המחברים מצהירים שאין להם אינטרסים כלכליים מתחרים.

<ol>
	<li>Kim Chiaw, P., Eckford, P. D., Bear, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insights+into+the+mechanisms+underlying+CFTR+channel+activity,+the+molecular+basis+for+cystic+fibrosis+and+strategies+for+therapy.">Insights into the mechanisms underlying CFTR channel activity, the molecular basis for cystic fibrosis and strategies for therapy.</a> Essays Biochem. 50 (1), 233-248 (2011).</li><li>Bear, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+functional+reconstitution+of+the+cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator+(CFTR).">Purification and functional reconstitution of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).</a> Cell. 68 (4), 809-818 (1992).</li><li>Cai, Z., Sohma, Y., Bompadre, S. G., Sheppard, D. N., Hwang, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+high-resolution+single-channel+recording+to+functional+studies+of+cystic+fibrosis+mutants.">Application of high-resolution single-channel recording to functional studies of cystic fibrosis mutants.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 741, 419-441 (2011).</li><li>Kerem, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+the+cystic+fibrosis+gene:+genetic+analysis.">Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: genetic analysis.</a> Science. 245 (4922), 1073-1080 (1989).</li><li>Yang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+basis+of+defective+anion+transport+in+L+cells+expressing+recombinant+forms+of+CFTR.">Molecular basis of defective anion transport in L cells expressing recombinant forms of CFTR.</a> Hum Mol Genet. 2 (8), 1253-1261 (1993).</li><li>Mendoza, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Requirements+for+efficient+correction+of+DeltaF508+CFTR+revealed+by+analyses+of+evolved+sequences.">Requirements for efficient correction of DeltaF508 CFTR revealed by analyses of evolved sequences.</a> Cell. 148 (1-2), 164-274 (2012).</li><li>Rabeh, W. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correction+of+both+NBD1+energetics+and+domain+interface+is+required+to+restore+DeltaF508+CFTR+folding+and+function.">Correction of both NBD1 energetics and domain interface is required to restore DeltaF508 CFTR folding and function.</a> Cell. 148 (1-2), 150-163 (2012).</li><li>Aleksandrov, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Allosteric+modulation+balances+thermodynamic+stability+and+restores+function+of+DeltaF508.">Allosteric modulation balances thermodynamic stability and restores function of DeltaF508.</a> CFTR. J Mol Biol. 419 (1-2), 41-60 (2012).</li><li>Ramsey, B. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+CFTR+potentiator+in+patients+with+cystic+fibrosis+and+the+G551D+mutation.">A CFTR potentiator in patients with cystic fibrosis and the G551D mutation.</a> N Engl J Med. 365 (18), 1663-1672 (2011).</li><li>Riordan, C. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+characterization+of+recombinant+cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator+from+Chinese+hamster+ovary+and+insect+cells.">Purification and characterization of recombinant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator from Chinese hamster ovary and insect cells.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 270 (28), 17033-17043 (1995).</li><li>Ryan, L., Rimington, T., Cant, N., Ford, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+and+purification+of+the+cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator+protein+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Expression and purification of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> JoVE. (61), (2012).</li><li>Ostedgaard, L. S., Welsh, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Partial+purification+of+the+cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator.">Partial purification of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator.</a> J Biol Chem. 267 (36), 26142-26149 (1992).</li><li>Peng, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One-step+affinity+isolation+of+recombinant+protein+using+the+baculovirus/insect+cell+expression+system.">One-step affinity isolation of recombinant protein using the baculovirus/insect cell expression system.</a> Protein Expr Purif. 4 (2), 95-100 (1993).</li><li>Ramjeesingh, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+procedure+for+the+efficient+purification+of+the+cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator+(CFTR).">A novel procedure for the efficient purification of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).</a> Biochem J. 327 (1), 17-21 (1997).</li><li>Rosenberg, M. F., Kamis, A. B., Aleksandrov, L. A., Ford, R. C., Riordan, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+crystallization+of+the+cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator+(CFTR).">Purification and crystallization of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).</a> J Biol Chem. 279 (37), 39051-39057 (2004).</li><li>Ramjeesingh, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+reconstitution+of+epithelial+chloride+channel+cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator.">Purification and reconstitution of epithelial chloride channel cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator.</a> Methods Enzymol. 294, 227-246 (1999).</li><li>Sorscher, E. J., Sommerfelt, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+recombinant+protein+derived+from+the+baculovirus+expression+system+using+glutathione+affinity+agarose.">Purification of recombinant protein derived from the baculovirus expression system using glutathione affinity agarose.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 3, 337-348 (1995).</li><li>Eckford, P. D., Li, C., Ramjeesingh, M., Bear, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator+(CFTR)+potentiator+VX-770+(ivacaftor)+opens+the+defective+channel+gate+of+mutant+CFTR+in+a+phosphorylation-dependent+but+ATP-independent+manner.">Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) potentiator VX-770 (ivacaftor) opens the defective channel gate of mutant CFTR in a phosphorylation-dependent but ATP-independent manner.</a> J Biol Chem. 287 (44), 36639-36649 (2012).</li><li>Alkhouri, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+properties+of+molecular+probes+for+the+rescue+site+on+mutant+cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator.">Synthesis and properties of molecular probes for the rescue site on mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator.</a> J Med Chem. 54 (24), 8693-8701 (2011).</li><li>Eckford, P. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VX-809+and+Related+Corrector+Compounds+Exhibit+Secondary+Activity+Stabilizing+Active+F508del-CFTR+after+Its+Partial+Rescue+to+the+Cell+Surface.">VX-809 and Related Corrector Compounds Exhibit Secondary Activity Stabilizing Active F508del-CFTR after Its Partial Rescue to the Cell Surface.</a> Chem Biol. 21 (5), 666-678 (2014).</li><li>Kim Chiaw, P., Wellhauser, L., Huan, L. J., Ramjeesingh, M., Bear, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chemical+corrector+modifies+the+channel+function+of+F508del-CFTR.">A chemical corrector modifies the channel function of F508del-CFTR.</a> Mol.Pharmacol. 78 (3), 411-418 (2010).</li><li>Verkman, A. S., Galietta, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chloride+channels+as+drug+targets.">Chloride channels as drug targets.</a> Nat Rev Drug Discov. 8 (2), 153-171 (2009).</li><li>Pasyk, S., Li, C., Ramjeesingh, M., Bear, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+interaction+of+a+small-molecule+modulator+with+G551D-CFTR,+a+cystic+fibrosis-causing+mutation+associated+with+severe+disease.">Direct interaction of a small-molecule modulator with G551D-CFTR, a cystic fibrosis-causing mutation associated with severe disease.</a> Biochem J. 418 (1), 185-190 (2009).</li><li>Norez, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+CFTR+chloride+channel+activity+and+pharmacology+using+radiotracer+flux+methods.">Determination of CFTR chloride channel activity and pharmacology using radiotracer flux methods.</a> J Cyst Fibros. 3 (2), 119-121 (2004).</li><li>Whitney, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+basis+for+alginate+secretion+across+the+bacterial+outer+membrane.">Structural basis for alginate secretion across the bacterial outer membrane.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 108 (32), 13083-13088 (2011).</li><li>Islam, S. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proton-dependent+gating+and+proton+uptake+by+Wzx+support+O-antigen-subunit+antiport+across+the+bacterial+inner+membrane.">Proton-dependent gating and proton uptake by Wzx support O-antigen-subunit antiport across the bacterial inner membrane.</a> mBio. 4 (5), e00678-e00613 (2013).</li><li>Ramjeesingh, M., Conn, P. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+16.">Ch. 16.</a> Reliable Lab Solutions: Essential Ion Channel MethodsReliable Lab Solutions. , 337-357 (2010).</li><li>Wellhauser, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+small-molecule+modulator+interacts+directly+with+deltaPhe508-CFTR+to+modify+its+ATPase+activity+and+conformational+stability.">A small-molecule modulator interacts directly with deltaPhe508-CFTR to modify its ATPase activity and conformational stability.</a> Mol Pharmacol. 75 (6), 1430-1438 (2009).</li><li>Lee, S. Y., Letts, J. A., MacKinnon, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+reconstitution+of+purified+human+Hv1+H++channels.">Functional reconstitution of purified human Hv1 H+ channels.</a> J Mol Biol. 387 (5), 1055-1060 (2009).</li><li>Chang, X. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+kinase+A+(PKA)+still+activates+CFTR+chloride+channel+after+mutagenesis+of+all+10+PKA+consensus+phosphorylation+sites.">Protein kinase A (PKA) still activates CFTR chloride channel after mutagenesis of all 10 PKA consensus phosphorylation sites.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 268 (15), 11304-11311 (1993).</li><li>Gadsby, D. C., Nairn, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+CFTR+Cl-+ion+channels+by+phosphorylation+and+dephosphorylation.">Regulation of CFTR Cl- ion channels by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.</a> Adv.Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res. 33, 79-106 (1999).</li><li>Li, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ATPase+activity+of+the+cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator.">ATPase activity of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator.</a> J Biol Chem. 271 (45), 28463-28468 (1996).</li><li>Ma, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thiazolidinone+CFTR+inhibitor+identified+by+high-throughput+screening+blocks+cholera+toxin-induced+intestinal+fluid+secretion.">Thiazolidinone CFTR inhibitor identified by high-throughput screening blocks cholera toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion.</a> J Clin Invest. 110 (11), 1651-1658 (2002).</li><li>Kopeikin, Z., Sohma, Y., Li, M., Hwang, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+mechanism+of+CFTR+inhibition+by+a+thiazolidinone+derivative.">On the mechanism of CFTR inhibition by a thiazolidinone derivative.</a> J Gen Physiol. 136 (6), 659-671 (2010).</li><li>Wang, X. F., Reddy, M. M., Quinton, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+a+new+cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator+inhibitor+on+Cl-+conductance+in+human+sweat+ducts.">Effects of a new cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibitor on Cl- conductance in human sweat ducts.</a> Exp Physiol. 89 (4), 417-425 (2004).</li></ol>

