This material is based on work supported by the National Institutes of Health (1R03-CA182052, 1R15-CA202662), the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (G.G., DGE-1450079), the Arkansas Biosciences Institute, and the University of Arkansas Doctoral Academy Fellowship. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the acknowledged funding agencies.

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

<html> ההדמיה ברזולוציה גבוהה multimodal ו microendoscope סיבים צרורים ספקטרוסקופיה החזרת משנה המפוזר דיווח כאן יכולים להיות מותאמת בשימוש על ידי חוקרים עבור מגוון רחב של יישומים, כולל אנדוסקופית או שימוש כף יד עבור מחקרים בבני אדם או בעלי חיים. זה ובכך מספק שיטה גמישה המאפשר הדמיה...

סיבים צרורי טכניקות microendoscopy בדרך כלל לנתח ברקמות vivo או באמצעות טכניקות הדמיה או שילוב של טכניקות ספקטרוסקופיה. 1-3 אחת טכניקת דימות כגון, microendoscopy קרינה ברזולוציה גבוהה, יכול תמונת רקמות פסגה המיקרו-ארכיטקטורה עם רזולוצית משנה הסלולר ב קטן , שדה של נוף microscale, באמצעות חומר ניגוד אקטואלי כגון proflavine, והעמסה, או דיו pyranine. 1,3-11 שיטת הדמיה זו הוכיחה מבטיחה ביצועים קליניים להבדיל רקמות אפיתל חולות איכותי ובריאות בזמן אמת עם נמוך השתנות בין צופה. 8 לפעמים, חוקרים ישתמשו בנתוני מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי ברזולוציה גבוהה כדי לחלץ תכונות כמותיות, כגון תא וגודל גרעיני או באזור בלוטה, אבל זה נשאר בגדר טכניקה איכותית בעיקר הממוקדת כלפי חזותי מורפולוגיה רקמות. 1,3,8- 10 המצד השני, טכניקות ספקטרוסקופיה, כגוןכמו ספקטרוסקופיה החזרה מפוזרת, ממוקד לקראת מתן מידע רקמות פונקציונלי הראה מבטיח ביצועים קליניים בזיהוי נגעים סרטניים כמותית באיברים רבים. 2,12-15 לכן, יש צורך עבור מכשיר המשלב שני סוגי ולנהלים פוטנציאל לצמצם עוד יותר השתנות בין הצופה, לשמור ויזואליזציה בזמן אמת של רקמות מיקרו-ארכיטקטורה, ולספק ניתוח מלא יותר של בריאות רקמות. כדי להשיג מטרה זו, מכשיר המבוסס על בדיקת multimodal נבנה משלב שתי שיטות בתוך חללית סיבים אופטיים יחידה:. Microendoscopy קרינה גבוהה ברזולוצית ספקטרוסקופיה החזרת משנה מפוזרת 11 זה-אוגר שיתוף שיטה האיכותנית תמונות ברזולוציה גבוהה של פסגה מורפולוגיה רקמות (תכונות מבניות) עם מידע ספקטרלי כמותית (תכונות פעילות) משתי במעמקי רקמות נפרדים כולל ריכוז המוגלובין מקומי ([Hb]), ריכוז המלנין ([מל]), ואת ריווי חמצן (סאו 2). 11,12,16 אפנות ספקטרוסקופיה החזרת משנה מפוזר ספציפיות זה משתמש בשתי פרדות-גלאי מקור (SDSS) לדגום שני במעמקי רקמות ייחודיים לאספקה תמונה מקיפה יותר של בריאות רקמות באמצעות דגימת עד קרום המרתף stroma הרקמה הבסיסית. 11 הסיבים-הבדיקה מורכבת סיב דימוי מרכזי 1 מ&quot;מ בקוטר עם אלמנטי סיבים בקוטר כ 50,000 4.5 מיקרומטר, בקוטר חיפוי של 1.1 מ&quot;מ בקוטר ציפוי כולל של 1.2 מ&quot;מ. סיבי התמונה מוקף בחמישה 200 מיקרומטר סיבים בקוטר בקטרי חיפוי של 220 מיקרומטר. כל סיב multimode 200 מיקרומטר ממוקם במרחק מרכז אל מרכז של 864 מיקרומטר הרחק ממרכז הסיב התמונה. כל אחד סיבי multimode 200 מיקרומטר פסוקים 25 °. באמצעות סיבים multimode 200 מיקרומטר השמאלי ביותר כמו סיבים &quot;המקור&quot;, ואת ה נוספתרי 200 מיקרומטר סיבים multimode כמו &quot;אוסף&quot; הסיבים, גיאומטריה זה בהכרח יוצר שלושה מרכז אל מרכז SDSS של 374 מיקרומטר, 730 מיקרומטר, 1,051 מיקרומטר, ו 1,323 מיקרומטר. עצות הסיבים מוקפות בתוך מעטפת מתכת גלילית שמחזיקה את המרחקים בין קבוע סיבים. הקוטר של מארז