Name: in situ visualization of the phase behavior of oil samples under refinery process conditions
Uploaded: 2017-02-21T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 11 min 20 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions at JoVE.com

The authors acknowledge Daniel Palys for supplying Figure 12 and for his assistance in managing laboratory supplies.

<ol>
	<li>Gray, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Upgrading Petroleum Residues and Heavy Oils. , (1994).</li><li>Wiehe, I. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Process Chemistry of Petroleum Macromolecules. , (2008).</li><li>Rahimi, P. M., Teclemariam, A., Taylor, E., deBruijn, T., Wiehe, I. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+Processing+Limits+of+Athabasca+Bitumen+during+Visbreaking+Using+Solubility+Parameters.">Thermal Processing Limits of Athabasca Bitumen during Visbreaking Using Solubility Parameters.</a> Heavy Hydrocarbon Resources, ACS Symposium Series, Volume 895. , (2005).</li><li>Wiehe, I. A., Kennedy, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+the+Oil+Compatibility+Model+to+Refinery+Streams.">Application of the Oil Compatibility Model to Refinery Streams.</a> Energy Fuels. 14 (1), 60-63 (2000).</li><li>Rahimi, P., Gentzis, T., Cott&#233;, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+the+Thermal+Behavior+and+Interaction+of+Venezuelan+Heavy+Oil+Fractions+Obtained+by+Ion-Exchange+Chromatography.">Investigation of the Thermal Behavior and Interaction of Venezuelan Heavy Oil Fractions Obtained by Ion-Exchange Chromatography.</a> Energy Fuels. 13 (3), 694-701 (1999).</li><li>Bagheri, S. R., Gray, M. R., McCaffrey, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+Depressurization+and+Cooling+on+the+Formation+and+Development+of+Mesophase.">Influence of Depressurization and Cooling on the Formation and Development of Mesophase.</a> Energy Fuels. 25 (12), 5541-5548 (2011).</li><li>Bagheri, S. R., Gray, M. R., Shaw, J., McCaffrey, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Situ+Observation+of+Mesophase+Formation+and+Coalescence+in+Catalytic+Hydroconversion+of+Vacuum+Residue+Using+a+Stirred+Hot-Stage+Reactor.">In Situ Observation of Mesophase Formation and Coalescence in Catalytic Hydroconversion of Vacuum Residue Using a Stirred Hot-Stage Reactor.</a> Energy Fuels. 26 (6), 3167-3178 (2012).</li><li>Bagheri, S. R., Gray, M. R., McCaffrey, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Depolarized+Light+Scattering+for+Study+of+Heavy+Oil+and+Mesophase+Formation+Mechanisms.">Depolarized Light Scattering for Study of Heavy Oil and Mesophase Formation Mechanisms.</a> Energy Fuels. 26 (9), 5408-5420 (2012).</li><li>Laborde-Boutet, C., Dinh, D., Bender, F., Medina, M., McCaffrey, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Situ+Observation+of+Fouling+Behavior+under+Thermal+Cracking+Conditions:+Hue,+Saturation+and+Intensity+Image+Analyses.">In Situ Observation of Fouling Behavior under Thermal Cracking Conditions: Hue, Saturation and Intensity Image Analyses.</a> Energy Fuels. 30, 3666-3675 (2016).</li><li>Dinh, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> In-Situ Observation of Heavy-Oil Cracking using Backscattering Optical Techniques. MSc Thesis. , (2015).</li><li>Rahimi, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+Coking+Propensity+of+Narrow+Cut+Fractions+from+Athabasca+Bitumen+Using+Hot-Stage+Microscopy.">Investigation of Coking Propensity of Narrow Cut Fractions from Athabasca Bitumen Using Hot-Stage Microscopy.</a> Energy Fuels. 12 (5), 1020-1030 (1998).</li><li>Hanbury, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Constructing+cylindrical+coordinate+colour+spaces.">Constructing cylindrical coordinate colour spaces.</a> Pattern Recognition Letters. 29 (4), 494-500 (2008).</li><li>Gonzalez, R. C., Woods, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Digital Image Processing, Third Edition. , (2008).</li><li>Wachtman, J. B., Maxwell, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strength+of+Synthetic+Single+Crystal+Sapphire+and+Ruby+as+a+Function+of+Temperature+and+Orientation.">Strength of Synthetic Single Crystal Sapphire and Ruby as a Function of Temperature and Orientation.</a> J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 42 (9), 432-433 (1959).</li><li>Kaye, G. W. C., Laby, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Tables of physical and chemical constants / originally compiled by G.W.C. Kaye and T.H. Laby ; now prepared under the direction of an editorial committee. , (1995).</li><li>Malitson, I. H., Dodge, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Refractive+Index+and+Birefringence+of+Synthetic+Sapphire.">Refractive Index and Birefringence of Synthetic Sapphire.</a> J. Opt. Soc. Am. 62 (11), 1405 (1972).</li><li>Buckley, J. S., Hirasaki, G. J., Liu, Y., Von Drasek, S., Wang, J. X., Gill, B. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asphaltene+Precipitation+and+Solvent+Properties+of+Crude+Oils.">Asphaltene Precipitation and Solvent Properties of Crude Oils.</a> Pet. Sci. Technol. 16 (3-4), 251-285 (1998).</li><li>Perrotta, A., McCullough, J. P., Beuther, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pressure-Temperature+Microscopy+of+Petroleum-Derived+Hydrocarbons.">Pressure-Temperature Microscopy of Petroleum-Derived Hydrocarbons.</a> Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Pet. Chem. 28 (3), 633-639 (1983).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