המחברים מודים לעצתו של ד&quot;ר Mohabir Ramjeesingh במהלך פיתוח של שיטות הטיהור שתוארו כאן. מחקרים אלה נתמכו על ידי מענקים תפעוליים לCEB מהמכון הקנדי לבריאות מחקר (CIHR) וציסטיק פיברוזיס קנדה (CFC). PDWE נתמך בחלקו על ידי פרסים מלגה דרך CIHR וCFC. המחברים מודים מתן המתקן, potentiator ותרכובות מעכב מד&quot;ר ר &#39;גשרים (אוניברסיטת רוזלינד של רפואה ומדע) והפצה על ידי Therapeutics האיגוד סיסטיק פיברוזיס (CFFT). המחברים גם להכיר בשירות יוצא מן הכלל על ידי המתקן ביילור תרבית תאים (CA125123 P30 מענק NIH) בביטוי WT וחלבון CFTR מוטציה שימוש במערכת baculovirus. אנלוגי VX-770 לא פעיל, V-09-1188, היה מתנה של תרופות ורטקס.

יש כבר מספר מוגבל של פרוטוקולי טיהור לאורך מלא, בידוד CFTR פונקציונלי, ממגוון רחב של מערכות ביטוי יתר סלולריות. השיטה המתוארת כאן היא יתרון שכן היא מאפשרת טיהור מהירה של WT-CFTR או גבוהה העשרת F508del- וG551D-CFTR בכמויות מתונות שהיא מאוד פונקציונלי במבחנים כוללים ATPase ומדידות ישיר...

