תא תרבות <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> תרבויות במלאי של כליה עובריים אנושיים 293 (HEK293) התאים גדלים 10 ס&quot;מ מנות התרבות &quot;בינוני&quot;, המורכב בינוני השתנה Dulbecco של הנשר (DMEM) בתוספת קוקטייל של אנטיביוטיקה (100 יחידות מ&quot;ל של פניצילין 100 מיקרוגרם לכל מ&quot;ל של סולפט סטרפטומיצין) ו -10% העובר בסרום שור (FBS). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כדי להגדיר את התאים לניסוי, המדיום הוא נשאב משם, התאים נשטפים פעמיים עם 5 מ&quot;ל של בופר פוספט תמיסת מלח (PBS). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> PBS מוסר אז והוחלפו 0.6 מ&quot;ל של פתרון המכיל טריפסין 0.25%. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> המנה מודגרות ב 37 ˚ C עבור 2 דקות בערך עד שהתאים החלו לנתק. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> 5.5 מ&quot;ל של מדיום נוסף על מנת לנטרל את טריפסין והתאים נספרים עם hemocytometer. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> תאים הם מדולל ל 320,000 תאים לכל מ&quot;ל ו לוותר על 0.1 מ&quot;ל לכל גם לתוך צלחת polylysine מצופה-96 גם תרבות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניחים את תבשיל לתוך תרבות רקמות החממה ב 37 ˚ C עם אווירה המכיל CO2 8.8% ולגדול במשך 24 שעות. </li></ol> Transfections <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בהכנות transfections, זה צריך להיחשב כמה משכפל הם להתבצע לפי תנאי הניסוי ומה הסכומים של הפלסמיד יהיה transfected. אנו שגרתי לבצע את כל התנאים בשלושה עותקים transfect סך של ng 50-100 של ה-DNA פלסמיד לכל טוב. תערובות פלסמיד צריכה לכלול לפחות עיתונאי לבנות להביע גחלילית בלוציפראז ולשלוט פלסמיד המבטא Renilla בלוציפראז מן מקדם מכוננת. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> פתרונות פלסמיד הם pipetted לתוך 1.5-מ&quot;ל צינורות microcentrifuge שיושלם עם μl 10 לדגימה של DMEM סרום נטול אנטיביוטיקה בחינם. לדוגמה, אם 20 בארות הם כל להיות transfected עם DNA 50 מיקרוגרם, להוסיף 200 DMEM μl ל-DNA 1 מיקרוגרם. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כדי פתרון DMEM / הדנ&quot;א להוסיף 3 μl &#39;293 Transit מגיב &quot;(Mirus) לכל DNA מיקרוגרם. מערבבים על ידי pipetting למעלה &amp; למטה ולתת דגימות לעמוד בטמפרטורת החדר למשך לפחות 10 דקות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> במהלך תקופה זו, הסר את המדיה מהצלחת-96 גם תרבות ולהחליף μl 90 א בינוני טרי </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כדי להוסיף גם כל 10 μl של התערובת 293 DMEM / DNA / המעבר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניחים את תבשיל לתוך תרבות רקמות החממה ב 37 ˚ C עם אווירה המכיל CO2 8.8% ולגדול במשך 24 שעות. </li></ol> Phagocytosis <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן השעיות המכיל B בינוני (תערובת של 01:01 DMEM ו F12 של חם בינוני פלוס אנטיביוטיקה FBS 10%) בתוספת 0.75-מיקרומטר חרוזים לטקס בבית מ&quot;ג אפס 1 לכל מ&quot;ל. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הסר את המדיה מהצלחת-96 גם בתרבות להחליף עם 0.1 מ&quot;ל של המתלים חרוז ב בינוני </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ספין את הצלחת 2 דקות ב 1000 x ז </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> התאים בתרבית אז 37 ˚ C במשך 6 עד 16 שעות. בהתאם לתנאי לבין האמרגן להשתמש בכונן בלוציפראז, ביטוי מוגבר גן הכתב ניתן להבחין לאחר 1-3 שעות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> במקרים אותו זה עשוי להיות נחוץ כדי לדגור התאים עם חרוזים למשך 30 דקות עד 60, ואז לעשות 2 שוטף עם PBS להסיר חרוזים מאוגדים, ולהוסיף התקשורת טרי לפני דוגרים התאים לתקופות נוספות של זמן. </li></ol> Dual-GloTM בלוציפראז Assay <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הערה: פרוטוקול שלנו באמצעות ערכת שונה במובנים מסוימים מזה המומלץ על ידי היצרן. זה כבר שונה כדי להפחית את כמות ריאגנטים הנדרש לדגימה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן תמיסה של 1 M DTT, מתחלקים aliquots קטנים מרובים חנות ב -20 ˚ C. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן חיץ תמוגה המכיל 20 מ&quot;מ טריס-HCl (pH 7.8), 10% (v / v) גליצרול, ו -0.5% (v / v) טריטון X-100. לפני השימוש, aliquot הסכום הדרוש לצורך הניסוי ולהוסיף 1 מ&quot;ל לכל μl של 1 M DTT פלוס מעכבי פרוטאז קוקטייל לריכוז סופי של 0.5 ל 1x. אין לעשות שימוש חוזר פתרון DTT שאריות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בעת השימוש בערכה כפולה GloTM בפעם הראשונה, להכין את מגיב (גחלילית) בלוציפראז ידי העברת כל תכולת הבקבוק אחד הצפת Dual-GloTM בלוציפראז (מסופק עם הערכה) על בקבוק אחד של המצע Dual-GloTM בלוציפראז (בתנאי עם הערכה). מחלקים את מגיב בלוציפראז בשימוש לתוך 10 מ&quot;ל aliquots ולאחסן ב -20 ˚ C. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הסר את צלחת 96-היטב את התרבות רקמות חממה ולמקם אותו על הקרח. הסר את התקשורת על ידי שאיפה, הוסף 40 μl לכל היטב חיץ תמוגה ולאחר מכן לעזוב את הצלחת על קרח למשך 30 דקות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ב לבן, אטום 96-היטב צלחת (OptiplateTM-96, פרקין אלמר מספר קטלוג 6005290) aliquot 15 μl לכל מגיב היטב בלוציפראז, ולאחר מכן להוסיף 15 μl של lysate התא. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> דגירה את הצלחת בטמפרטורת החדר למשך 10 דקות ולאחר מכן קרא את הארה בקורא microplate. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מיד לפני השימוש, להכין כמות מתאימה של תמיסת המצע Renilla בלוציפראז ידי הוספת 1 חלק Dual-GloTM Stop &amp; Glo ®; מגיב (מסופק עם הערכה) עד 100 חלקים Dual-GloTM Stop &amp; Glo ® חוצץ (מסופק עם הערכה). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כדי להוסיף גם כל 15 μl של פתרון טוב לכל המצע Renilla בלוציפראז, דגירה בטמפרטורת החדר למשך 10 דקות ולאחר מכן למדוד את הארה שוב. </li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