צעדים קריטיים בתוך הפרוטוקול השלב הקריטי הראשון בפרוטוקול הוא הבטחה שלמות חותם מתכת אל-ספיר, במיוחד אם הניסוי הוא להתבצע תחת לחץ. לפיכך, ההקבלה, החלקלקות, ואת הניקיון של משטחי האיטום יש לבדוק בקפידה, ואת בדיקות הדליפה צריכות להיות ?...

המחקר של התנהגות השלב של דגימות שמנות במגוון רחב של טמפרטורות, לחצים, ותנאי תגובתי יכול להניב מידע שימושי מאוד עבור המפעיל של בית זיקוק שמעבדת מגוון של זנות. בפרט, העכירות של יחידות תהליך וקווים ידי היווצרות בלתי מבוקרת של קוק או משקעים יכולה להשפיע על ייצור קשה (אובדן התפוקה) וצריכת אנרגיה יעילה (גידול התנגדות העברת חום) 1, 2, 3. חיבור שנגרם אפשרי על ידי ההצטברות של עכירות חומר עשוי לדרוש כיבוי למטרות לנקות, אשר תהיה השפעה כלכלית שלילית מאוד 4. מבצע הערכה של נטיות עכירות של זנות יכולה להיות יקר מאוד עבור אופטימיזציה של תנאי תהליך 5 ואת המיזוג של זרמי זיקוק. פתחנו באתרומנתח של יציבות נפט במעבדה שלנו כדי לאפשר ההדמיה של דגימות שמן בכפוף לתנאי תהליך הזיקוק. מנגנון זה מסתמך על הכור תוכנן במיוחד עשוי אביזרי נירוסטה מצויד חלון ספיר אטום בתחתית. העיקרון המרכזי של המכשיר הוא הארת המדגם בתוך הכור על הטווח הרצוי של טמפרטורה והלחץ ואת ההדמיה של ההשתקפות הצולבת מקוטב שהתקבלה. בעוד מחקרים קודם שפורסמו בהשוואה להגדרה זו מתמקדת בתהליכי פירוק תרמיים לחקות תנאי visbreaking 6, 7, 8, 9 (אשר אינם דורשים בלחץ גבוה), עיצוב הכור עבר שינוי מקיף כדי לחקור את ההתנהגות של דגימות תחת hydroconversion (קטליטי פיצוח תחת H 2 בלחץ גבוה) ו aquathermal 10 (תרמית פיצוח תחת טרום גבוההקיטור ssure) תנאים. לכן, המכשיר תוקן על מנת לפעול בטווח 20-450 ° C הטמפרטורה ואת הטווח לחץ 0.1-16 MPa, עם היכולת לקיים הוא 450 ° C ו -16 מגפ&quot;ס עבור זמני תגובה של עד 6 שעות. הרמה הראשונה של ניתוח על המידע החזותי של הדגימות תחת טווח מסוים של טמפרטורה, לחץ, ותנאי תגובתי היא לקבוע אם המדגם הוא חד פאזיים או רב שלבית. מערכת זו היא ייחודית בכך שהיא מאפשרת ההדמיה של חומר איזוטרופי אטום אינו מוגבלת ההדמיה של חומר איזוטרופי המתואר עבודה אחרת 11. בעוד האינדיקטור המרכזי של הנטייה עכירות של דגימות היא הנטייה לרדת משקעים מתוך נוזלים בצובר; גז נוזלי, נוזל-נוזל, נוזל-מוצק, והתנהגויות שלב מורכבות יותר ניתן לצפות. עם זאת, מידע רב ערך יכול גם להיות הופק האבולוציה החזותית של נוזל כפי שהוא נשאר Homogeneous (חד פאזיים). בפרט, את הבהירות של תמונות קשורה מקדם השבירה ואת מקדם הכחדה של המדגם, בעוד הצבע של המדגם הוא קבוצת משנה של מידע ספקטרלי שלה בטווח האור הנראה (380-700 ננומטר), אשר יכול להיות משמש תאר הכימיה שלה 9.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sapphire window, C-plane, 3 mm thick - 20 mm diam., Scratch/Dig: 80/50</td><td>Guild Optical Associates</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>C-seal</td><td>American Seal &amp;amp; Engineering</td><td>31005</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Type-K thermocouple</td><td>Omega</td><td>KMQXL-062U-9&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ferrule (1/16&quot;)</td><td>Swagelok</td><td>SS-103-1</td><td>Inserted for creating a clearance gap between the magnet and the window surface</td></tr><tr><td>Coil Heater</td><td>OEM Heaters</td><td>K002441</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Temperature controller</td><td>Omron</td><td>E5CK</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inverted microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>Axio Observer.D1m</td><td>Require cross-polarizer module</td></tr><tr><td>Toluene, 99.9% HPLC Grade</td><td>Fisher</td><td>Catalog # T290-4</td><td>Harmful, to be handled in fume hood</td></tr><tr><td>Methylene chloride, 99.9% HPLC Grade</td><td>Fisher</td><td>Catalog # D143-4</td><td>Harmful, to be handled in fume hood</td></tr><tr><td>Acetone, 99.7 Certified ACS Grade</td><td>Fisher</td><td>Catalog # A18P-4</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