תחבורת כלוריד פני ממברנות הפסגה של תאי האפיתל ברקמות כגון בלוטות ריאות, מעי, הלבלב וזיעה מתווכת בעיקר על ידי סיסטיק פיברוזיס הטרנסממברני מוליכות הרגולטור (CFTR), ATP- וחבר-מוסדר זירחון של ABC (ATP- כריכת subfamily הקלטת) C של חלבונים בממברנה (הנסקרת ב 1). כמו חברים אחרים של תת-משפחת Abcc, CFTR הוא חלבון גדול, רב-פורש נפרד קרום שקושר ATP בשני אתרי קישור נוקלאוטיד נוצרו בממשק של תחומים מחייב נוקלאוטיד (NBDs), בם יש לי פעילות ATPase צנועה באחת אתר. עם זאת, בניגוד לחברים תת-משפחת Abcc אחרים, CFTR התפתח כערוץ Cl מוסדר ייחודי ולא כטרנספורטר המומס פעיל. מוטציות בגורם CFTR סיסטיק פיברוזיס, מחלה הפוגעת באיברים רבים, כולל ריאות, מערכת עיכול, לבלב ואיברי רבייה, שמובילות לmorbidity ותמותה במבוגרים צעירים. מחלת ריאות בדרך כלל חשבונות לתמותה מוקדמת בסיסטיק פיברוזיס וברוב המקרים נגרמת על ידי אובדן תפקוד CFTR על האפיתל של דרכי הנשימה ביצוע המשטח. חוסר בפעילות ערוץ כלוריד CFTR גורם להפחתה בשני Cl - ותנועת מים על פני האפיתל פני השטח כדי לשנות את שכבת הנוזל על משטח הפסגה של אפיתל הנשימה ריסי. התוצאה היא נוזל צמיג שטח בדרכי נשימה שפוגע ביכולת של תאי אפיתל נשימה ריסי ליעילות פתוגנים מדרך הנשימה ברורים. כתוצאה מכך, רוב חולי CF סובלים מהתקפים חוזרים ונשנים של דלקת ריאות ונזק ריאות בשל דלקת. כצפוי, מחקרים של מנגנון פעולה של חלבון CFTR הנורמלי התמקדו בעיקר במחקרי אלקטרו מפורטים של פעילות gating הערוץ שלה. מחקרי ערוץ אחד הראו כי פונקציות ישירות CFTR כPKA-תלוי Cl- ערוץ שבו בעל שער מוסדר ATP 2. מחקרי אלקטרו מפורטים לספק מידע רב על ערוצי CFTR יחידים 1,3, אולם ייתכנו דאגה באשר לשאלה האם המאפיינים של כל ערוץ אחד מסוים שנחקר הוא שיקוף של כל אוכלוסיית ערוצי CFTR ולכן ערוץ אחד תוצאות תמיד צריכים לשקול יחד עם שיטות ללמוד האוכלוסייה מקרוסקופית. assay הישיר של פעילות ערוץ האוכלוסייה של CFTR מטוהר יש הפוטנציאל לספק תובנה הפגם המולקולרי הקשורים למוטציות הגורמות למחלות ולנהוג גילוי מאפננים כימיים שתיקון חלבוני CFTR המוטציה. נכון להיום, יש עודף של 1,900 מוטציות שונות בCFTR חשבו לגרום סיסטיק פיברוזיס 4. המוטציה הגדולה, F508del-CFTR, הנמצאת באלל אחד לפחות בכ -90% מהחולים בצפון אמריקה ובאירופה מובילה לחלבון misfoldingשמירת nd בreticulum endoplasmic 5. F508del-CFTR יש גם השלכות אחרות, הכולל את פעילות ערוץ פגום 6-9. היעדרות כתוצאה של CFTR מתא השטח מזוהה עם מחלה קשה. G551D-CFTR, מוטציה נפוצה פחות, הוא חשב להיות מקופל עדיין כראוי הוא לא מתפקד כערוץ כלוריד על פני תא 6. הפיתוח של מתקן מולקולה קטן וpotentiators יש את המטרה של תיקון מתקפל ו / או סחר של מוטציות כגון F508del-CFTR לשטח פני התא, וpotentiating או הגדלת פעילות הערוץ של מוטציות כגון G551D כאשר קיים על פני התא, בהתאמה . בעוד מתקן VX-809 וVX-661 (עדיין לא אושר לשימוש בחולים, potentiator Kalydeco (ivacaftor; VX-770) נמצא בשימוש ב 150 מ&quot;ג כל 12 שעות בחולי CF&gt; 6 שנים עם לפחות אחד G551D מוטציה -CFTR, ולאחרונה בחולים עם אחד מG178R, S549N, S549R, G551S, G1244E, S1251N, S1255PוG1349D. Kalydeco הוא גם בטוח וגם תוצאות בשיפור אמצעים קליניים של המחלה CF 10, אולם מנגנון פעולה של מולקולה קטנה זה הבין היטב בעת אישור ה- FDA לשימוש בחולים. קומץ של שיטות טיהור CFTR תוארו בעבר 2,11-18, שרבים מהם דורשים אורך ניכר של זמן כדי להשלים. בפרסום האחרון 19, שיטת טיהור והכינון מחדש מהירה ייחודית תוארה לCFTR ביטוי יתר במערכת הביטוי 9 תא f S, וחלבון מטוהר זה במערכות שומנים מוגדרות שימש לפיתוח assay פעילות ערוץ הליד CFTR לאוכלוסייה של CFTR מולקולות. Assay משחזר את ההשפעות הידועות של זירחון, נוקלאוטידים ומעכבים על תפקוד CFTR. המערכת הייתה בשימוש כדי לחקור את ההשפעות של potentiator VX-770 / Kalydeco על Wt- (wild-type), F508del- וG551D-CFTR וזה הוצגו בראשוןזמן שתרופת אינטראקציה ישירות עם חלבון CFTR להגברת פעילות הערוץ שלה באופן ATP-עצמאי, הממחישה את התועלת ותחולתה של שיטות אלה לחקר האינטראקציה של CFTR ומוטציות עם נוקלאוטידים ומולקולות קטנות מנקודת מבט אוכלוסייה ל לענות על שאלות רלוונטיות מבחינה קלינית על החלבון. השיטות יש גם שימשו ללמוד מולקולות אחרות potentiator ונגזרותיהם 20, כמו גם את ההשפעות של מתקן מולקולה קטן בפעילות של החלבון 21. מבחני בזרימת היו בשימוש במחקרים רבים בעבר כדי לחקור את הפעילות של מוטציות CFTR ואת ההשפעות של תרכובות CFTR-modulatory על פעילותה, ובכלל זה מבחני תא כולו באמצעות אלקטרודות, קליעים נותבים רדיואקטיבי וfluorophores 22,23, שלפוחית ​​עם קרום אלקטרודות סלקטיבית יון 24 , וטהר CFTR מחדש עם קליעים נותבים רדיואקטיבי 25. עם זאת thשימוש בדואר של אלקטרודות סלקטיבית היון ללמוד מטוהר CFTR מחדש דווח לראשונה לאחרונה 19. הסתגלות של השיטה הנוכחית הייתה בשימוש כבר הכינון מחדש ואפיון פונקציונלי של שני חלבוני קרום בPseudomonas aeruginosa, הפתוגן CF נפוץ. הכינון מחדש חלבון מטוהר alge חיצוני קרום יחד עם מדידות זרימת יודיד שלהם המשמשים לתמיכת מודל להפרשת אלגינט anionic דרך טרנספורטר זה 26. כינונה מחדש ומדידות זרימת יודיד יושמו חלבון Wzx המטוהר, שאיפשר מודל להצעה שמציעה H + מנגנון antiport + תלוי לטרנסלוקציה oligosaccharide צמוד שומנים על פני הקרום הפנימי החיידקים על ידי חלבון זה 27. בשני המקרים יודיד שימש כתחליף למצע anionic, אם כי בתפוקה נמוכה יותר מכפי שאפשר לצפות למצע ילידים. השיטה עשויה להיות מתאימה להסתגלות לחלבונים אחרים עם גמסלולי תחבורה או הולכה ationic מצעי anionic. כאן תהליך טיהור מהיר מתואר לחלבון CFTR והרכבתה מחדש לproteoliposomes של שומנים בדם מוגדרים. הליך הכינון מחדש המהיר יכול בקלות להיות מותאם לשימוש עם CFTR מטוהר על ידי שיטות אחרות, ובלבד שהסוג של חומר ניקוי בטיהור ניתן להסרה בשיטות המשמשות כאן או ניתן להחליף אבקת כביסה מתאימה לפני הליך הכינון מחדש. שיטת זרימת יודיד למדידת פעילות ערוץ חלבון CFTR המטוהר והמשוחזר של מתוארת בפירוט וכמה תוצאות טיפוסיות שניתן להשיג משיטה זו מוצגות.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1269">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:403px;">fos-choline 14 detergent</td>