studying membrane biogenesis with a luciferase-based reporter gene assay

כדי לחקור את התיאום של מסלולים שונים סינתזה השומנים במהלך biogenesis קרום כדאי לעבוד עם מערכת ניסיונית שבה biogenesis הממברנה מתרחשת במהירות ובאופן ועין מתנהלת. מצאנו כי phagocytosis חרוזים לטקס היא מעשית למטרות אלה כמו תאים במהירות לסנתז שומנים קרום לחדש בריכות קרום לאיבוד כמו גלישת החומר במהלך היבלעות החלקיקים. כאן אנו מתארים נהלים לחקר שינויים בביטוי גנים phagocytosis המושרה עם גישה בלוציפראז מבוסס כתב הגן באמצעות מערכת Dual-Glo Assay בלוציפראז מ Promega.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Studying Membrane Biogenesis with a Luciferase-Based Reporter Gene Assay at JoVE.com

Studying Membrane Biogenesis with a Luciferase-Based Reporter Gene Assay

כאן אנו מתארים נהלים לחקר שינויים בביטוי גנים phagocytosis המושרה עם גישה בלוציפראז מבוסס כתב הגן באמצעות מערכת כפולה GloTM Assay בלוציפראז מ Promega.

לימוד biogenesis ממברנה עם Assay בלוציפראז מבוסס Gene כתב

To study the coordination of different lipid synthesis pathways during membrane biogenesis it is useful to work with an experimental system where membrane ...

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12.8K Views.  Harvard. כאן אנו מתארים נהלים לחקר שינויים בביטוי גנים phagocytosis המושרה עם גישה בלוציפראז מבוסס כתב הגן באמצעות מערכת כפולה GloTM Assay בלוציפראז מ Promega.

Video: Studying Membrane Biogenesis with a Luciferase-Based Reporter Gene Assay

A Microfluidic Device with Groove Patterns for Studying Cellular Behavior

We describe a microfluidic device with microgrooved patterns for studying cellular behavior. This microfluidic platform consists of a top fluidic channel and a bottom microgrooved substrate. To fabricate the microgrooved channels, a top poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) mold containing the impression of the microfluidic channels was aligned and bonded to a microgrooved substrate. Using this device, mouse fibroblast cells were immobilized and patterned within microgrooved substrates (25, 50, 75, and 100 &mu;m wide). To study apoptosis in a microfluidic device, media containing hydrogen peroxide, Annexin V, and propidium iodide was perfused into the fluidic channel for 2 hours. We found that cells exposed to the oxidative stress became apoptotic. These apoptotic cells were confirmed by Annexin V that bound to phosphatidylserine at the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane during the apoptosis process. Using this microfluidic device with microgrooved patterns, the apoptosis process was observed in real-time and analyzed by using an inverted microscope containing an incubation chamber (37&deg;C, 5% CO2). Therefore, this microfluidic device incorporated with microgrooved substrates could be useful for studying the cellular behavior and performing high-throughput drug screening.

We describe a protocol for the fabrication of microfluidic devices that can enable cell capture and culture. In this approach patterned microstructures such as grooves within microfluidic channels are used to create low shear stress regions within which cell can dock.

מכשיר microfluidic עם דפוסי Groove לחקר התנהגות נייד

We describe a microfluidic device with microgrooved patterns for studying cellular behavior.  This microfluidic platform consists of a top fluidic channel ...

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

שימוש ג&#39;ין Pulser מערכת MXcell electroporation כדי Transfect תאים ראשוניים עם יעילות גבוהה

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::&beta;-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

The ability to introduce foreign genes into an organism is the foundation for modern biology and biotechnology. In the model flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the floral-dip transformation method1-2 has replaced all previous methods because of its simplicity, efficiency, and low cost. Specifically, shoots of young flowering Arabidopsis plants are dipped in a solution of Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying specific plasmid constructs. After dipping, the plants are returned to normal growth and yield seeds, a small percentage of which are transformed with the foreign gene and can be selected for on medium containing antibiotics. This floral-dip method significantly facilitated Arabidopsis research and contributed greatly to our understanding of plant gene function. In this study, we use the floral-dip method to transform a reporter gene, &beta;-glucuronidase (GUS), under the control of TSO2 promoter. TSO2, coding for the Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR) small subunit3, is a cell cycle regulated gene essential for dNDP biosynthesis in the S-phase of the cell cycle. Examination of GUS expression in transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings shows that TSO2 is expressed in actively dividing tissues. The reported experimental method and materials can be easily adapted not only for research but also for education at high school and college levels.

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::&amp;#946;-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

This article illustrates the floral-dip method of Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. By introducing a cell-cycle regulated promoter-reporter, pTSO2::&beta;-glucuronidase (GUS), into Arabidopsis, we illustrates how one detects GUS reporter expression in transgenic seedlings.

Floral-לטבול טרנספורמציה של ארבידופסיס thaliana לבדיקת PTSO2: β-glucuronidase Gene Expression Reporter

The ability to introduce foreign genes into an organism is the foundation for modern biology and biotechnology. In the model flowering plant Arabidopsis ...