in situ visualization of the phase behavior of oil samples under refinery process conditions

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to visualize the behavior of petroleum samples under process conditions. The experimental setup relies on a custom-built micro-reactor fitted with a sapphire window at the bottom, which is placed over the objective of an inverted microscope equipped with a cross-polarizer module. Using reflection microscopy enables the visualization of opaque samples, such as petroleum vacuum residues, or asphaltenes. The combination of the sapphire window from the micro-reactor with the cross-polarizer module of the microscope on the light path allows high-contrast imaging of isotropic and anisotropic media. While observations are carried out, the micro-reactor can be heated to the temperature range of cracking reactions (up to 450 &#176;C), can be subjected to H2 pressure relevant to hydroconversion reactions (up to 16 MPa), and can stir the sample by magnetic coupling. 
Observations are typically carried out by taking snapshots of the sample under cross-polarized light at regular time intervals. Image analyses may not only provide information on the temperature, pressure, and reactive conditions yielding phase separation, but may also give an estimate of the evolution of the chemical (absorption/reflection spectra) and physical (refractive index) properties of the sample before the onset of phase separation.

האבולוציה החזותית של שאריות אבק Athabasca היא נציג של ההתנהגות של דגימות נפט גולמי כבד asphaltenic ודוגמאות שאריות אבק asphaltenic בתנאי פיצוח תרמיים. עם זאת, באמצעות מדגמים שונים ו / או טמפרטורה שונה, לחץ, או תנאי תגובה יכול להצמיח מגוון רחב של התנהגויות שלב. Micrographs...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions at JoVE.com

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

This article describes a setup and method for the in situ visualization of oil samples under a variety of temperature and pressure conditions that aim to emulate refining and upgrading processes. It is primarily used for studying isotropic and anisotropic media involved in the fouling behavior of petroleum feeds.

באתרו ויזואליזציה של התנהגות השלב של דוגמאות שמן בתנאי תהליך זיקוק

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to ...

in-situ-visualization-phase-behavior-oil-samples-under-refinery

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

6.6K Views.  University of Alberta. This article describes a setup and method for the in situ visualization of oil samples under a variety of temperature and pressure conditions that aim to emulate refining and upgrading processes. It is primarily used for studying isotropic and anisotropic media involved in the fouling behavior of petroleum feeds.

