357550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, Sodium hydrogen carbonate), SigmaUltra, &#8805;99.5%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S6297-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride (NaCl), SigmaUltra, &#8805;99.5%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S7653-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), pellets, 99.998% trace metals basis</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>480878-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate (Na2HPO4&#8226;(7H2O)), &#8805;99.99%, Aldrich</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>431478-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose, SigmaUltra, &#8805;99.5% (GC)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S7903-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe filter, sterile, 0.2 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>431219</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe, 3 ml</td>
			<td>BD falcon</td>
			<td>309585</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transferrin, Holo, bovine plasma</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>616420</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue stain, 0.4%</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>T10282</td>
			<td>This is used for counting live/dead cells. Renew an old trypan blue solution if it is re-used many times (e.g. several times a week for several weeks), because it will form precipitates and result in erroneous readouts of cellular density.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin, type XI</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1005-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA solution, 0.25%&#160;</td>
			<td>GIBCO-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Uridine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>U3003-5G</td>
			<td>Stock solution is prepared at 50-mg 5-fluoro-2&#39;-deoxyuridine and 125-mg uridine in 25 ml DMEM (8.12 and 20.48 mM, respectively).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>REAGENTS - immunocytochemistry</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibody, rabbit polyclonal anti-MAP2</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>AB5622</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibody, mouse monoclonal anti-GFAP cocktail</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>NE1015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rapid genotyping of animals followed by establishing primary cultures of brain neurons

ניתוח ברזולוציה גבוהה של המורפולוגיה והתפקוד של תאי עצב ביונקים לעתים קרובות דורש genotyping של בעלי חיים בודדים ואחרי הניתוח של תרבויות העיקריות של תאי עצב. אנו מתארים מערכת של נהלים ל: תיוג עכברי יילוד להיות genotyped, genotyping המהיר, והקמת תרבויות בצפיפות נמוכה של תאי עצב במוח מעכברים אלו. עכברים בודדים מסומנים על ידי קעקוע, שמאפשר זיהוי לטווח ארוך שנמשך לבגרות. Genotyping על ידי הפרוטוקול המתואר הוא מהיר ויעיל, ומאפשר להפקה אוטומטית של חומצות גרעין עם אמינות טובה. זה שימושי בנסיבות שבו זמן מספיק לgenotyping הקונבנציונלי אינו זמין, למשל, בעכברים הסובלים מהקטלניות בילוד. תרבויות עצביות עיקריות נוצרות בצפיפות נמוכה, המאפשרת ניסויי הדמיה ברזולוציה מרחבית גבוהה. שיטת תרבות זו דורשת ההכנה של שכבות מזין גליה לפני ציפוי עצבי. Protocol מיושם במלואו למודל עכבר של דיסטוניה DYT1 הפרעת תנועה (העכברים לדפוק בΔE-torsinA), ותרבויות עצביות מוכנות מן ההיפוקמפוס, קליפת המוח וסטריאטום של עכברים אלו. פרוטוקול זה יכול להיות מיושם על עכברים עם מוטציה גנטית אחרת, כמו גם לבעלי חיים ממינים אחרים. יתר על כן, רכיבים בודדים של הפרוטוקול יכולים לשמש למשנה פרויקטים בודדים. כך פרוטוקול זה יהיה יישומים רחבים, לא רק במדעי המוח, אלא גם בתחומים אחרים של מדעים ביולוגיים ורפואיים.

כדוגמא ליישום של פרוטוקול זה, תוצאות נציג מוצגות לתיוג עכברים על ידי קעקוע, genotyping אמין תחת תנאי ניסוי שונים, והקמת תרבויות עצביות עיקריות בשכבות מזין גליה. קִעקוּעַ יילוד גורים תויג?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid Genotyping of Animals Followed by Establishing Primary Cultures of Brain Neurons at JoVE.com

Rapid Genotyping of Animals Followed by Establishing Primary Cultures of Brain Neurons

אנו מתארים נהלים לתיוג וgenotyping עכברי יילוד ויצירת תרבויות עצביות עיקריות מהם. Genotyping הוא מהיר, יעיל ואמין, ומאפשר למיצוי גרעין חומצה אוטומטי. זה שימושי במיוחד עבור עכברי neonatally קטלניים והתרבויות שלהם שדורשות השלמה מוקדמת של genotyping.

