We thank each participant and staff for their assistance in this study. Special thanks to Hong L for her assistance in figure editing.

The Institutional Review Board of the hospital approved the protocol (IRB Approval Number 2021-040). Informed consent for publication was obtained from each participant. Inclusion criteria encompassed women diagnosed with uterine prolapse at Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) stage 2 or higher with related symptoms who were eligible for surgical treatments and were able to read Chinese. Assessment for eligibility was performed by a gynecologist at the hospital. All patients had a standardized preoperative POP assessment using the POP-Q system in the lithotomy position as well as via ultrasonography. Patients with co-existing anterior/posterior defects or concomitant incontinence surgery were also included. Women with contraindications for laparoscopic surgery, established genital malignancy, previous surgical treatment of vault prolapse, language issues and those not available for follow-up were excluded. Patients agreed to return the questionnaires and visit the follow-up appointments. See Table of Materials for details about equipment and other materials used in this protocol.
1. Planning for prolapse surgery
<ol>
	<li>Inform the patients about the risks and potential complications, including the possibility of switching to open laparotomy, excessive bleeding, wound infection, and postoperative recurrence.</li>
	<li>After obtaining informed consent, administer enoxaparin sodium injection (100 AXaIU/kg) for perioperative thrombosis prophylaxis.</li>
	<li>Have an anesthesiologist administer endotracheal general anesthesia and monitor vital signs. Administer perioperative prophylactic antibiotics intravenously 30 min before surgery; use cefuroxime (1.5 g) unless there is an allergic history.</li>
	<li>Following field skin disinfection, establish pneumoperitoneum using the Veress needle technique for insufflation via the umbilicus9.
	<ol>
		<li>Place a 10 mm trocar via the umbilicus for an optical device, and introduce three 5 mm trocars (see Table of Materials) under direct visualization in the lower abdomen.</li>
		<li>Maintain gas intake flow at 20 L/min, and intraperitoneal pressure at 12 mmHg.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Laparoscopic Non-Mesh Cerclage Pectopexy with Uterine Preservation (LNMCPUP) approach
<ol>
	<li>Perform laparoscopic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in postmenopausal patients. Electrocoagulate and sever the round ligament (Figure 1), attaching it to the cervical isthmus.</li>
	<li>Open the vesico-uterine recursion peritoneum to expose the uterine artery.</li>
	<li>Expose&#160;the iliopectineal ligament near the landmarks-the round ligament and the obliterated umbilical artery-make an incision in the peritoneum and detach the surrounding soft tissue between the lateral umbilical ligament and round ligament, below which the iliopectineal ligament is located. Avoid contact with the external iliac vessel and obturator nerve in the target surgical region.</li>
	<li>To perform cervico-isthmic cerclage, start at 4 o&#39;clock on the right side and go counterclockwise (Figure 2A), use a permanent suture (size 2, see Table of Materials) in the uterine isthmus to suture, ligate, and attach a round ligament to the cervical isthmus. Complete one round until the starting point is reached, performing peripheral movements with the needle around the cervix (Figure 2B). Tighten and secure the stitch after completing the cervical cerclage (Figure 2C).</li>
	<li>Embed the permanent suture into the round ligament, ending at the iliopectineal ligament (Figure 3A,B).</li>
	<li>Insert the stitch through the iliopectineal ligament (Figure 4A,B), and ensure suspension without tension (Figure 5).</li>
	<li>Repeat steps 2.1-2.6 on the other side of the pelvis.</li>
	<li>Perform peritoneal closure with an absorbable synthetic polyglactin braided suture (size 2-0, see Table of Materials).</li>
	<li>Perform anterior and/or posterior colporrhaphy if patients suffering from symptomatic POP &#8805; stage 2 including anterior and/or posterior vaginal wall defect. Separate the vaginal wall from cervix and pouch sutured for 1 to 2 rounds in the outer bladder/rectal fascia to repair the cystocele/rectocele.Suture arcus tendinous fascia pelvis/arcus tendinous musculi levator ani in a U-shape and closed anterior and/or posterior vagina wall.</li>
	<li>Perform anti-incontinence surgery inside-out tension-free vaginal tape-obturator (TVT-O) before LNMCPUP if patients are diagnosed with serious Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) based on preoperative urodynamic examination. If patients were diagnosed with middle SUI, counsel them about the risk of postoperative SUI condition aggravation, and perform TVT-O at the patients&#39; discretion. 
	NOTE: The LNMCPUP technique is shown in a schematic diagram (Figure 6).</li>
</ol>
3. Management after LNMCPUP surgery
<ol>
	<li>Record necessary data, including the operation time of LNMCPUP, total blood loss, and associated complications.</li>
	<li>Advise all postmenopausal patients to use low-dose transvaginal estrogen for 6 weeks after surgery.</li>
	<li>Advise all patients to engage in pelvic floor exercises starting 8 weeks after surgery.</li>
	<li>Perform follow-up of patients 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery.
	<ol>
		<li>Conduct a gynecological examination using POP-Q system for assessing prolapse, an important reference point is the hymen.Grade genital prolapse stages 1-4 according to achieved optimal POP-Q scores.</li>
		<li>Ask patients to complete Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI) questionnaire to evaluate the postoperative condition relative to the condition before the surgical intervention. Use a single question to rate the condition; the answer will be on a scale from &#34;1. Very much better&#34; to &#34;7. Very much worse&#34;10.</li>
		<li>Ask the patients to complete the Prolapse Quality of Life (P-QOL) questionnaire and the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ-12). 
		NOTE: The PISQ-12 is a self-administered questionnaire that evaluates the sexual function of women with pelvic organ prolapse or urinary incontinence11.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Calculate the subjective and objective success rates. Define objective success as the absence of prolapse of the vault beyond the hymen, with optimal POP-Q stage &#8804;1. Define subjective success as the absence of bothersome bulge symptoms (vaginal bulging and protrusion according to the validated questionnaire), without repeat surgery or pessary use for recurrent vault prolapse12. 
	NOTE: We considered an objective success rate of our medical care if POP-Q measurements Ba, Bp, and C &#8804; 0 (optimal POP-Q stage &#8804; 1) and a subjective success rate of our medical care if the PGI was&#8804; 2. Systematic assessment was done for complications such as de novo SUI, reoperation for SUI or recurrent POP, and de novo dyspareunia.</li>
</ol>