			<td style="width:515px;">Anatrace Affymetrix (www.anatrace.affymetrix.com)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">F312</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Affymetrix: Anatrace Products; CAS#&#160;:77733-28-9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">cOmplete EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail tablets</td>
			<td>Roche (www.roche-applied-science.com)</td>
			<td>04 693 132 001</td>
			<td>EDTA-free Protease inhibitor cocktail tablets (1 in 50 ml or mini:1 in 10 mL) (Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Ref: 11873 580 001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">cOmplete ULTRA Tablets, Mini, EDTA-free, EASYpack&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche (www.roche-applied-science.com)</td>
			<td>05 892 791 001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ni-NTA Agarose</td>
			<td>Qaigen GmbH</td>
			<td align="right">1018240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fisherbrand Screening columns</td>
			<td>Fisher Healthcare</td>
			<td>11-387-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Amicon Ultra Centrifugal filters, Ultracel-100K</td>
			<td>Millipore (www.millipore.com)</td>
			<td>UFC910008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase A (PKA), Catalytic Subunit</td>
			<td colspan="2">New England Biolabs (www.neb.com/products/p6000-camp-dependent-protein-kinase-pka-catalytic-subunit)</td>
			<td>Peirce PKA is also suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PC, Chicken Egg</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids (www.avantilipids.com)</td>
			<td>840051C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">POPC</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids (www.avantilipids.com)</td>
			<td>850457C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PS, Porcine Brain</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids (www.avantilipids.com)</td>
			<td>840032C</td>
			<td>(CFTR has been successfully reconstituted into Egg PC, POPC, 2:1 (w/w) Egg PC:POPC, or a mixture of PE:PS:PC:ergosterol, 5:2:2:1 (w/w))</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PE, Chicken Egg</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids (www.avantilipids.com)</td>
			<td>841118C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ergosterol</td>
			<td>Sigma (www.sigmaaldrich.com)</td>
			<td align="right">45480</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pierce Detergent removal spin column</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td align="right">87779</td>
			<td>1 ml capacity columns</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">valinomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma (www.sigmaaldrich.com)</td>
			<td>V-0627</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">VX-770 (ivacaftor)</td>
			<td>Selleck Chemicals</td>
			<td>S1144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">iodide selective microelectrode</td>
			<td>Lazar Research Laboratories (www.shelfscientific.com/cgi-bin/tame/newlaz/microionn.tam)</td>
			<td>LIS-146ICM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Clampex 8.1 software</td>
			<td>Axon Instruments (www.axon.com)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>we use components of the ClampX system with a home made filter to monitor and record the response to our electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Alternate Software: ArrowLabb System&#160;</td>
			<td>Lazar Research Laboratories (www.shelfscientific.com/cgi-bin/tame/newlaz/ionsystems.tam)</td>
			<td>LIS-146LICM-XS</td>
			<td>Lazar Research sells a meter that can interface with a computer and software to record the probe response.&#160; This software should serve a similar function to our setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">small stir bars</td>
			<td>Big Science Inc (www.stirbars.com)</td>
			<td>SBM-0502-CMB</td>
			<td>choose a stir bar small enough to easily fit into a well of a 96-well plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sephadex G50, fine</td>
			<td>GE Health Care (www.gelifesciences.com)</td>
			<td>17-0042-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sonicator</td>
			<td>Laboratory Supplies Co, Inc.</td>
			<td>G112SP1G</td>
			<td>Bath sonicators from other manufacturers should also be suitable</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