המתכת הגלילי הוא 3 מ&quot;מ. בקצה הדיסטלי (לקראת קצה החללית סיבים אופטיים) של החללית סיבים אופטיים ארוך 2 מטרים. החללית אז מפרידה לששת סיבי פרט בהתאמה בסוף הפרוקסימלי (לכיוון המכשור) שהינה בעלת ארוך נוסף 2 מטרים, עבור באורך כולל של 4 מטרים. איור 1 מציג ייצוג של חללית הסיבים אופטיים. <img alt="איור 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54564/54564fig1.jpg" /> איור 1:. עיצוב חללית סיבים אופטי חללית הסיבים אופטיים מורכבת 1 אחד סיבי תמונת מ&quot;מ בקוטר וארבעה 200 מיקרומטר סיבים מרובים. זֶההאיור מציג ייצוגים של (א) את הכובע בסוף מתכת אשר מגביל את הגיאומטריה של סיבים על קצה החללית להניב SDSS של 374, 730, ו 1,051 מיקרומטר ביחס סיבים 200 מיקרומטר multimode השמאלי ביותר (סרגל קנה מידה ≈ 1 מ&quot;מ), (ב) הסיבים להיות מוגבל בתוך מכסה מתכת, מראה את ליבות סיבים, חיפוי סיבים, וציפוי סיבים (סרגל קנה מידה ≈ 1 מ&quot;מ), (ג) לנדן פוליאמיד מגן סביב סיבי (סרגל קנה מידה ≈ 1 מ&quot;מ), (ד ) את קצה דיסטלי המוגמר של החללית, עם האחיזה מתכת כבל שחור יחיד המכיל את כל סיבי (סרגל קנה מידה ≈ 4 מ&quot;מ), ו- (ה) תמונה של קצה דיסטלי של החללית (סרגל קנה מידה ≈ 4 מ&quot;מ). <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54564/54564fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">אנא לחץ כאן כדי לצפות בגרסה גדולה יותר של דמות זו.</a> מכשור multimodal זה techni הקשוריםque הוא השילוב הראשון של שיטות אלה בתוך חללית יחידה, אם כי טכניקות מבניות / פונקציונליות משולבות אחרים אכן קיימות המשלבים באופנים שונים. לדוגמה, הדמיה היפרספקטראלית משלב הדמיה רחב בתחום בעלי תכונות המוגלובין מלנין כמותי, 17,18 וטכניקות אחרות פותחו המשלבים טומוגרפיה קוהרנטיות אופטית (אוקטובר) עם ניתוח של ביטוי חלבון רקמות, 19 עד כמה שם. דוחות מאמר זה על התקנת מכשור קומפקטית וקלה ליישם המשתמשת חללית סיבים אופטיים כללית אשר יכול להיות מותאמת למטרות שונות כולל שימוש אנדוסקופית במערכת העיכול התחתון וושט או כמו בדיקת כף יד לשימוש בחלל הפה ושם חיצוני בעור. 11,20 החומרה עבור מכשור זה דורשת הוא רכישת נתונים מותאם אישית וקוד שלאחר עיבוד לרכוש ספקטרום החזרה מפוזר ולאחר מכן לחלץ את volum וכתוצאה מכךדואר בממוצע פרמטרים פיזיולוגיים רקמות כולל [Hb], [מל], והפרקליטות 2. קוד איסוף נתונים המותאמים אישית נבנה כדי לאפשר רכישת סימולטני ממצלמה (עבור מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי ברזולוציה גבוהה) ו ספקטרומטר (עבור ספקטרוסקופיה החזרה מפוזרת). נהגה לעתים קרובות זמינים שנלקחו מאתרים של היצרנים על מנת לאפשר אינטגרציה עם מגוון רחב של שפות תכנות. הקוד המותאם אישית שלאחר עיבוד מייבאת ערכים קליט פריורית in vivo [Hb] ו [מל] 21 ולאחר מכן מנצל תהליך קוי בעבר פתח אופטימיזציה הולם שיוצר עקומה מצוידת של הספקטרום. 22 העקומה המצוידת נבנתה על ידי מזעור χ 2 ערך בינו לבין ספקטרום הגלם וקביעת פרמטרים פיזיולוגיים רקמות ([Hb], [מל], והפרקליטות 2) מעקום מצויד ועם ערך χ 2 הנמוך ביותר. 22 ניתן לשנות את הקוד כדי לכלולקליטה מ chromophores אחר גם כן, כמו דיו pyranine אקסוגניים משמש כאן, כך יעד פרמטרים פיסיולוגיים אינם מושפעים. סממנים פיזיולוגיים של בריאות רקמות, כגון [Hb], [מל], והפרקליטות 2, יכול לשמש דיווחים על תגובת הגידול לטיפול או כאינדיקטורים כלי דם מקומיים אנגיוגנזה. 14,23 כולל אופנות microendoscopy הקרינה ברזולוציה גבוהה עוזר מיקום מדריך חללי ומספק לחוקרי תמונה שלמה יותר של הקשר בין מבנה רקמות אפיתל ותפקוד. במאמר זה, בנייה ויישום של microendoscope multimodal מתואר. 11