Uterine-Preserving Laparoscopic Cerclage Pectopexy 

<ol>
	<li>Subak, L. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cost+of+pelvic+organ+prolapse+surgery+in+the+United+States.">Cost of pelvic organ prolapse surgery in the United States.</a> Obstet Gynecol. 98 (4), 646-651 (2001).</li><li>Seisen, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Results+obtained+after+robotic-assisted+laparoscopic+sacral+colpopexy+for+the+management+of+urogenital+prolapse:+a+review.">Results obtained after robotic-assisted laparoscopic sacral colpopexy for the management of urogenital prolapse: a review.</a> Prog Urol. 22 (3), 146-153 (2012).</li><li>Maher, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgery+for+women+with+apical+vaginal+prolapse.">Surgery for women with apical vaginal prolapse.</a> Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 10 (10), CD012376 (2016).</li><li>No&#233;, K. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+pectopexy:+a+prospective,+randomized,+comparative+clinical+trial+of+standard+laparoscopic+sacral+colpocervicopexy+with+the+new+laparoscopic+pectopexy-postoperative+results+and+intermediate-term+follow-up+in+a+pilot+study.">Laparoscopic pectopexy: a prospective, randomized, comparative clinical trial of standard laparoscopic sacral colpocervicopexy with the new laparoscopic pectopexy-postoperative results and intermediate-term follow-up in a pilot study.</a> J Endourol. 29 (2), 210-215 (2015).</li><li>Maher, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgery+for+women+with+apical+vaginal+prolapse.">Surgery for women with apical vaginal prolapse.</a> Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 7 (7), CD012376 (2023).</li><li>Zhang, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+non-mesh+cerclage+pectopexy+for+pelvic+organ+prolapse.">Laparoscopic non-mesh cerclage pectopexy for pelvic organ prolapse.</a> J Vis Exp. (187), e64388 (2022).</li><li>Korbly, N. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patient+preferences+for+uterine+preservation+and+hysterectomy+in+women+with+pelvic+organ+prolapse.">Patient preferences for uterine preservation and hysterectomy in women with pelvic organ prolapse.</a> Am J Obstet Gynecol. 209 (5), 470.e1-470.e6 (2013).</li><li>Meriwether, K. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uterine+preservation+vs+hysterectomy+in+pelvic+organ+prolapse+surgery:+a+systematic+review+with+meta-analysis+and+clinical+practice+guidelines.">Uterine preservation vs hysterectomy in pelvic organ prolapse surgery: a systematic review with meta-analysis and clinical practice guidelines.</a> Am J Obstet Gynecol. 219 (2), 129-146.e2 (2018).</li><li>Zeng, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Introduction+of+intracapsular+rotary-cut+procedures+(IRCP):+A+modified+hysteromyomectomy+procedures+facilitating+fertility+preservation.">Introduction of intracapsular rotary-cut procedures (IRCP): A modified hysteromyomectomy procedures facilitating fertility preservation.</a> J Vis Exp. (143), e58410 (2019).</li><li>Srikrishna, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+the+Patient+Global+Impression+of+Improvement+(PGI-I)+for+urogenital+prolapse.">Validation of the Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) for urogenital prolapse.</a> Int Urogynecol J. 21 (5), 523-528 (2010).</li><li>Occhino, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+a+visual+analog+scale+form+of+the+pelvic+organ+prolapse/urinary+incontinence+sexual+function+questionnaire.">Validation of a visual analog scale form of the pelvic organ prolapse/urinary incontinence sexual function questionnaire.</a> Female Pelvic Med ReconstrSurg. 17 (5), 246-248 (2011).</li><li>Barber, M. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pelvic+floor+disorders+network.+Defining+success+after+surgery+for+pelvic+organ+prolapse.">Pelvic floor disorders network. Defining success after surgery for pelvic organ prolapse.</a> Obstet Gynecol. 114 (3), 600-609 (2010).</li><li>Smith, F. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lifetime+risk+of+undergoing+surgery+for+pelvic+organ+prolapse.">Lifetime risk of undergoing surgery for pelvic organ prolapse.</a> Obstet Gynecol. 116 (5), 1096-1100 (2010).</li><li>Sarlos, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+sacrocolpopexy+for+uterine+and+post-hysterectomy+prolapse:+anatomical+results,+quality+of+life+and+perioperative+outcome-a+prospective+study+with+101+cases.">Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy for uterine and post-hysterectomy prolapse: anatomical results, quality of life and perioperative outcome-a prospective study with 101 cases.</a> Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 19 (10), 1415-1422 (2008).</li><li>Banerjee, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=a+new+technique+of+prolapse+surgery+for+obese+patients.">a new technique of prolapse surgery for obese patients.</a> Arch Gynecol Obstet. 284 (3), 631-635 (2011).</li><li>Szymczak, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+laparoscopic+techniques+for+apical+organ+prolapse+repair+-+a+systematic+review+of+the+literature.">Comparison of laparoscopic techniques for apical organ prolapse repair - a systematic review of the literature.</a> Neurourol Urodyn. 38 (8), 2031-2050 (2019).</li><li>Obut, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+the+quality+of+life+and+female+sexual+function+following+laparoscopic+pectopexy+and+laparoscopic+sacrohysteropexy+in+apical+prolapse+patients.">Comparison of the quality of life and female sexual function following laparoscopic pectopexy and laparoscopic sacrohysteropexy in apical prolapse patients.</a> Gynecol Minim Invasive Ther. 10 (2), 96-103 (2021).</li><li>Chan, C. Y. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+systematic+review+of+the+surgical+management+of+apical+pelvic+organ+prolapse.">A systematic review of the surgical management of apical pelvic organ prolapse.</a> Int Urogynecol J. 34 (4), 825-841 (2023).</li><li>Anglim, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+do+patients+and+surgeons+decide+on+uterine+preservation+or+hysterectomy+in+apical+prolapse.">How do patients and surgeons decide on uterine preservation or hysterectomy in apical prolapse.</a> Int Urogynecol J. 29 (8), 1075-1079 (2018).</li><li>Kostov, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Corona+mortis,+aberrant+obturator+vessels,+accessory+obturator+vessels:+clinical+applications+in+gynecology.">Corona mortis, aberrant obturator vessels, accessory obturator vessels: clinical applications in gynecology.</a> Folia Morphol (Warsz). 80 (4), 776-785 (2021).</li></ol>