Video: In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to produce biofuels has received significant attention because of the quest for a replacement for fossil fuels. Among the various thermochemical and biochemical routes, fast pyrolysis followed by catalytic hydrotreating is considered to be a promising near-term opportunity. This paper reports on experimental methods used 1) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-oils in a fluidized-bed reactor and 2) at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for catalytic hydrotreating of bio-oils in a two-stage, fixed-bed, continuous-flow catalytic reactor. The configurations of the reactor systems, the operating procedures, and the processing and analysis of feedstocks, bio-oils, and biofuels are described in detail in this paper. We also demonstrate hot-vapor filtration during fast pyrolysis to remove fine char particles and inorganic contaminants from bio-oil. Representative results showed successful conversion of biomass feedstocks to fuel-range hydrocarbon biofuels and, specifically, the effect of hot-vapor filtration on bio-oil production and upgrading. The protocols provided in this report could help to generate rigorous and reliable data for biomass pyrolysis and bio-oil hydrotreating research.

Experimental methods for fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-oils and for the catalytic hydrotreating of bio-oils to produce fuel range hydrocarbons are presented. Hot-vapor filtration during fast pyrolysis to remove fine char particles and inorganic contaminants from bio-oil was also assessed.

מרת ביומסה לייצר פחמימני נוזלי דלק Via חם-אד מסונן פירוליזה מהיר וניקוי באמצעות מים קטליטי

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to produce biofuels has received significant attention because of the quest for a replacement for fossil fuels. Among ...

Biochemistry

High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems

The high pressure sapphire cell apparatus was constructed to visually determine the composition of multiphase systems without physical sampling. Specifically, the sapphire cell enables visual data collection from multiple loadings to solve a set of material balances to precisely determine phase composition. Ternary phase diagrams can then be established to determine the proportion of each component in each phase at a given condition. In principle, any ternary system can be studied although ternary systems (gas-liquid-liquid) are the specific examples discussed herein. For instance, the ternary THF-Water-CO2 system was studied at 25 and 40&#160;&#176;C and is described herein. Of key importance, this technique does not require sampling. Circumventing the possible disturbance of the system equilibrium upon sampling, inherent measurement errors, and technical difficulties of physically sampling under pressure is a significant benefit of this technique. Perhaps as important, the sapphire cell also enables the direct visual observation of the phase behavior. In fact, as the CO2 pressure is increased, the homogeneous THF-Water solution phase splits at about 2 MPa. With this technique, it was possible to easily and clearly observe the cloud point and determine the composition of the newly formed phases as a function of pressure.
The data acquired with the sapphire cell technique can be used for many applications. In our case, we measured swelling and composition for tunable solvents, like gas-expanded liquids, gas-expanded ionic liquids and Organic Aqueous Tunable Systems (OATS)1-4. For the latest system, OATS, the high-pressure sapphire cell enabled the study of (1) phase behavior as a function of pressure and temperature, (2) composition of each phase (gas-liquid-liquid) as a function of pressure and temperature and (3) catalyst partitioning in the two liquid phases as a function of pressure and composition. Finally, the sapphire cell is an especially effective tool to gather accurate and reproducible measurements in a timely fashion.

High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems

The high pressure sapphire cell apparatus is a unique tool to study, without sampling, phase behavior under a wide range of pressures. Using a cathetometer, very precise volume measurements can be recorded to measure liquid expansion and phase composition. Thus, this synthetic method enables the study of (1) phase equilibria of multi-component mixtures and (2) the partition behavior of catalyst or model compounds as a function of pressure.

תא ספיר בלחץ גבוהים למדידות שלב שיווי משקל של CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; מערכות אורגניות / / מים

The high pressure sapphire cell apparatus was constructed to visually determine the composition of multiphase systems without physical sampling. ...

Chemistry

Chemical Analysis of Water-accommodated Fractions of Crude Oil Spills Using TIMS-FT-ICR MS