המהיר Genotyping של בעלי חיים ואחרי הקמת תרבויות עיקריות של נוירונים במוח

High-resolution analysis of the morphology and function of mammalian neurons often requires the genotyping of individual animals followed by the analysis ...

rapid-genotyping-animals-followed-establishing-primary-cultures-brain

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

16.2K Views.  University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine.  אנו מתארים נהלים לתיוג וgenotyping עכברי יילוד ויצירת תרבויות עצביות עיקריות מהם. Genotyping הוא מהיר, יעיל ואמין, ומאפשר למיצוי גרעין חומצה אוטומטי. זה שימושי במיוחד עבור עכברי neonatally קטלניים והתרבויות שלהם שדורשות השלמה מוקדמת של genotyping. 

Video: Rapid Genotyping of Animals Followed by Establishing Primary Cultures of Brain Neurons

In utero Electroporation followed by Primary Neuronal Culture for Studying Gene Function in Subset of Cortical Neurons

In vitro study of primary neuronal cultures allows for quantitative analyses of neurite outgrowth. In order to study how genetic alterations affect neuronal process outgrowth, shRNA or cDNA constructs can be introduced into primary neurons via chemical transfection or viral transduction. However, with primary cortical cells, a heterogeneous pool of cell types (glutamatergic neurons from different layers, inhibitory neurons, glial cells) are transfected using these methods. The use of in utero electroporation to introduce DNA constructs in the embryonic rodent cortex allows for certain subsets of cells to be targeted: while electroporation of early embryonic cortex targets deep layers of the cortex, electroporation at late embryonic timepoints targets more superficial layers. Further, differential placement of electrodes across the heads of individual embryos results in the targeting of dorsal-medial versus ventral-lateral regions of the cortex. Following electroporation, transfected cells can be dissected out, dissociated, and plated in vitro for quantitative analysis of neurite outgrowth. Here, we provide a step-by-step method to quantitatively measure neuronal process outgrowth in subsets of cortical cells.
The basic protocol for in utero electroporation has been described in detail in two other JoVE articles from the Kriegstein lab 1, 2. We will provide an overview of our protocol for in utero electroporation, focusing on the most important details, followed by a description of our protocol that applies in utero electroporation to the study of gene function in neuronal process outgrowth.

In utero Electroporation followed by Primary Neuronal Culture for Studying Gene Function in Subset of Cortical Neurons

In utero electroporation is a valuable method for transfecting neuronal progenitor cells in vivo. Depending upon the placement of the electrodes and the developmental timepoint of electroporation, certain subsets of cortical cells can be targeted. Targeted cells can then be analyzed in vivo or in vitro for effects of genetic alteration.

ברחם electroporation ואחריו תרבות עצבית ראשונית ללימוד פונקציה ג&#39;ין בתת קבוצה של נוירונים קליפתיים

In vitro study of primary neuronal cultures allows for quantitative analyses of neurite outgrowth. In order to study how genetic alterations affect ...

Detection of Protein Palmitoylation in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons by Immunoprecipitation and Acyl-Biotin Exchange (ABE)