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		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:373px;">Arduino Uno - R3</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">SparkFun Electronics</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">DEV-11021</td>
			<td>Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:373px;">Electronic Breadboard - Self-Adhesive</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">SparkFun Electronics</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">PRT-12002</td>
			<td>Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:373px;">EasyDriver - Stepper Motor Driver</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sparkfun Electronics</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">ROB-12779</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:373px;">12V, 229 mA Power Supply</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Phihong</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">PSM03A</td>
			<td>Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:373px;">Enhanced Sensitivity USB Spectrometer (Vis-NIR)</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Ocean Optics</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">USB2000+VIS-NIR-ES</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:373px;">550 &#181;m, 0.22 NA, SMA-SMA Fiber Patch Cable</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Thorlabs, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">M37L01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:373px;">Custom-Built Fiber-Optic Probe</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Myriad Fiber Imaging</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:373px;">20% Spectralon Diffuse Reflectance Standard</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Labsphere, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">SRS-20-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:373px;">Standard Yellow Highlighter</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sharpie</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">25005</td>
			<td>Multiple suppliers, proflavine or fluorescein can be substituted</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

multimodal imaging and spectroscopy fiber-bundle microendoscopy platform for non-invasive, in vivo tissue analysis

טכניקות microendoscopy סיבים צרורים אחרונות לאפשר ניתוח פולשני של רקמות in vivo או באמצעות טכניקות הדמיה או שילוב של טכניקות ספקטרוסקופיה. שילוב טכניקות הדמיה וספקטרוסקופיה לתוך חללית אופטית בודדת עשוי לספק ניתוח מלא יותר של בריאות רקמות. במאמר זה, שתי שיטות שונות משולבות, הדמית microendoscopy קרינה גבוהה ברזולוצית ספקטרוסקופיה החזרה מפוזרת, לתוך חללית אופטית יחידה. דימות פלואורסצנטי microendoscopy הפרדה גבוהה טכניקה המשמשת לדמיין המיקרו-ארכיטקטורת פסגת רקמות, אם כי טכניקה איכותית בעיקר, הוכיחה בידול בזמן אמת יעיל בין רקמת אנטינאופלסטיים הלא ממאירה. החזרת ספקטרוסקופיה המפוזרת היא טכניקה שיכול לחלץ פרמטרים פיסיולוגיים רקמות כולל ריכוז המוגלובין מקומי, ריכוז מלנין, רוויון חמצן. מאמר זה מתאר את המפרט required לבנות את החללית סיבים אופטיים, איך לבנות את המכשור, ולאחר מכן מדגים את הטכניקה על העור in vivo האדם. עבודה זו עולה כי מיקרו-ארכיטקטורה רקמות, קרטינוציטים העור הפסגה במיוחד, יכול להיות שותף רשום עם פרמטרים פיזיולוגיים הקשורים אליו. חללית מכשור סיבים הצרור המוצגת כאן יכולה להיות מותאמת כמו גם מכשיר כף יד או אנדוסקופית התואמת לשימוש במגוון מערכות איברים. מחקר קליני נוסף דרוש על מנת לבחון את הכדאיות של טכניקה זו עבור מצבי מחלה אפיתל שונים.