Agrobacterium-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Assay In Cotton

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties. The large-scale gene functional analysis in cotton has been lagged behind most of the modern plant species, likely due to its large size of genome, gene duplication and polyploidy, long growth cycle and recalcitrance to genetic transformation1. To facilitate high throughput functional genetic/genomic study in cotton, we attempt to develop rapid and efficient transient assays to assess cotton gene functions.
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) is a powerful technique that was developed based on the host Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) to repress viral proliferation2,3. Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS has been successfully applied in a wide range of dicots species such as Solanaceae, Arabidopsis and legume species, and monocots species including barley, wheat and maize, for various functional genomic studies3,4. As this rapid and efficient approach avoids plant transformation and overcomes functional redundancy, it is particularly attractive and suitable for functional genomic study in crop species like cotton not amenable for transformation.
In this study, we report the detailed protocol of Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS system in cotton. Among the several viral VIGS vectors, the tobacco rattle virus (TRV) invades a wide range of hosts and is able to spread vigorously throughout the entire plant yet produce mild symptoms on the hosts5. To monitor the silencing efficiency, GrCLA1, a homolog gene of Arabidopsis Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene (AtCLA1) in cotton, has been cloned and inserted into the VIGS binary vector pYL156. CLA1 gene is involved in chloroplast development6, and previous studies have shown that loss-of-function of AtCLA1 resulted in an albino phenotype on true leaves7, providing an excellent visual marker for silencing efficiency. At approximately two weeks post Agrobacterium infiltration, the albino phenotype started to appear on the true leaves, with 100% silencing efficiency in all replicated experiments. The silencing of endogenous gene expression was also confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Significantly, silencing could potently occur in all the cultivars we tested, including various commercially grown varieties in Texas. This rapid and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS assay provides a very powerful tool for rapid large-scale analysis of gene functions at genome-wide level in cotton.

We present the detailed protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay in cotton. The tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-derived VIGS vectors were deployed to induce RNA silencing of cotton GrCLA1, Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene. The albino phenotype caused by silencing GrCLA1 was observed at the seedling stage within 2 weeks after inoculation.

Agrobacterium בתיווך Virus-induced ג&#39;ין השתקת Assay כותנה

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties.  The ...

Identifying Targets of Human microRNAs with the LightSwitch Luciferase Assay System using 3'UTR-reporter Constructs and a microRNA Mimic in Adherent Cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and play a role in many biological processes. More than 700 human miRNAs have been identified so far with each having up to hundreds of unique target mRNAs. Computational tools, expression and proteomics assays, and chromatin-immunoprecipitation-based techniques provide important clues for identifying mRNAs that are direct targets of a particular miRNA. In addition, 3'UTR-reporter assays have become an important component of thorough miRNA target studies because they provide functional evidence for and quantitate the effects of specific miRNA-3'UTR interactions in a cell-based system. To enable more researchers to leverage 3'UTR-reporter assays and to support the scale-up of such assays to high-throughput levels, we have created a genome-wide collection of human 3'UTR luciferase reporters in the highly-optimized LightSwitch Luciferase Assay System. The system also includes synthetic miRNA target reporter constructs for use as positive controls, various endogenous 3'UTR reporter constructs, and a series of standardized experimental protocols.
Here we describe a method for co-transfection of individual 3'UTR-reporter constructs along with a miRNA mimic that is efficient, reproducible, and amenable to high-throughput analysis.

Identifying Targets of Human microRNAs with the LightSwitch Luciferase Assay System using 3&#039;UTR-reporter Constructs and a microRNA Mimic in Adherent Cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and have been shown to play a role in numerous biological processes. To better understand miRNA-UTR interactions, we have created a genome-wide collection of 3 UTR luciferase reporters paired with a novel luciferase gene and assay reagent, the LightSwitch system.

זיהוי מטרות של רנ&quot;א האדם עם מערכת Assay בלוציפראז LightSwitch באמצעות 3&#39;UTR-הכתב בונה microRNA מחקים בתאים חסיד

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and play a role in many biological processes.  More than 700 human miRNAs have been ...