Palmitoylation is a post-translational lipid modification involving the attachment of a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid, palmitate, to cysteine residues of substrate proteins through a labile thioester bond [reviewed in1]. Palmitoylation of a substrate protein increases its hydrophobicity, and typically facilitates its trafficking toward cellular membranes. Recent studies have shown palmitoylation to be one of the most common lipid modifications in neurons1, 2, suggesting that palmitate turnover is an important mechanism by which these cells regulate the targeting and trafficking of proteins. The identification and detection of palmitoylated substrates can therefore better our understanding of protein trafficking in neurons.
Detection of protein palmitoylation in the past has been technically hindered due to the lack of a consensus sequence among substrate proteins, and the reliance on metabolic labeling of palmitoyl-proteins with 3H-palmitate, a time-consuming biochemical assay with low sensitivity. Development of the Acyl-Biotin Exchange (ABE) assay enables more rapid and high sensitivity detection of palmitoylated proteins2-4, and is optimal for measuring the dynamic turnover of palmitate on neuronal proteins. The ABE assay is comprised of three biochemical steps (Figure 1): 1) irreversible blockade of unmodified cysteine thiol groups using N-ethylmaliemide (NEM), 2) specific cleavage and unmasking of the palmitoylated cysteine's thiol group by hydroxylamine (HAM), and 3) selective labeling of the palmitoylated cysteine using a thiol-reactive biotinylation reagent, biotin-BMCC. Purification of the thiol-biotinylated proteins following the ABE steps has differed, depending on the overall goal of the experiment.
Here, we describe a method to purify a palmitoylated protein of interest in primary hippocampal neurons by an initial immunoprecipitation (IP) step using an antibody directed against the protein, followed by the ABE assay and western blotting to directly measure palmitoylation levels of that protein, which is termed the IP-ABE assay. Low-density cultures of embryonic rat hippocampal neurons have been widely used to study the localization, function, and trafficking of neuronal proteins, making them ideally suited for studying neuronal protein palmitoylation using the IP-ABE assay. The IP-ABE assay mainly requires standard IP and western blotting reagents, and is only limited by the availability of antibodies against the target substrate. This assay can easily be adapted for the purification and detection of transfected palmitoylated proteins in heterologous cell cultures, primary neuronal cultures derived from various brain tissues of both mouse and rat, and even primary brain tissue itself.

Detection of Protein Palmitoylation in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons by Immunoprecipitation and Acyl-Biotin Exchange ABE

The reversible addition of palmitate to proteins is an important regulator of intracellular protein trafficking. This is of particular interest in neurons where many synaptic proteins are palmitoylated. We utilize a simple biochemical method to detect palmitoylated proteins in cultured neurons, which can be adapted for multiple cell types and tissues.

איתור של palmitoylation חלבון בנוירונים ביפוקמפוס מתורבתים ידי immunoprecipitation וacyl-Exchange ביוטין (אייב)

Palmitoylation is a post-translational lipid  modification involving the attachment of a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid,  palmitate, to cysteine residues ...

Calcium Phosphate Transfection of Primary Hippocampal Neurons

Calcium phosphate precipitation is a convenient and economical method for transfection of cultured cells. With optimization, it is possible to use this method on hard-to-transfect cells like primary neurons. Here we describe our detailed protocol for calcium phosphate transfection of hippocampal neurons cocultured with astroglial cells.

סידן פוספט Transfection של ראשוני נוירונים בהיפוקמפוס

Calcium phosphate precipitation is a convenient and economical method for transfection of cultured cells. With optimization, it is possible to use this ...

Primary Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions such as motor control, motivation, and working memory. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons selectively degenerate in Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD). This progressive neuronal loss is unequivocally associated with the motors symptoms of the pathology (bradykinesia, resting tremor, and muscular rigidity). The main agent responsible of dopaminergic neuron degeneration is still unknown. However, these neurons appear to be extremely vulnerable in diverse conditions. Primary cultures constitute one of the most relevant models to investigate properties and characteristics of dopaminergic neurons. These cultures can be submitted to various stress agents that mimic PD pathology and to neuroprotective compounds in order to stop or slow down neuronal degeneration. The numerous transgenic mouse models of PD that have been generated during the last decade further increased the interest of researchers for dopaminergic neuron cultures. Here, the video protocol focuses on the delicate dissection of embryonic mouse brains. Precise excision of ventral mesencephalon is crucial to obtain neuronal cultures sufficiently rich in dopaminergic cells to allow subsequent studies. This protocol can be realized with embryonic transgenic mice and is suitable for immunofluorescence staining, quantitative PCR, second messenger quantification, or neuronal death/survival assessment.

Dopaminergic neurons play a vital regulatory role in the brain. Their loss is associated with Parkinson's disease. In this video, we show how to generate primary cultures of central dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse mesencephalon. Such cultures are useful to study the extreme vulnerability of these neurons to various stresses.

יסודי תרבות של עכבר דופאמין נוירונים

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions ...

Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes involved in physiological functions and vulnerability and death of these neurons is imparative to understanding the underlying causes and unraveling the cure for this common neurodegenerative disorder. Primary cultures of mesDA neurons provide a tool for investigation of the molecular, biochemical and electrophysiological properties, in order to understand the development, long-term survival and degeneration of these neurons during the course of disease. Here we present a detailed method for the isolation, culturing and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from E12.5 mouse (or E14.5 rat) embryos. Optimized cell culture conditions in this protocol result in presence of axonal and dendritic projections, synaptic connections and other neuronal morphological properties, which make the cultures suitable for study of the physiological, cell biological and molecular characteristics of this neuronal population.

The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson&#8217;s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of neurodegeneration.

בידוד, תרבות והטווח ארוך תחזוקה של יסודיים mesencephalic דופאמין נוירונים ממוח עוברי מכרסם

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes ...

Live Imaging Followed by Single Cell Tracking to Monitor Cell Biology and the Lineage Progression of Multiple Neural Populations

Understanding the mechanisms that control critical biological events of neural cell populations, such as proliferation, differentiation, or cell fate decisions, will be crucial to design therapeutic strategies for many diseases affecting the nervous system. Current methods to track cell populations rely on their final outcomes in still images and they generally fail to provide sufficient temporal resolution to identify behavioral features in single cells. Moreover, variations in cell death, behavioral heterogeneity within a cell population, dilution, spreading, or the low efficiency of the markers used to analyze cells are all important handicaps that will lead to incomplete or incorrect read-outs of the results. Conversely, performing live imaging and single cell tracking under appropriate conditions represents a powerful tool to monitor each of these events. Here, a time-lapse video-microscopy protocol, followed by post-processing, is described to track neural populations with single cell resolution, employing specific software. The methods described enable researchers to address essential questions regarding the cell biology and lineage progression of distinct neural populations.

A robust protocol to monitor neural populations by time-lapse video-microscopy followed by software-based post-processing is described. This method represents a powerful tool to identify biological events in a selected population during live imaging experiments.

חיים הדמיה ואחריו תא בודד מעקב צג Cell Biology, ההתקדמות שושלת היוחסין של אוכלוסיות עצבית מרובים

Understanding the mechanisms that control critical biological events of neural cell populations, such as proliferation, differentiation, or cell fate ...

Rapid and Specific Immunomagnetic Isolation of Mouse Primary Oligodendrocytes

The efficient and robust isolation and culture of primary oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the development of oligodendroglia as well as the biology of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease (PMLD). Here, we present a simple and efficient selection method for the immunomagnetic isolation of stage three O4+ preoligodendrocytes cells from neonatal mice pups. Since immature OL constitute more than 80% of the rodent-brain white matter at postnatal day 7 (P7) this isolation method not only ensures high cellular yield, but also the specific isolation of OLs already committed to the oligodendroglial lineage, decreasing the possibility of isolating contaminating cells such as astrocytes and other cells from the mouse brain. This method is a modification of the techniques reported previously, and provides oligodendrocyte preparation purity above 80% in about 4 h.

We describe the immunomagnetic isolation of primary mouse oligodendrocytes, which allows the rapid and specific isolation of the cells for in vitro culture.

בידוד Immunomagnetic מהירה, מדויקת של העכבר הראשי oligodendrocytes להפוך

The efficient and robust isolation and culture of primary oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the development of ...

Multi-Fiber Photometry to Record Neural Activity in Freely-Moving Animals

Recording the activity of a group of neurons in a freely-moving animal is a challenging undertaking. Moreover, as the brain is dissected into smaller and smaller functional subgroups, it becomes paramount to record from projections and/or genetically-defined subpopulations of neurons. Fiber photometry is an accessible and powerful approach that can overcome these challenges. By combining optical and genetic methodologies, neural activity can be measured in deep brain structures by expressing genetically-encoded calcium indicators, which translate neural activity into an optical signal that can be easily measured. The current protocol details the components of a multi-fiber photometry system, how to access deep brain structures to deliver and collect light, a method to account for motion artifacts, and how to process and analyze fluorescent signals. The protocol details experimental considerations when performing single and dual color imaging, from either single or multiple implanted optic fibers.

This protocol details how to implement and perform multi-fiber photometry recordings, how to correct for calcium-independent artifacts, and important considerations for dual-color photometry imaging.

מולטי-סיב פונסה להקליט פעילות עצבית בבעלי חיים הנעים באופן חופשי

Recording the activity of a group of neurons in a freely-moving animal is a challenging undertaking. Moreover, as the brain is dissected into smaller and ...