בעקבות פרוטוקול זה, החוקר יהיה להשיג תמונת פוקוס ברזולוציה גבוהה של האתר רקם עם השדה המלא של תצוגה (איור 5). קווי המתאר של תאים שניתן לראות אם מוכתמות בדיו pyranine מ סימון צהוב תקן, בעוד שניתן לראות גרעיני תאים בודדים אם מוכתם לצבוע כגון proflavine. ב?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Multimodal Imaging and Spectroscopy Fiber-bundle Microendoscopy Platform for Non-invasive, In Vivo Tissue Analysis at JoVE.com

Multimodal Imaging and Spectroscopy Fiber-bundle Microendoscopy Platform for Non-invasive, In Vivo Tissue Analysis

The assembly and use of a multimodal microendoscope is described which can co-register superficial tissue image data with tissue physiological parameters including hemoglobin concentration, melanin concentration, and oxygen saturation. This technique can be useful for evaluating tissue structure and perfusion, and can be optimized for individual needs of the investigator.

הדמיה מולטימודליות וספקטרוסקופיה סיבים צרור פלטפורמת Microendoscopy עבור לא פולשני,<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; בדיקת רקמות

Recent fiber-bundle microendoscopy techniques enable non-invasive analysis of in vivo tissue using either imaging techniques or a combination of ...

multimodal-imaging-spectroscopy-fiber-bundle-microendoscopy-platform

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JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Multimodal Imaging and Spectroscopy Fiber-bundle Microendoscopy Platform for Non-invasive, In Vivo Tissue Analysis

7.8K Views.  University of Arkansas. The assembly and use of a multimodal microendoscope is described which can co-register superficial tissue image data with tissue physiological parameters including hemoglobin concentration, melanin concentration, and oxygen saturation. This technique can be useful for evaluating tissue structure and perfusion, and can be optimized for individual needs of the investigator.

Video: Multimodal Imaging and Spectroscopy Fiber-bundle Microendoscopy Platform for Non-invasive, In Vivo Tissue Analysis

High-resolution Fiber-optic Microendoscopy for in situ Cellular Imaging

Many biological and clinical studies require the longitudinal study and analysis of morphology and function with cellular level resolution. Traditionally, multiple experiments are run in parallel, with individual samples removed from the study at sequential time points for evaluation by light microscopy. Several intravital techniques have been developed, with confocal, multiphoton, and second harmonic microscopy all demonstrating their ability to be used for imaging in situ 1. With these systems, however, the required infrastructure is complex and expensive, involving scanning laser systems and complex light sources. Here we present a protocol for the design and assembly of a high-resolution microendoscope which can be built in a day using off-the-shelf components for under US$5,000. The platform offers flexibility in terms of image resolution, field-of-view, and operating wavelength, and we describe how these parameters can be easily modified to meet the specific needs of the end user.
We and others have explored the use of the high-resolution microendoscope (HRME) in in vitro cell culture 2-5, in excised 6 and living animal tissues 2,5, and in human tissues in vivo 2,7. Users have reported the use of several different fluorescent contrast agents, including proflavine 2-4, benzoporphyrin-derivative monoacid ring A (BPD-MA) 5, and fluoroscein 6,7, all of which have received full, or investigational approval from the FDA for use in human subjects. High-resolution microendoscopy, in the form described here, may appeal to a wide range of researchers working in the basic and clinical sciences. The technique offers an effective and economical approach which complements traditional benchtop microscopy, by enabling the user to perform high-resolution, longitudinal imaging in situ.

High-resolution Fiber-optic Microendoscopy for in situ Cellular Imaging

In many biological and clinical situations it is advantageous to study cellular processes as they evolve in their native microenvironment. Here we describe the assembly and use of a low-cost fiber-optic microscope which can provide real time imaging in cell culture, animal studies, and clinical patient studies.

