measuring-properties-membrane-periodic-skeleton-axon-initial-segment

Measuring Properties of the Membrane Periodic Skeleton of the Axon Initial Segment using 3D-Structured Illumination Microscopy (3D-SIM)

The axon initial segment (AIS) is the site at which action potentials initiate and constitutes a transport filter and diffusion barrier that contribute to ...

Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research

University of Helsinki

Many actin cytoskeleton-regulating proteins control dendritic spine morphology and density, which are cellular features often altered in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Recent studies using animal models show that autism-related behavior can be rescued by either manipulating actin regulators or by reversing dendritic spine density or morphology. Based on these studies, the actin cytoskeleton is a potential target pathway for developing new ASD treatments. Thus, it is important to understand how different ASD-associated actin regulators contribute to the regulation of dendritic spines and how ASD-associated mutations modulate this regulation. For this study, we selected five genes encoding different actin-regulating proteins and induced ASD-associated  missense mutations in these proteins. We assessed the functionality of the wild-type and mutated proteins by analyzing their subcellular localization, and by analyzing the dendritic spine phenotypes induced by the expression of these proteins. As the imbalance between excitation and inhibition has been suggested to have a central role in ASD, we additionally evaluated the density, size and subcellular localization of inhibitory synapses. Common for all the proteins studied was the enrichment in dendritic spines. ASD-associated mutations induced changes in the localization of α-actinin-4, which localized less to dendritic spines, and for SWAP-70 and SrGAP3, which localized more to dendritic spines. Among the wild-type proteins studied, only α-actinin-4 expression caused a significant change in dendritic spine morphology by increasing the mushroom spine density and decreasing thin spine density. We hypothesized that mutations associated with ASD shift dendritic spine morphology from mushroom to thin spines. An M554V mutation in α-actinin-4 () resulted in the expected shift in dendritic spine morphology by increasing the density of thin spines. In addition, we observed a trend toward higher thin spine density with mutations in myosin IXb and SWAP-70. Myosin IIb and myosin IXb expression increased the proportion of inhibitory synapses in spines. The expression of mutated myosin IIb (Y265C), SrGAP3 (E469K), and SWAP-70 (L544F) induced variable changes in inhibitory synapses.

ASD-Associated  Mutations in Five Actin Regulators Show Both Shared and Distinct Defects in Dendritic Spines and Inhibitory Synapses in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons.

The axon initial segment (AIS) comprises a sub-membranous lattice containing periodic actin rings. The overall AIS structure is insensitive to actin-disrupting drugs, but the effects of actin-disrupting drugs on actin rings lack consensus. We examined the effect of latrunculin A and B on the actin cytoskeleton of neurons in culture and actin rings in the AIS. Both latrunculin A and B markedly reduced the overall amount of F-actin in treated neurons in a dose-dependent manner, but the periodicity of actin rings remained unaffected. The insensitivity of AIS actin rings to latrunculin suggests they are relatively stable.

Sub-membranous actin rings in the axon initial segment are resistant to the action of latrunculin.

Axon initial segment (AIS) functionality relies on a specific organization of the AIS with high enrichment of structural and functional proteins. In this issue, Torii et al. (2019. J. Cell. Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201907048) describe a mechanism for achieving a high density of proteins in the nascent AIS.

NuMA1 facilitates the assembly of the axon initial segment by promoting the retention of neurofascin-186.

The axon initial segment (AIS) is the site of action potential initiation and serves as a cargo transport filter and diffusion barrier that helps maintain neuronal polarity. The AIS actin cytoskeleton comprises actin patches and periodic sub-membranous actin rings. We demonstrate that tropomyosin isoform Tpm3.1 co-localizes with actin patches and that the inhibition of Tpm3.1 led to a reduction in the density of actin patches. Furthermore, Tpm3.1 showed a periodic distribution similar to sub-membranous actin rings but Tpm3.1 was only partially congruent with sub-membranous actin rings. Nevertheless, the inhibition of Tpm3.1 affected the uniformity of the periodicity of actin rings. Furthermore, Tpm3.1 inhibition led to reduced accumulation of AIS structural and functional proteins, disruption in sorting somatodendritic and axonal proteins, and a reduction in firing frequency. These results show that Tpm3.1 is necessary for the structural and functional maintenance of the AIS.

Article	Year
ASD-Associated Mutations in Five Actin Regulators Show Both Shared and Distinct Defects in Dendritic Spines and Inhibitory Synapses in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience\| PubMed ID: 30123108	2018
Sub-membranous actin rings in the axon initial segment are resistant to the action of latrunculin. Biological chemistry\| PubMed ID: 30951495	2019
NuMA1 facilitates the assembly of the axon initial segment by promoting the retention of neurofascin-186. The Journal of cell biology\| PubMed ID: 31965148	2020
Tropomyosin Tpm3.1 Is Required to Maintain the Structure and Function of the Axon Initial Segment. iScience\| PubMed ID: 32344377	2020

Amr Abouelezz

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