Multiple chemical processes control how crude oil is incorporated into seawater and also the chemical reactions that occur overtime. Studying this system requires the careful preparation of the sample in order to accurately replicate the natural formation of the water-accommodated fraction that occurs in nature. Low-energy water-accommodated fractions (LEWAF) are carefully prepared by mixing crude oil and water at a set ratio. Aspirator bottles are then irradiated, and at set time points, the water is sampled and extracted using standard techniques. A second challenge is the representative characterization of the sample, which must take into consideration the chemical changes that occur over time. A targeted analysis of the aromatic fraction of the LEWAF can be performed using an atmospheric-pressure laser ionization source coupled to a custom-built trapped ion mobility spectrometry&#8211;Fourier transform&#8211;ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (TIMS-FT-ICR MS). The TIMS-FT-ICR MS analysis provides high-resolution ion mobility and ultrahigh-resolution MS analysis, which further allow the identification of isomeric components by their collision cross-sections (CCS) and chemical formula. Results show that as the oil-water mixture is exposed to light, there is significant photo-solubilization of the surface oil into the water. Over time, the chemical transformation of the solubilized molecules takes place, with a decrease in the number of identifications of nitrogen- and sulfur-bearing species in favor of those with a greater oxygen content than were typically observed in the base oil.

The low-energy water-accommodated fraction (LEWAF) of crude oil is a challenging system to analyze, because over time, this complex mixture undergoes chemical transformations. This protocol illustrates methods for the preparation of the LEWAF sample and for performing photo-irradiation and chemical analysis by trapped ion mobility spectrometry&#8211;FT-ICR MS.

ניתוח כימי של שברים-לאכלס מים של נפט גולמי נשפך שימוש TIMS-FT-ICR MS

Multiple chemical processes control how crude oil is incorporated into seawater and also the chemical reactions that occur overtime. Studying this system ...

Environment

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

Magnetic beads with ~1.9 &#181;m average diameter were used to transport microliter volumes of liquids between contiguous liquid segments with a tube for the purpose of investigating phase change of those liquid segments. The magnetic beads were externally controlled using a magnet, allowing for the beads to bridge the air valve between the adjacent liquid segments. A hydrophobic coating was applied to the inner surface of the tube to enhance the separation between two liquid segments. The applied magnetic field formed an aggregate cluster of magnetic beads, capturing a certain liquid amount within the cluster that is referred to as carry-over volume. A fluorescent dye was added to one liquid segment, followed by a series of liquid transfers, which then changed the fluorescence intensity in the neighboring liquid segment. Based on the numerical analysis of the measured fluorescence intensity change, the carry-over volume per mass of magnetic beads has been found to be ~2 to 3 &#181;l/mg. This small amount of liquid allowed for the use of comparatively small liquid segments of a couple hundred microliters, enhancing the feasibility of the device for a lab-in-tube approach. This technique of applying small compositional variation in a liquid volume was applied to analyzing the binary phase diagram between water and the surfactant C12E5 (pentaethylene glycol monododecyl ether), leading to quicker analysis with smaller sample volumes than conventional methods.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate multi-component phase diagrams using externally controlled magnetic beads as liquid carriers in a lab-in-tube approach. This approach can aid in applications that seek to gather further information on phase change in complex liquid systems.

שלב תרשים אפיון באמצעות חרוזים מגנטיים כדיסקים נוזליים

Magnetic beads with ~1.9 &#181;m average diameter were used to transport microliter volumes of liquids between contiguous liquid segments with a tube for ...

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The system comprises a high-pressure rheometer which is connected to a circulation loop. The rheometer has a rotational flow-through measurement cell with two alternative geometries: coaxial cylinder and double gap. The circulation loop contains a mixer, to bring the crude oil sample into equilibrium with CO2, and a gear pump that transports the mixture from the mixer to the rheometer and recycles it back to the mixer. The CO2 and crude oil are brought to equilibrium by stirring and circulation and the rheology of the saturated mixture is measured by the rheometer. The system is used to measure the rheological properties of Zuata crude oil (and its toluene dilution) in equilibrium with CO2 at elevated pressures up to 220 bar and a temperature of 50 &#176;C. The results show that CO2 addition changes the oil rheology significantly, initially reducing the viscosity as the CO2 pressure is increased and then increasing the viscosity above a threshold pressure. The non-Newtonian response of the crude is also seen to change with the addition of CO2.

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A method for measuring the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide at reservoir conditions is presented.

מדידה של ראולוגיה של נפט גולמי שיווי משקל עם CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; בתנאים מאגר

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The ...