רזולוציה גבוהה סיבים אופטיים עבור Microendoscopy באתרו נייד הדמיה

Many biological and clinical studies require the longitudinal study and analysis of morphology and function with cellular level resolution.  ...

Video-rate Scanning Confocal Microscopy and Microendoscopy

Confocal microscopy has become an invaluable tool in biology and the biomedical sciences, enabling rapid, high-sensitivity, and high-resolution optical sectioning of complex systems. Confocal microscopy is routinely used, for example, to study specific cellular targets1, monitor dynamics in living cells2-4, and visualize the three dimensional evolution of entire organisms5,6. Extensions of confocal imaging systems, such as confocal microendoscopes, allow for high-resolution imaging in vivo7 and are currently being applied to disease imaging and diagnosis in clinical settings8,9.
Confocal microscopy provides three-dimensional resolution by creating so-called "optical sections" using straightforward geometrical optics. In a standard wide-field microscope, fluorescence generated from a sample is collected by an objective lens and relayed directly to a detector. While acceptable for imaging thin samples, thick samples become blurred by fluorescence generated above and below the objective focal plane. In contrast, confocal microscopy enables virtual, optical sectioning of samples, rejecting out-of-focus light to build high resolution three-dimensional representations of samples.
Confocal microscopes achieve this feat by using a confocal aperture in the detection beam path. The fluorescence collected from a sample by the objective is relayed back through the scanning mirrors and through the primary dichroic mirror, a mirror carefully selected to reflect shorter wavelengths such as the laser excitation beam while passing the longer, Stokes-shifted fluorescence emission. This long-wavelength fluorescence signal is then passed to a pair of lenses on either side of a pinhole that is positioned at a plane exactly conjugate with the focal plane of the objective lens. Photons collected from the focal volume of the object are collimated by the objective lens and are focused by the confocal lenses through the pinhole. Fluorescence generated above or below the focal plane will therefore not be collimated properly, and will not pass through the confocal pinhole1, creating an optical section in which only light from the microscope focus is visible. (Fig 1). Thus the pinhole effectively acts as a virtual aperture in the focal plane, confining the detected emission to only one limited spatial location.
Modern commercial confocal microscopes offer users fully automated operation, making formerly complex imaging procedures relatively straightforward and accessible. Despite the flexibility and power of these systems, commercial confocal microscopes are not well suited for all confocal imaging tasks, such as many in vivo imaging applications. Without the ability to create customized imaging systems to meet their needs, important experiments can remain out of reach to many scientists.
In this article, we provide a step-by-step method for the complete construction of a custom, video-rate confocal imaging system from basic components. The upright microscope will be constructed using a resonant galvanometric mirror to provide the fast scanning axis, while a standard speed resonant galvanometric mirror will scan the slow axis. To create a precise scanned beam in the objective lens focus, these mirrors will be positioned at the so-called telecentric planes using four relay lenses. Confocal detection will be accomplished using a standard, off-the-shelf photomultiplier tube (PMT), and the images will be captured and displayed using a Matrox framegrabber card and the included software.

The complete construction of a custom, real-time confocal scanning imaging system is described. This system, which can be readily used for video-rate microscopy and microendoscopy, allows for an array of imaging geometries and applications not accessible using standard commercial confocal systems, at a fraction of the cost.

וידאו קצב סריקה מיקרוסקופית Confocal ו Microendoscopy

Confocal microscopy has become an invaluable tool in biology and the biomedical sciences, enabling rapid, high-sensitivity, and high-resolution optical ...

Non-contact, Label-free Monitoring of Cells and Extracellular Matrix using Raman Spectroscopy

Non-destructive, non-contact and label-free technologies to monitor cell and tissue cultures are needed in the field of biomedical research.1-5 However, currently available routine methods require processing steps and alter sample integrity. Raman spectroscopy is a fast method that enables the measurement of biological samples without the need for further processing steps. This laser-based technology detects the inelastic scattering of monochromatic light.6 As every chemical vibration is assigned to a specific Raman band (wavenumber in cm-1), each biological sample features a typical spectral pattern due to their inherent biochemical composition.7-9 Within Raman spectra, the peak intensities correlate with the amount of the present molecular bonds.1 Similarities and differences of the spectral data sets can be detected by employing a multivariate analysis (e.g. principal component analysis (PCA)).10
Here, we perform Raman spectroscopy of living cells and native tissues. Cells are either seeded on glass bottom dishes or kept in suspension under normal cell culture conditions (37 &deg;C, 5% CO2) before measurement. Native tissues are dissected and stored in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 4 &deg;C prior measurements. Depending on our experimental set up, we then either focused on the cell nucleus or extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as elastin and collagen. For all studies, a minimum of 30 cells or 30 random points of interest within the ECM are measured. Data processing steps included background subtraction and normalization.