functional reconstitution and channel activity measurements of purified wildtype and mutant cftr protein

סיסטיק פיברוזיס הטרנסממברני מוליכות הרגולטור (CFTR) הוא חבר יוצרי ערוץ ייחודי של ATP כריכת קלטת superfamily (ABC) של מובילים. פעילות ערוץ זירחון וכלוריד התלוי נוקלאוטיד של CFTR נחקרה לעתים קרובות במערכות תא כולו וכערוצים בודדים בתיקוני קרום נכרתו. מוטציות הגורם לסיסטיק פיברוזיס רבים הוכחו לשנות פעילות זו. בעוד מספר קטן של פרוטוקולי טיהור פורסמו, שיטה מהירה לשיקום שומרת פעילות ערוץ ושיטה מתאימה ללימוד פעילות ערוץ אוכלוסייה במערכת מטוהרת היו חסרה. שיטות כאן מהירות מתוארות לטיהור וכינון מחדש תפקודי של חלבון CFTR באורך המלא לproteoliposomes של הרכב שומנים בדם מוגדר ששומר על פעילות כערוץ הליד מוסדר. שיטה זו הכינון מחדש יחד עם assay מבוסס שטף רומן של פעילות ערוץ היא מערכת מתאימה ללומד את מאפייני אוכלוסייה של ערוץ CFTR סוג בר ומוטציות הגורמות למחל F508del- וG551D-CFTR. באופן ספציפי, יש לו את השיטה שירות בלימוד ההשפעות הישירות של זירחון, נוקלאוטידים ומולקולות קטנות כגון potentiators ומעכבים על פעילות ערוץ CFTR. השיטות גם נתונים למחקר של ערוצים / מובילי קרום אחרים למצעי anionic.

מתוארים בפרסום בכתב זה הם שיטות לטיהור, מחדש ולמדוד את פעילות ערוץ מוסדרת של חלבון CFTR. איור 1 א מציג את זרימת העבודה לטיהור, הכינון מחדש ונהלים בזרימת יודיד. שיטות למדידת הכינון מחדש ופעילות ערוץ על-ידי שטף יודיד גם מוצגות בפירוט נוסף בווידאו קשור. <p class="jove_co...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Reconstitution and Channel Activity Measurements of Purified Wildtype and Mutant CFTR Protein at JoVE.com

Functional Reconstitution and Channel Activity Measurements of Purified Wildtype and Mutant CFTR Protein

שתואר כאן הוא הליך מהיר ויעיל לכינון מחדש פונקציונלי של מטוהר wild-type וחלבון CFTR מוטציה המשמרת את פעילות לערוץ כלוריד הזה, שהוא פגום בסיסטיק פיברוזיס. זרימת יודיד מproteoliposomes מחדש בתיווכו של CFTR מאפשרת לימודים של פעילות ערוץ ואת ההשפעות של מולקולות קטנות.

מדידות הכינון פונקציונלי ופעילות הערוץ של מטוהרים wildtype וחלבון CFTR Mutant

The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a unique channel-forming member of the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily of ...

functional-reconstitution-channel-activity-measurements-purified

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

12.1K Views.  Hospital for Sick Children.  שתואר כאן הוא הליך מהיר ויעיל לכינון מחדש פונקציונלי של מטוהר wild-type וחלבון CFTR מוטציה המשמרת את פעילות לערוץ כלוריד הזה, שהוא פגום בסיסטיק פיברוזיס. זרימת יודיד מproteoliposomes מחדש בתיווכו של CFTR מאפשרת לימודים של פעילות ערוץ ואת ההשפעות של מולקו?...

Video: Functional Reconstitution and Channel Activity Measurements of Purified Wildtype and Mutant CFTR Protein

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

הכתמה של חלבונים עם ג&#39;ל Coomassie G-250 ללא חומצה אצטית ממס אורגני

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

Using the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System for Molecular Weight-Based Fractionation with Liquid Phase Recovery

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based fractionation. The system is comprised of single-use, 8-sample capacity cartridges and a benchtop GELFREE Fractionation Instrument. During separation, a constant voltage is applied between the anode and cathode reservoirs, and each protein mixture is electrophoretically driven from a loading chamber into a specially designed gel column gel. Proteins are concentrated into a tight band in a stacking gel, and separated based on their respective electrophoretic mobilities in a resolving gel. As proteins elute from the column, they are trapped and concentrated in liquid phase in the collection chamber, free of the gel. The instrument is then paused at specific time intervals, and fractions are collected using a pipette. This process is repeated until all desired fractions have been collected. If fewer than 8 samples are run on a cartridge, any unused chambers can be used in subsequent separations.
This novel technology facilitates the quick and simple separation of up to 8 complex protein mixtures simultaneously, and offers several advantages when compared to previously available fractionation methods. This system is capable of fractionating up to 1mg of total protein per channel, for a total of 8mg per cartridge. Intact proteins over a broad mass range are separated on the basis of molecular weight, retaining important physiochemical properties of the analyte. The liquid phase entrapment provides for high recovery while eliminating the need for band or spot cutting, making the fractionation process highly reproducible1.

The accompanying video describes the use of the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System, which partitions complex protein samples on the basis of molecular weight and recovers the fractions in liquid phase. The video describes how the technology works, how it is used, and provides resultant data, with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of fractionated bovine liver homogenate.

באמצעות מערכת GELFREE 8100 ההיפוך חלוקה על ההיפוך חלוקה משקל מבוסס מולקולרית עם שלב החילוץ נוזלי

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based ...