Microfluidic Devices for Characterizing Pore-scale Event Processes in Porous Media for Oil Recovery Applications

Microfluidic devices are versatile tools for studying transport processes at a microscopic scale. A demand exists for microfluidic devices that are resistant to low molecular-weight oil components, unlike traditional polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) devices. Here, we demonstrate a facile method for making a device with this property, and we use the product of this protocol for examining the pore-scale mechanisms by which foam recovers crude oil. A pattern is first designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software and printed on a transparency with a high-resolution printer. This pattern is then transferred to a photoresist via a lithography procedure. PDMS is cast on the pattern, cured in an oven, and removed to obtain a mold. A thiol-ene crosslinking polymer, commonly used as an optical adhesive (OA), is then poured onto the mold and cured under UV light. The PDMS mold is peeled away from the optical adhesive cast. A glass substrate is then prepared, and the two halves of the device are bonded together. Optical adhesive-based devices are more robust than traditional PDMS microfluidic devices. The epoxy structure is resistant to swelling by many organic solvents, which opens new possibilities for experiments involving light organic liquids. Additionally, the surface wettability behavior of these devices is more stable than that of PDMS. The construction of optical adhesive microfluidic devices is simple, yet requires incrementally more effort than the making of PDMS-based devices. Also, though optical adhesive devices are stable in organic liquids, they may exhibit reduced bond-strength after a long time. Optical adhesive microfluidic devices can be made in geometries that act as 2-D micromodels for porous media. These devices are applied in the study of oil displacement to improve our understanding of the pore-scale mechanisms involved in enhanced oil recovery and aquifer remediation.

The goal of this procedure is to easily and rapidly produce a microfluidic device with customizable geometry and resistance to swelling by organic fluids for oil recovery studies. A polydimethylsiloxane mold is first generated, and then used to cast the epoxy-based device. A representative displacement study is reported.

מכשירי Microfluidic אפיון תהליכים אירוע בקנה מידה נקבובית בתקשורת נקבובי עבור יישומים התאוששות שמן

Microfluidic devices are versatile tools for studying transport processes at a microscopic scale. A demand exists for microfluidic devices that are ...

On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The composition of heavy crude oils and shale oils varies substantially depending on the origin of the mixture. In particular they contain an increased amount of nitrogen containing compounds compared to the conventionally used sweet crude oils. As nitrogen compounds have an influence on the operation of thermal processes occurring in coker units and steam crackers, and as some species are considered as environmentally hazardous, a detailed analysis of the reactions involving nitrogen containing compounds under pyrolysis conditions provides valuable information. Therefore a novel method has been developed and validated with a feedstock containing a high nitrogen content, i.e., a shale oil. First, the feed was characterized offline by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC &#215; GC) coupled with a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD). In a second step the on-line analysis method was developed and tested on a steam cracking pilot plant by feeding pyridine dissolved in heptane. The former being a representative compound for one of the most abundant classes of compounds present in shale oil. The composition of the reactor effluent was determined via an in-house developed automated sampling system followed by immediate injection of the sample on a GC &#215; GC coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS), flame ionization detector (FID) and NCD. A novel method for quantitative analysis of nitrogen containing compounds using NCD and 2-chloropyridine as an internal standard has been developed and demonstrated.

A method combining comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with nitrogen chemiluminescence detection has been developed and applied to on-line analysis of nitrogen containing compounds in a complex hydrocarbon matrix.

ניתוח אונליין של חנקן המכיל תרכובות ב מטריצות פחמימן Complex

The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The ...

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil (HGO) for production of transportation fuels through a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) route. Cracking experiments are performed with a fully automated reaction unit at a fixed weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 8 hr-1, 490-530 &#176;C, and catalyst/oil ratios of 4-12 g/g. When a feed is in contact with catalyst in the fluid-bed reactor, cracking takes place generating gaseous, liquid, and solid products. The vapor produced is condensed and collected in a liquid receiver at -15 &#176;C. The non-condensable effluent is first directed to a vessel and is sent, after homogenization, to an on-line gas chromatograph (GC) for refinery gas analysis. The coke deposited on the catalyst is determined in situ by burning the spent catalyst in air at high temperatures. Levels of CO2 are measured quantitatively via an infrared (IR) cell, and are converted to coke yield. Liquid samples in the receivers are analyzed by GC for simulated distillation to determine the amounts in different boiling ranges, i.e., IBP-221 &#176;C (gasoline), 221-343 &#176;C (light cycle oil), and 343 &#176;C+ (heavy cycle oil). Cracking of a feed containing canola oil generates water, which appears at the bottom of a liquid receiver and on its inner wall. Recovery of water on the wall is achieved through washing with methanol followed by Karl Fischer titration for water content. Basic results reported include conversion (the portion of the feed converted to gas and liquid product with a boiling point below 221 &#176;C, coke, and water, if present) and yields of dry gas (H2-C2's, CO, and CO2), liquefied petroleum gas (C3-C4), gasoline, light cycle oil, heavy cycle oil, coke, and water, if present.