Raman spectroscopy is a suitable technique for the non-contact, label-free analysis of living cells, tissue-engineered constructs and native tissues. Source-specific spectral fingerprints can be generated and analyzed using multivariate analysis.

ללא קשר, לייבל ללא ניטור של תאים תאי מטריקס באמצעות ספקטרוסקופיית ראמאן

Non-destructive, non-contact and label-free technologies to monitor cell and tissue cultures are needed in the field of biomedical research.1-5 However, ...

Viral Nanoparticles for In vivo Tumor Imaging

The use of nanomaterials has the potential to revolutionize materials science and medicine. Currently, a number of different nanoparticles are being investigated for applications in imaging and therapy. Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) derived from plants can be regarded as self-assembled bionanomaterials with defined sizes and shapes. Plant viruses under investigation in the Steinmetz lab include icosahedral particles formed by Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and Brome mosaic virus (BMV), both of which are 30 nm in diameter. We are also developing rod-shaped and filamentous structures derived from the following plant viruses: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), which forms rigid rods with dimensions of 300 nm by 18 nm, and Potato virus X (PVX), which form filamentous particles 515 nm in length and 13 nm in width (the reader is referred to refs. 1 and 2 for further information on VNPs).
From a materials scientist's point of view, VNPs are attractive building blocks for several reasons: the particles are monodisperse, can be produced with ease on large scale in planta, are exceptionally stable, and biocompatible. Also, VNPs are "programmable" units, which can be specifically engineered using genetic modification or chemical bioconjugation methods 3. The structure of VNPs is known to atomic resolution, and modifications can be carried out with spatial precision at the atomic level4, a level of control that cannot be achieved using synthetic nanomaterials with current state-of-the-art technologies.
In this paper, we describe the propagation of CPMV, PVX, TMV, and BMV in Vigna ungiuculata and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Extraction and purification protocols for each VNP are given. Methods for characterization of purified and chemically-labeled VNPs are described. In this study, we focus on chemical labeling of VNPs with fluorophores (e.g. Alexa Fluor 647) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The dyes facilitate tracking and detection of the VNPs 5-10, and PEG reduces immunogenicity of the proteinaceous nanoparticles while enhancing their pharmacokinetics 8,11. We demonstrate tumor homing of PEGylated VNPs using a mouse xenograft tumor model. A combination of fluorescence imaging of tissues ex vivo using Maestro Imaging System, fluorescence quantification in homogenized tissues, and confocal microscopy is used to study biodistribution. VNPs are cleared via the reticuloendothelial system (RES); tumor homing is achieved passively via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect12. The VNP nanotechnology is a powerful plug-and-play technology to image and treat sites of disease in vivo. We are further developing VNPs to carry drug cargos and clinically-relevant imaging moieties, as well as tissue-specific ligands to target molecular receptors overexpressed in cancer and cardiovascular disease.

Viral Nanoparticles for In vivo Tumor Imaging

Plant viral nanoparticles (VNPs) are promising platforms for applications in biomedicine. Here, we describe the procedures for plant VNP propagation, purification, characterization, and bioconjugation. Finally, we show the application of VNPs for tumor homing and imaging using a mouse xenograft model and fluorescence imaging.

חלקיקים נגיפיים עבור<em&gt; בחי</em&gt; הדמית גידול

The use of nanomaterials has the potential to revolutionize materials science and medicine. Currently, a number of different nanoparticles are being ...