Biochemical Reconstitution of Steroid Receptor&#x2022;Hsp90 Protein  Complexes and Reactivation of Ligand Binding

Hsp90 is an essential and highly abundant molecular chaperone protein that has been found to regulate more than 150 eukaryotic signaling proteins, including transcription factors (e.g. nuclear receptors, p53) and protein kinases (e.g. Src, Raf, Akt kinase) involved in cell cycling, tumorigenesis, apoptosis, and multiple eukaryotic signaling pathways 1,2. Of these many 'client' proteins for hsp90, the assembly of steroid receptor&bull;hsp90 complexes is the best defined (Figure 1). We present here an adaptable glucocorticoid receptor (GR) immunoprecipitation assay and in vitro GR&bull;hsp90 reconstitution method that may be readily used to probe eukaryotic hsp90 functional activity, hsp90-mediated steroid receptor ligand binding, and molecular chaperone cofactor requirements. For example, this assay can be used to test hsp90 cofactor requirements and the effects of adding exogenous compounds to the reconstitution process. 
The GR has been a particularly useful system for studying hsp90 because the receptor must be bound to hsp90 to have an open ligand binding cleft that is accessible to steroid 3. Endogenous, unliganded GR is present in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells noncovalently bound to hsp90. As found in the endogenous GR&bull;hsp90 heterocomplex, the GR ligand binding cleft is open and capable of binding steroid. If hsp90 dissociates from the GR or if its function is inhibited, the receptor is unable to bind steroid and requires reconstitution of the GR&bull;hsp90 heterocomplex before steroid binding activity is restored 4 . GR can be immunoprecipitated from cell cytosol using a monoclonal antibody, and proteins such as hsp90 complexed to the GR can be assayed by western blot. Steroid binding activity of the immunoprecipitated GR can be determined by incubating the immunopellet with [3H]steroid. 
Previous experiments have shown hsp90-mediated opening of the GR ligand binding cleft requires hsp70, a second molecular chaperone also essential for eukaryotic cell viability. Biochemical activity of hsp90 and hsp70 are catalyzed by co-chaperone proteins Hop, hsp40, and p23 5. A multiprotein chaperone machinery containing hsp90, hsp70, Hop, and hsp40 are endogenously present in eukaryotic cell cytoplasm, and reticulocyte lysate provides a chaperone-rich protein source 6. 
In the method presented, GR is immunoadsorbed from cell cytosol and stripped of the endogenous hsp90/hsp70 chaperone machinery using mild salt conditions. The salt-stripped GR is then incubated with reticulocyte lysate, ATP, and K+, which results in the reconstitution of the GR&bull;hsp90 heterocomplex and reactivation of steroid binding activity 7. This method can be utilized to test the effects of various chaperone cofactors, novel proteins, and experimental hsp90 or GR inhibitors in order to determine their functional significance on hsp90-mediated steroid binding 8-11.

Biochemical Reconstitution of Steroid Receptor&amp;#x2022;Hsp90 Protein  Complexes and Reactivation of Ligand Binding

An in vitro method for preparing functional glucocorticoid receptor (GR)&#x2022;hsp90 protein complexes from purified proteins and cellular lysates is described. The method utilizes immunoadsorption of recombinant GR followed by salt-stripping and protein complex reconstitution. The importance of cofactors and buffer conditions are discussed, as are potential method applications.

הכינון ביוכימיים של קולטן סטרואידים • Hsp90 קומפלקסים חלבונים ו מחדש של ליגנד הכבילה

Hsp90 is an essential and highly abundant molecular chaperone protein that has been found to regulate more than 150 eukaryotic signaling proteins, ...

Application of MassSQUIRM for Quantitative Measurements of Lysine Demethylase Activity

Recently, epigenetic regulators have been discovered as key players in many different diseases 1-3. As a result, these enzymes are prime targets for small molecule studies and drug development 4. Many epigenetic regulators have only recently been discovered and are still in the process of being classified. Among these enzymes are lysine demethylases which remove methyl groups from lysines on histones and other proteins. Due to the novel nature of this class of enzymes, few assays have been developed to study their activity. This has been a road block to both the classification and high throughput study of histone demethylases. Currently, very few demethylase assays exist. Those that do exist tend to be qualitative in nature and cannot simultaneously discern between the different lysine methylation states (un-, mono-, di- and tri-). Mass spectrometry is commonly used to determine demethylase activity but current mass spectrometric assays do not address whether differentially methylated peptides ionize differently. Differential ionization of methylated peptides makes comparing methylation states difficult and certainly not quantitative (Figure 1A). Thus available assays are not optimized for the comprehensive analysis of demethylase activity.
Here we describe a method called MassSQUIRM (mass spectrometric quantitation using isotopic reductive methylation) that is based on reductive methylation of amine groups with deuterated formaldehyde to force all lysines to be di-methylated, thus making them essentially the same chemical species and therefore ionize the same (Figure 1B). The only chemical difference following the reductive methylation is hydrogen and deuterium, which does not affect MALDI ionization efficiencies. The MassSQUIRM assay is specific for demethylase reaction products with un-, mono- or di-methylated lysines. The assay is also applicable to lysine methyltransferases giving the same reaction products. Here, we use a combination of reductive methylation chemistry and MALDI mass spectrometry to measure the activity of LSD1, a lysine demethylase capable of removing di- and mono-methyl groups, on a synthetic peptide substrate 5. This assay is simple and easily amenable to any lab with access to a MALDI mass spectrometer in lab or through a proteomics facility. The assay has ~8-fold dynamic range and is readily scalable to plate format 5.

We present a method for using MALDI mass spectrometry and reductive methylation chemistry to quantify changes in lysine methylation.

יישום MassSQUIRM עבור מדידות כמותיות של פעילות Demethylase ליזין

Recently, epigenetic regulators have been discovered as key players in many different diseases 1-3. As a result, these enzymes are prime targets for small ...