Ballistic Labeling of Pyramidal Neurons in Brain Slices and in Primary Cell Culture

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of pyramidal neurons and dendritic spines, a ballistic labeling technique can be utilized. In the present protocol, pyramidal neurons are labeled with DilC18(3) dye and analyzed using neuronal reconstruction software to assess neuronal morphology and dendritic spines. To investigate neuronal structure, dendritic branching analysis and Sholl analysis are performed, allowing researchers to draw inferences about dendritic branching complexity and neuronal arbor complexity, respectively. The evaluation of dendritic spines is conducted using an automatic assisted classification algorithm integral to the reconstruction software, which classifies spines into four categories (i.e., thin, mushroom, stubby, filopodia). Furthermore, an additional three parameters (i.e., length, head diameter, and volume) are also chosen to assess alterations in dendritic spine morphology. To validate the potential of wide application of the ballistic labeling technique, pyramidal neurons from in vitro cell culture were successfully labeled. Overall, the ballistic labeling method is unique and useful for visualizing neurons in different brain regions in rats, which in combination with sophisticated reconstruction software, allows researchers to elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying neurocognitive dysfunction.

We present a protocol to label and analyze pyramidal neurons, which is critical for evaluating potential morphological alterations in neurons and dendritic spines that may underlie neurochemical and behavioral abnormalities.

בליסטי לתיוג של הנוירונים בתוך המוח בפרוסות ובתרבות התא הראשוני

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of ...

Studying Pre-formed Fibril Induced &#945;-Synuclein Accumulation in Primary Embryonic Mouse Midbrain Dopamine Neurons

The goal of this protocol is to establish a robust and reproducible model of &#945;-synuclein accumulation in primary dopamine neurons. Combined with immunostaining and unbiased automated image analysis, this model allows for the analysis of the effects of drugs and genetic manipulations on &#945;-synuclein aggregation in neuronal cultures. Primary midbrain cultures provide a reliable source of bona fide embryonic dopamine neurons. In this protocol, the hallmark histopathology of Parkinson&#8217;s disease, Lewy bodies (LB), is mimicked by the addition of &#945;-synuclein pre-formed fibrils (PFFs) directly to neuronal culture media. Accumulation of endogenous phosphorylated &#945;-synuclein in the soma of dopamine neurons is detected by immunostaining already at 7 days after the PFF addition. In vitro cell culture conditions are also suitable for the application and evaluation of treatments preventing &#945;-synuclein accumulation, such as small molecule drugs and neurotrophic factors, as well as lentivirus vectors for genetic manipulation (e.g., with CRISPR/Cas9). Culturing the neurons in 96 well plates increases the robustness and power of the experimental setups. At the end of the experiment, the cells are fixed with paraformaldehyde for immunocytochemistry and fluorescence microscopy imaging. Multispectral fluorescence images are obtained via automated microscopy of 96 well plates. These data are quantified (e.g., counting the number of phospho-&#945;-synuclein-containing dopamine neurons per well) with the use of free software that provides a platform for unbiased high-content phenotype analysis. PFF-induced modeling of phosphorylated &#945;-synuclein accumulation in primary dopamine neurons provides a reliable tool to study the underlying mechanisms mediating formation and elimination of &#945;-synuclein inclusions, with the opportunity for high-throughput drug screening and cellular phenotype analysis.

Studying Pre-formed Fibril Induced &amp;#945;-Synuclein Accumulation in Primary Embryonic Mouse Midbrain Dopamine Neurons

Here, we present a detailed protocol to study neuronal &#945;-synuclein accumulation in primary mouse dopamine neurons. Phosphorylated &#945;-synuclein aggregates in neurons are induced with pre-formed &#945;-synuclein fibrils. Automated imaging of immunofluorescently labeled cells and unbiased image analysis make this robust protocol suitable for medium-to-high throughput screening of drugs that inhibit &#945;-synuclein accumulation.

לימוד טרום בנוי Fibril ריל המושרה α-Synuclein הצטברות בעכבר עובריים העיקרי מיילדופאמין דופמין המוח

The goal of this protocol is to establish a robust and reproducible model of &#945;-synuclein accumulation in primary dopamine neurons. Combined with ...