Self-reporting Scaffolds for 3-Dimensional Cell Culture

Culturing cells in 3D on appropriate scaffolds is thought to better mimic the in vivo microenvironment and increase cell-cell interactions. The resulting 3D cellular construct can often be more relevant to studying the molecular events and cell-cell interactions than similar experiments studied in 2D. To create effective 3D cultures with high cell viability throughout the scaffold the culture conditions such as oxygen and pH need to be carefully controlled as gradients in analyte concentration can exist throughout the 3D construct. Here we describe the methods of preparing biocompatible pH responsive sol-gel nanosensors and their incorporation into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) electrospun scaffolds along with their subsequent preparation for the culture of mammalian cells. The pH responsive scaffolds can be used as tools to determine microenvironmental pH within a 3D cellular construct. Furthermore, we detail the delivery of pH responsive nanosensors to the intracellular environment of mammalian cells whose growth was supported by electrospun PLGA scaffolds. The cytoplasmic location of the pH responsive nanosensors can be utilized to monitor intracellular pH (pHi) during ongoing experimentation.

Biocompatible pH responsive sol-gel nanosensors can be incorporated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) electrospun scaffolds. The produced self-reporting scaffolds can be used for in&#160;situ monitoring of microenvironmental conditions whilst culturing cells upon the scaffold. This is beneficial as the 3D cellular construct can be monitored in real-time without disturbing the experiment.

פיגומים דיווח עצמי לתרבית תאים 3-Dimensional

Culturing cells in 3D on appropriate scaffolds is thought to better mimic the in vivo microenvironment and increase cell-cell interactions. The resulting ...

A Novel Stretching Platform for Applications in Cell and Tissue Mechanobiology

Tools that allow the application of mechanical forces to cells and tissues or that can quantify the mechanical properties of biological tissues have contributed dramatically to the understanding of basic mechanobiology. These techniques have been extensively used to demonstrate how the onset and progression of various diseases are heavily influenced by mechanical cues. This article presents a multi-functional biaxial stretching (BAXS) platform that can either mechanically stimulate single cells or quantify the mechanical stiffness of tissues. The BAXS platform consists of four voice coil motors that can be controlled independently. Single cells can be cultured on a flexible substrate that can be attached to the motors allowing one to expose the cells to complex, dynamic, and spatially varying strain fields. Conversely, by incorporating a force load cell, one can also quantify the mechanical properties of primary tissues as they are exposed to deformation cycles. In both cases, a proper set of clamps must be designed and mounted to the BAXS platform motors in order to firmly hold the flexible substrate or the tissue of interest. The BAXS platform can be mounted on an inverted microscope to perform simultaneous transmitted light and/or fluorescence imaging to examine the structural or biochemical response of the sample during stretching experiments. This article provides experimental details of the design and usage of the BAXS platform and presents results for single cell and whole tissue studies. The BAXS platform was used to measure the deformation of nuclei in single mouse myoblast cells in response to substrate strain and to measure the stiffness of isolated mouse aortas. The BAXS platform is a versatile tool that can be combined with various optical microscopies in order to provide novel mechanobiological insights at the sub-cellular, cellular and whole tissue levels.

We present in this article a novel stretching platform that can be used to investigate single cell responses to complex anisotropic biaxial mechanical deformation and quantify the mechanical properties of biological tissues.

פלטפורמה חדשני מתיחה עבור יישומים בתאים והרקמות mechanobiology

Tools that allow the application of mechanical forces to cells and tissues or that can quantify the mechanical properties of biological tissues have ...

Biofunctionalized Prussian Blue Nanoparticles for Multimodal Molecular Imaging Applications

Multimodal, molecular imaging allows the visualization of biological processes at cellular, subcellular, and molecular-level resolutions using multiple, complementary imaging techniques. These imaging agents facilitate the real-time assessment of pathways and mechanisms in vivo, which enhance both diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy. This article presents the protocol for the synthesis of biofunctionalized Prussian blue nanoparticles (PB NPs) - a novel class of agents for use in multimodal, molecular imaging applications. The imaging modalities incorporated in the nanoparticles, fluorescence imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have complementary features. The PB NPs possess a core-shell design where gadolinium and manganese ions incorporated within the interstitial spaces of the PB lattice generate MRI contrast, both in T1 and T2-weighted sequences. The PB NPs are coated with fluorescent avidin using electrostatic self-assembly, which enables fluorescence imaging. The avidin-coated nanoparticles are modified with biotinylated ligands that confer molecular targeting capabilities to the nanoparticles. The stability and toxicity of the nanoparticles are measured, as well as their MRI relaxivities. The multimodal, molecular imaging capabilities of these biofunctionalized PB NPs are then demonstrated by using them for fluorescence imaging and molecular MRI in vitro.