Affinity Precipitation of Active Rho-GEFs Using a GST-tagged Mutant Rho Protein (GST-RhoA(G17A)) from Epithelial Cell Lysates

Proteins of the Rho family of small GTPases are central regulators of the cytoskeleton, and control a large variety of cellular processes, including cell migration, gene expression, cell cycle progression and cell adhesion 1. Rho proteins are molecular switches that are active in GTP-bound and inactive in GDP-bound state. Their activation is mediated by a family of Guanine-nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF) proteins. Rho-GEFs constitute a large family, with overlapping specificities 2. Although a lot of progress has been made in identifying the GEFs activated by specific signals, there are still many questions remaining regarding the pathway-specific regulation of these proteins. The number of Rho-GEFs exceeds 70, and each cell expresses more than one GEF protein. In addition, many of these proteins activate not only Rho, but other members of the family, contributing further to the complexity of the regulatory networks. Importantly, exploring how GEFs are regulated requires a method to follow the active pool of individual GEFs in cells activated by different stimuli. Here we provide a step-by-step protocol for a method used to assess and quantify the available active Rho-specific GEFs using an affinity precipitation assay. This assay was developed a few years ago in the Burridge lab 3,4 and we have used it in kidney tubular cell lines 5,6,7. The assay takes advantage of a "nucleotide free" mutant RhoA, with a high affinity for active GEFs. The mutation (G17A) renders the protein unable to bind GDP or GTP and this state mimics the intermediate state that is bound to the GEF. A GST-tagged version of this mutant protein is expressed and purified from E. coli, bound to glutathione sepharose beads and used to precipitate active GEFs from lysates of untreated and stimulated cells. As most GEFs are activated via posttranslational modifications or release from inhibitory bindings, their active state is preserved in cell lysates, and they can be detected by this assay8. Captured proteins can be probed for known GEFs by detection with specific antibodies using Western blotting, or analyzed by Mass Spectrometry to identify unknown GEFs activated by certain stimuli.

Affinity Precipitation of Active Rho-GEFs Using a GST-tagged Mutant Rho Protein GST-RhoAG17A from Epithelial Cell Lysates

The method presented here describes an assay to follow activation of RhoA specific GDP/GTP Exchange Factors (GEFs) in cultured cells by making use of a mutant RhoA GST fusion protein that has high affinity for activated GEFs. GEFs are precipitated from cell lysates, detected by Western blotting and quantified by densitometry.

הזיקה של רטיבות פעילים Rho-GEFs שימוש GST-מתויג מוטנטי חלבון Rho (GST-RhoA (G17A)) מ lysates תא אפיתל

Proteins of the Rho family of small GTPases are central regulators of the cytoskeleton, and control a large variety of cellular processes, including cell ...

In Vitro Analysis of PDZ-dependent CFTR Macromolecular Signaling Complexes

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a chloride channel located primarily at the apical membranes of epithelial cells, plays a crucial role in transepithelial fluid homeostasis1-3. CFTR has been implicated in two major diseases: cystic fibrosis (CF)4 and secretory diarrhea5. In CF, the synthesis or functional activity of the CFTR Cl- channel is reduced. This disorder affects approximately 1 in 2,500 Caucasians in the United States6. Excessive CFTR activity has also been implicated in cases of toxin-induced secretory diarrhea (e.g., by cholera toxin and heat stable E. coli enterotoxin) that stimulates cAMP or cGMP production in the gut7.
Accumulating evidence suggest the existence of physical and functional interactions between CFTR and a growing number of other proteins, including transporters, ion channels, receptors, kinases, phosphatases, signaling molecules, and cytoskeletal elements, and these interactions between CFTR and its binding proteins have been shown to be critically involved in regulating CFTR-mediated transepithelial ion transport in vitro and also in vivo8-19. In this protocol, we focus only on the methods that aid in the study of the interactions between CFTR carboxyl terminal tail, which possesses a protein-binding motif [referred to as PSD95/Dlg1/ZO-1 (PDZ) motif], and a group of scaffold proteins, which contain a specific binding module referred to as PDZ domains. So far, several different PDZ scaffold proteins have been reported to bind to the carboxyl terminal tail of CFTR with various affinities, such as NHERF1, NHERF2, PDZK1, PDZK2, CAL (CFTR-associated ligand), Shank2, and GRASP20-27. The PDZ motif within CFTR that is recognized by PDZ scaffold proteins is the last four amino acids at the C terminus (i.e., 1477-DTRL-1480 in human CFTR)20. Interestingly, CFTR can bind more than one PDZ domain of both NHERFs and PDZK1, albeit with varying affinities22. This multivalency with respect to CFTR binding has been shown to be of functional significance, suggesting that PDZ scaffold proteins may facilitate formation of CFTR macromolecular signaling complexes for specific/selective and efficient signaling in cells16-18.
Multiple biochemical assays have been developed to study CFTR-involving protein interactions, such as co-immunoprecipitation, pull-down assay, pair-wise binding assay, colorimetric pair-wise binding assay, and macromolecular complex assembly assay16-19,28,29. Here we focus on the detailed procedures of assembling a PDZ motif-dependent CFTR-containing macromolecular complex in vitro, which is used extensively by our laboratory to study protein-protein or domain-domain interactions involving CFTR16-19,28,29.

In Vitro Analysis of PDZ-dependent CFTR Macromolecular Signaling Complexes

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), an epithelial chloride channel, has been reported to interact with various proteins and regulate important cellular processes; among them the CFTR PDZ motif-mediated interactions have been well documented. This protocol describes methods we developed to assemble a PDZ-dependent CFTR macromolecular signaling complex in vitro.

בניתוח מבחנה של PDZ תלויי macromolecular תסביכים CFTR לשידור אותות

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a chloride channel located primarily at the apical membranes of epithelial cells, plays a ...

Reconstitution of a Kv Channel into Lipid Membranes for Structural and Functional Studies

To study the lipid-protein interaction in a reductionistic fashion, it is necessary to incorporate the membrane proteins into membranes of well-defined lipid composition. We are studying the lipid-dependent gating effects in a prototype voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel, and have worked out detailed procedures to reconstitute the channels into different membrane systems. Our reconstitution procedures take consideration of both detergent-induced fusion of vesicles and the fusion of protein/detergent micelles with the lipid/detergent mixed micelles as well as the importance of reaching an equilibrium distribution of lipids among the protein/detergent/lipid and the detergent/lipid mixed micelles. Our data suggested that the insertion of the channels in the lipid vesicles is relatively random in orientations, and the reconstitution efficiency is so high that no detectable protein aggregates were seen in fractionation experiments. We have utilized the reconstituted channels to determine the conformational states of the channels in different lipids, record electrical activities of a small number of channels incorporated in planar lipid bilayers, screen for conformation-specific ligands from a phage-displayed peptide library, and support the growth of 2D crystals of the channels in membranes. The reconstitution procedures described here may be adapted for studying other membrane proteins in lipid bilayers, especially for the investigation of the lipid effects on the eukaryotic voltage-gated ion channels.