A Chemical Screening Procedure for Glucocorticoid Signaling with a Zebrafish Larva Luciferase Reporter System

Glucocorticoid stress hormones and their artificial derivatives are widely used drugs to treat inflammation, but long-term treatment with glucocorticoids can lead to severe side effects. Test systems are needed to search for novel compounds influencing glucocorticoid signaling in vivo or to determine unwanted effects of compounds on the glucocorticoid signaling pathway. We have established a transgenic zebrafish assay which allows the measurement of glucocorticoid signaling activity in vivo and in real-time, the GRIZLY assay (Glucocorticoid Responsive In vivo Zebrafish Luciferase activitY). The luciferase-based assay detects effects on glucocorticoid signaling with high sensitivity and specificity, including effects by compounds that require metabolization or affect endogenous glucocorticoid production. We present here a detailed protocol for conducting chemical screens with this assay. We describe data acquisition, normalization, and analysis, placing a focus on quality control and data visualization. The assay provides a simple, time-resolved, and quantitative readout. It can be operated as a stand-alone platform, but is also easily integrated into high-throughput screening workflows. It furthermore allows for many applications beyond chemical screening, such as environmental monitoring of endocrine disruptors or stress research.

We describe the procedure and data analysis of a chemical screening system for glucocorticoid stress hormone signaling using zebrafish larvae: the Glucocorticoid Responsive In vivo Zebrafish Luciferase activitY (GRIZLY) assay. The assay sensitively and specifically detects effects on glucocorticoid signaling by compounds that require metabolization or affect endogenous glucocorticoid production.

הליך מיון כימי לGlucocorticoid איתות עם מערכת כתב דג הזברה הזחל בלוציפראז

Glucocorticoid stress hormones and their artificial derivatives are widely used drugs to treat inflammation, but long-term treatment with glucocorticoids ...

Reporter-based Growth Assay for Systematic Analysis of Protein Degradation

Protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a major regulatory mechanism for protein homeostasis in all eukaryotes. The standard approach to determining intracellular protein degradation relies on biochemical assays for following the kinetics of protein decline. Such methods are often laborious and time consuming and therefore not amenable to experiments aimed at assessing multiple substrates and degradation conditions. As an alternative, cell growth-based assays have been developed, that are, in their conventional format, end-point assays that cannot quantitatively determine relative changes in protein levels.
Here we describe a method that faithfully determines changes in protein degradation rates by coupling them to yeast cell-growth kinetics. The method is based on an established selection system where uracil auxotrophy of URA3-deleted yeast cells is rescued by an exogenously expressed reporter protein, comprised of a fusion between the essential URA3 gene and a degradation determinant (degron). The reporter protein is designed so that its synthesis rate is constant whilst its degradation rate is determined by the degron. As cell growth in uracil-deficient medium is proportional to the relative levels of Ura3, growth kinetics are entirely dependent on the reporter protein degradation.
This method accurately measures changes in intracellular protein degradation kinetics. It was applied to: (a) Assessing the relative contribution of known ubiquitin-conjugating factors to proteolysis (b) E2 conjugating enzyme structure-function analyses (c) Identification and characterization of novel degrons. Application of the degron-URA3-based system transcends the protein degradation field, as it can also be adapted to monitoring changes of protein levels associated with functions of other cellular pathways.

Here we describe a robust biological assay for quantifying the relative rate of proteolysis by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The assay readout is yeast growth rate in liquid culture, which is dependent on the cellular levels of a reporter protein comprising a degradation signal fused to an essential metabolic marker.

Assay צמיחה מבוסס כתב ניתוח שיטתי של פירוק חלבונים

Protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a major regulatory mechanism for protein homeostasis in all eukaryotes. The standard ...