This paper presents an experimental method to produce biofuels and biochemicals from canola oil mixed with a fossil-based feed in the presence of a catalyst at mild temperatures. Gaseous, liquid, and solid products from a reaction unit are quantified and characterized. Conversion and individual product yields are calculated and reported.

הפקת מעבדה של דלק ביולוגי ביוכימיים מתוך שמן לפתית באמצעות מרת פיצוח קטליטי

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil ...

Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

A new method for the simultaneous study of the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil through two experimental laboratory setups is presented. The experiments are easily repeatable compared to operational scale experiments (pool diameter &#8805;2 m), while still featuring quite realistic in situ burning conditions of crude oil on water. Experimental conditions include a flowing water sub-layer that cools the oil slick and an external heat flux (up to 50 kW/m2) that simulates the higher heat feedback to the fuel surface in operational scale crude oil pool fires. These conditions enable a controlled laboratory study of the burning efficiency of crude oil pool fires that are equivalent to operational scale experiments. The method also provides quantitative data on the requirements for igniting crude oils in terms of the critical heat flux, ignition delay time as a function of the incident heat flux, the surface temperature upon ignition, and the thermal inertia. This type of data can be used to determine the required strength and duration of an ignition source to ignite a certain type of fresh or weathered crude oil. The main limitation of the method is that the cooling effect of the flowing water sub-layer on the burning crude oil as a function of the external heat flux has not been fully quantified. Experimental results clearly showed that the flowing water sub-layer does improve how representative this setup is of in situ burning conditions, but to what extent this representation is accurate is currently uncertain. The method nevertheless features the most realistic in situ burning laboratory conditions currently available for simultaneously studying the flammability and burning efficiency of crude oil on water.

Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

Here, we present a protocol to simultaneously study the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil under conditions that simulate in situ burning operations on the sea.

התהליך הניסיוני במחקרי מעבדה של בחיי עיר בוער: דליקות והיעילות צריבה של נפט גולמי

A new method for the simultaneous study of the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil through two experimental laboratory ...

Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions

The microstructure of soft matter directly impacts macroscopic rheological properties and can be changed by factors including colloidal rearrangement during previous phase changes and applied shear. To determine the extent of these changes, we have developed a microfluidic device that enables repeated phase transitions induced by exchange of the surrounding fluid and microrheological characterization while limiting shear on the sample. This technique is &#181;2rheology, the combination of microfluidics and microrheology. The microfluidic device is a two-layer design with symmetric inlet streams entering a sample chamber that traps the gel sample in place during fluid exchange. Suction can be applied far away from the sample chamber to pull fluids into the sample chamber. Material rheological properties are characterized using multiple particle tracking microrheology (MPT). In MPT, fluorescent probe particles are embedded into the material and the Brownian motion of the probes is recorded using video microscopy. The movement of the particles is tracked and the mean-squared displacement (MSD) is calculated. The MSD is related to macroscopic rheological properties, using the Generalized Stokes-Einstein Relation. The phase of the material is identified by comparison to the critical relaxation exponent, determined using time-cure superposition. Measurements of a fibrous colloidal gel illustrate the utility of the technique. This gel has a delicate structure that can be irreversibly changed when shear is applied. &#181;2rheology data shows that the material repeatedly equilibrates to the same rheological properties after each phase transition, indicating that phase transitions do not play a role in microstructural changes. To determine the role of shear, samples can be sheared prior to injection into our microfluidic device. &#181;2rheology is a widely applicable technique for the characterization of soft matter enabling the determination of rheological properties of delicate microstructures in a single sample during phase transitions in response to repeated changes in the surrounding environmental conditions.

We demonstrate the fabrication and use of a microfluidic device that enables multiple particle tracking microrheology measurements to study the rheological effects of repeated phase transitions on soft matter.

שילוב מיקרופלואידיקה Microrheology כדי לקבוע מאפייני Rheological מחומר רך במהלך שלב חוזרות מעברים

The microstructure of soft matter directly impacts macroscopic rheological properties and can be changed by factors including colloidal rearrangement ...

באתרו ויזואליזציה של התנהגות השלב של דוגמאות שמן בתנאי תהליך זיקוק

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