Procedures for complete reconstitution of a prototype voltage-gated potassium channel into lipid membranes are described. The reconstituted channels are suitable for biochemical assays, electrical recordings, ligand screening and electron crystallographic studies. These methods may have general applications to the structural and functional studies of other membrane proteins.

כינונה מחדש של ערוץ Kv לממברנות שומנים בדם למבני ותפקודיים ללימודים

To study the lipid-protein interaction in a reductionistic fashion, it is necessary to incorporate the membrane proteins into membranes of well-defined ...

In Vitro Reconstitution of Light-harvesting Complexes of Plants and Green Algae

In plants and green algae, light is captured by the light-harvesting complexes (LHCs), a family of integral membrane proteins that coordinate chlorophylls and carotenoids. In vivo, these proteins are folded with pigments to form complexes which are inserted in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. The high similarity in the chemical and physical properties of the members of the family, together with the fact that they can easily lose pigments during isolation, makes their purification in a native state challenging. An alternative approach to obtain homogeneous preparations of LHCs was developed by Plumley and Schmidt in 19871, who showed that it was possible to reconstitute these complexes in vitro starting from purified pigments and unfolded apoproteins, resulting in complexes with properties very similar to that of native complexes. This opened the way to the use of bacterial expressed recombinant proteins for in vitro reconstitution. The reconstitution method is powerful for various reasons: (1) pure preparations of individual complexes can be obtained, (2) pigment composition can be controlled to assess their contribution to structure and function, (3) recombinant proteins can be mutated to study the functional role of the individual residues (e.g., pigment binding sites) or protein domain (e.g., protein-protein interaction, folding). This method has been optimized in several laboratories and applied to most of the light-harvesting complexes. The protocol described here details the method of reconstituting light-harvesting complexes in vitro currently used in our laboratory, and examples describing applications of the method are provided.

In Vitro Reconstitution of Light-harvesting Complexes of Plants and Green Algae

This protocol details the reconstitution of light-harvesting complexes in vitro. These integral membrane proteins coordinate chlorophylls and carotenoids and are responsible for harvesting light in higher plants and green algae.

במבחנת כינונה מחדש של מכלולי אור קציר של צמחים ואצות ירוקות

In plants and green algae, light is captured by the light-harvesting complexes (LHCs), a family of integral membrane proteins that coordinate chlorophylls ...

Probing High-density Functional Protein Microarrays to Detect Protein-protein Interactions

High-density functional protein microarrays containing ~4,200 recombinant yeast proteins are examined for kinase protein-protein interactions using an affinity purified yeast kinase fusion protein containing a V5-epitope tag for read-out. Purified kinase is obtained through culture of a yeast strain optimized for high copy protein production harboring a plasmid containing a Kinase-V5 fusion construct under a GAL inducible promoter. The yeast is grown in restrictive media with a neutral carbon source for 6 hr followed by induction with 2% galactose. Next, the culture is harvested and kinase is purified using standard affinity chromatographic techniques to obtain a highly purified protein kinase for use in the assay. The purified kinase is diluted with kinase buffer to an appropriate range for the assay and the protein microarrays are blocked prior to hybridization with the protein microarray. After the hybridization, the arrays are probed with monoclonal V5 antibody to identify proteins bound by the kinase-V5 protein. Finally, the arrays are scanned using a standard microarray scanner, and data is extracted for downstream informatics analysis1,2 to determine a high confidence set of protein interactions for downstream validation in vivo.

Using protein microarrays containing nearly the entire S. cerevisiae proteome is probed for rapid unbiased interrogation of thousands of protein-protein interactions in parallel. This method can be utilized for protein-small molecule, posttranslational modification, and other assays in high-throughput.

חיטוט Microarrays חלבון פונקציונלי בצפיפות גבוהה לזיהוי חלבונים אינטראקציות

High-density functional protein microarrays containing ~4,200 recombinant yeast proteins are examined for kinase protein-protein interactions using an ...

Reconstitution of a Transmembrane Protein, the Voltage-gated Ion Channel, KvAP, into Giant Unilamellar Vesicles for Microscopy and Patch Clamp Studies

Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) are a popular biomimetic system for studying membrane associated phenomena. However, commonly used protocols to grow GUVs must be modified in order to form GUVs containing functional transmembrane proteins. This article describes two dehydration-rehydration methods &#8212; electroformation and gel-assisted swelling &#8212; to form GUVs containing the voltage-gated potassium channel, KvAP. In both methods, a solution of protein-containing small unilamellar vesicles is partially dehydrated to form a stack of membranes, which is then allowed to swell in a rehydration buffer. For the electroformation method, the film is deposited on platinum electrodes so that an AC field can be applied during film rehydration. In contrast, the gel-assisted swelling method uses an agarose gel substrate to enhance film rehydration. Both methods can produce GUVs in low (e.g., 5 mM) and physiological (e.g., 100 mM) salt concentrations. The resulting GUVs are characterized via fluorescence microscopy, and the function of reconstituted channels measured using the inside-out patch-clamp configuration. While swelling in the presence of an alternating electric field (electroformation) gives a high yield of defect-free GUVs, the gel-assisted swelling method produces a more homogeneous protein distribution and requires no special equipment.

The reconstitution of the transmembrane protein, KvAP, into giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) is demonstrated for two dehydration-rehydration methods &#8212; electroformation, and gel-assisted swelling. In both methods, small unilamellar vesicles containing the protein are fused together to form GUVs that can then be studied by fluorescence microscopy and patch-clamp electrophysiology.

כינונה מחדש של חלבון טראנסממברנלי, יון ערוץ מתח מגודרת, KvAP, לענק Unilamellar שלפוחית ​​למיקרוסקופי וצמד תיקון ללימודים

Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) are a popular biomimetic system for studying membrane associated phenomena. However, commonly used protocols to grow ...