Transfecting RAW264.7 Cells with a Luciferase Reporter Gene

Transfection of desired genetic materials into cells is an inevitable procedure in biomedical research studies. While numerous methods have been described, certain types of cells are resistant to many of these methods and yield low transfection efficiency1, potentially hindering research in those cell types. In this protocol, we present an optimized transfection procedure to introduce luciferase reporter genes as a plasmid DNA into the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Two different types of transfection reagents (lipid-based and polyamine-based) are described, and important notes are given throughout the protocol to ensure that the RAW264.7 cells are minimally altered by the transfection procedure and any experimental data obtained are the direct results of the experimental treatment. While transfection efficiency may not be higher compared to other transfection methods, the described procedure is robust enough for detecting luciferase signal in RAW264.7 without changing the physiological response of the cells to stimuli.

Transfection into the macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, is difficult due to the cell&#8217;s natural response against foreign materials. We described here a gentle yet robust procedure for transfecting luciferase reporter genes into RAW264.7 cells.

Transfecting תאי RAW264.7 עם לוציפראז כתב ג&#39;ין

Transfection of desired genetic materials into cells is an inevitable procedure in biomedical research studies. While numerous methods have been ...

Visualizing Stromule Frequency with Fluorescence Microscopy

Stromules, or "stroma-filled tubules", are narrow, tubular extensions from the surface of the chloroplast that are universally observed in plant cells but whose functions remain mysterious. Alongside growing attention on the role of chloroplasts in coordinating plant responses to stress, interest in stromules and their relationship to chloroplast signaling dynamics has increased in recent years, aided by advances in fluorescence microscopy and protein fluorophores that allow for rapid, accurate visualization of stromule dynamics. Here, we provide detailed protocols to assay stromule frequency in the epidermal chloroplasts of Nicotiana benthamiana, an excellent model system for investigating chloroplast stromule biology. We also provide methods for visualizing chloroplast stromules in vitro by extracting chloroplasts from leaves. Finally, we outline sampling strategies and statistical approaches to analyze differences in stromule frequencies in response to stimuli, such as environmental stress, chemical treatments, or gene silencing. Researchers can use these protocols as a starting point to develop new methods for innovative experiments to explore how and why chloroplasts make stromules.

Protocols to investigate the dynamics of chloroplast stromules, the stroma-filled tubules that extend from the surface of chloroplasts, are described.

חזותי תדר Stromule עם מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי

Stromules, or "stroma-filled tubules", are narrow, tubular extensions from the surface of the chloroplast that are universally observed in plant cells but ...

An In Vitro Model for Studying Cellular Transformation by Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an unusual tumor composed of proliferating spindle cells that is initiated by infection of endothelial cells (EC) with KSHV, and develops most often in the setting of immunosuppression. Despite decades of research, optimal treatment of KS remains poorly defined and clinical outcomes are especially unfavorable in resource-limited settings. KS lesions are driven by pathological angiogenesis, chronic inflammation, and oncogenesis, and various in vitro cell culture models have been developed to study these processes. KS arises from KSHV-infected cells of endothelial origin, so EC-lineage cells provide the most appropriate in vitro surrogates of the spindle cell precursor. However, because EC have a limited in vitro lifespan, and as the oncogenic mechanisms employed by KSHV are less efficient than those of other tumorigenic viruses, it has been difficult to assess the processes of transformation in primary or telomerase-immortalized EC. Therefore, a novel EC-based culture model was developed that readily supports transformation following infection with KSHV. Ectopic expression of the E6 and E7 genes of human papillomavirus type 16 allows for extended culture of age- and passage-matched mock- and KSHV-infected EC and supports the development of a truly transformed (i.e., tumorigenic) phenotype in infected cell cultures. This tractable and highly reproducible model of KS has facilitated the discovery of several essential signaling pathways with high potential for translation into clinical settings.

An In Vitro Model for Studying Cellular Transformation by Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a tumor induced by infection with the oncogenic virus human herpesvirus-8/KS herpesvirus (HHV-8/KSHV). The endothelial cell culture model described here is uniquely suited for studying the mechanisms by which KSHV transforms host cells.

מודל במבחנה עבור לימודי טרנספורמציה התאית על ידי ההרפס סרקומה קפוסי

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an unusual tumor composed of proliferating spindle cells that is initiated by infection of endothelial cells (EC) with KSHV, and ...