This protocol describes the synthesis of biofunctionalized Prussian blue nanoparticles and their use as multimodal, molecular imaging agents. The nanoparticles have a core-shell design where gadolinium or manganese ions within the nanoparticle core generate MRI contrast. The biofunctional shell contains fluorophores for fluorescence imaging and targeting ligands for molecular targeting.

Biofunctionalized הכחול פרוסים חלקיקים ליישומי הדמיה מולקולריים Multimodal

Multimodal, molecular imaging allows the visualization of biological processes at cellular, subcellular, and molecular-level resolutions using multiple, ...

Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Supported Lipid Bilayers

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile, high-resolution imaging technique that allows visualization of biological membranes. It has sufficient magnification to examine membrane substructures and even individual molecules. AFM can act as a force probe to measure interactions and mechanical properties of membranes. Supported lipid bilayers are conventionally used as membrane models in AFM studies. In this protocol, we demonstrate how to prepare supported bilayers and characterize their structure and mechanical properties using AFM. These include bilayer thickness and breakthrough force. 
The information provided by AFM imaging and force spectroscopy help define mechanical and chemical properties of membranes. These properties play an important role in cellular processes such as maintaining cell hemostasis from environmental stress, bringing membrane proteins together, and stabilizing protein complexes.

We describe a protocol for preparation of supported lipid bilayers and its characterization using atomic force microscopy and force spectroscopy.

כוח האטומי מיקרוסקופית הדמיה וחיל ספקטרוסקופיה של bilayers שומנים הנתמכים

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile, high-resolution imaging technique that allows visualization of biological membranes. It has sufficient ...

A Microfluidic Platform for High-throughput Single-cell Isolation and Culture

Studying the heterogeneity of single cells is crucial for many biological questions, but is technically difficult. Thus, there is a need for a simple, yet high-throughput, method to perform single-cell culture experiments. Here, we report a microfluidic chip-based strategy for high-efficiency single-cell isolation (~77%) and demonstrate its capability of performing long-term single-cell culture (up to 7 d) and cellular heterogeneity analysis using clonogenic assay. These applications were demonstrated with KT98 mouse neural stem cells, and A549 and MDA-MB-435 human cancer cells. High single-cell isolation efficiency and long-term culture capability are achieved by using different sizes of microwells on the top and bottom of the microfluidic channel. The small microwell array is designed for precisely isolating single-cells, and the large microwell array is used for single-cell clonal culture in the microfluidic chip. This microfluidic platform constitutes an attractive approach for single-cell culture applications, due to its flexibility of adjustable cell culture spaces for different culture strategies, without decreasing isolation efficiency.

Here, we present a protocol for isolating and culturing single cells with a microfluidic platform, which utilizes a new microwell design concept to allow for high-efficiency single cell isolation and long-term clonal culture.

פלטפורמת Microfluidic עבור בידוד תפוקה גבוהה מתא בודד ותרבות

Studying the heterogeneity of single cells is crucial for many biological questions, but is technically difficult. Thus, there is a need for a simple, yet ...

Hand-held Clinical Photoacoustic Imaging System for Real-time Non-invasive Small Animal Imaging

Translation of photoacoustic imaging into the clinic is a major challenge. Handheld real-time clinical photoacoustic imaging systems are very rare. Here, we report a combined photoacoustic and clinical ultrasound imaging system by integrating an ultrasound probe with light delivery for small animal imaging. We demonstrate this by showing sentinel lymph node imaging in small animals along with minimally invasive real-time needle guidance. A clinical ultrasound platform with access to raw channel data allows the integration of photoacoustic imaging leading to a handheld real-time clinical photoacoustic imaging system. Methylene blue was used for sentinel lymph node imaging at 675 nm wavelength. Additionally, needle guidance with dual modal ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging was shown using the imaging system. Depth imaging of up to 1.5 cm was demonstrated with a 10 Hz laser at a photoacoustic imaging frame rate of 5 frames per second.

A clinical handheld photoacoustic imaging system will be demonstrated for real-time non-invasive small animal imaging.

כף יד Photoacoustic קליניים מערכת הדמיה עבור בזמן אמת לא פולשנית הדמיה בעלי חיים קטנים

Translation of photoacoustic imaging into the clinic is a major challenge. Handheld real-time clinical photoacoustic imaging systems are very rare. Here, ...