No conflicts of interest were declared by the authors.

A significant number of elderly women worldwide experience Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP), which involves the descent of at least one pelvic organ. As society ages, the demand for POP surgery is expected to rise dramatically13. Laparoscopic Sacrocolpopexy (LS) is the primary surgical technique for addressing apical prolapse. However, the high incidence of postoperative defecation problems associated with LS cannot be overlooked14. Laparoscopic Pectopexy (LP)&#160; an alternati...

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) significantly impacts the well-being of a substantial portion of parous women over 50 years old1. With an increasing average lifespan, a higher number of women will require POP surgery. The gold standard for treating uterine prolapse is laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (LS), in which the vaginal apex is attached to the sacrum over the third and fourth sacral vertebrae using mesh, boasting a success rate exceeding 95% and long-term durability2. However, LS is a challenging procedure commonly associated with postoperative defecation problems3. Additionally, LS may not be suitable for obese patients. Laparoscopic pectopexy (LP), in which the iliopectineal ligaments are used for a bilateral mesh fixation of vaginal vault or cervical stump, has emerged as a viable alternative to LS for addressing apical prolapse, due to comparable clinical efficacy and a lower incidence of defecation disorders4.
However, the usage of synthetic mesh for apical support in LS and LP causes mesh-related complications, increasing patient suffering and medical expenses5. Our team has published a new procedure called laparoscopic non-mesh cerclage pectopexy (LNMCP), embedding permanent cervical cerclage sutures in the round ligament until the iliopectineal ligament. This was successfully performed with high objective and subjective success rates6. Recent evidence suggests that many women with prolapse issues desire to preserve their uterus, which is paramount for maintaining self-confidence, self-esteem, and a sense of femininity7.
The current research reports the development of a novel approach known as laparoscopic non-mesh cerclage pectopexy with uterine preservation for POP (LNMCPUP) for addressing apical prolapse. This novel technique involves embedding cervical cerclage sutures in the round ligament until the iliopectineal ligament, resulting in a firm uterine suspension. In addition, without using synthetic mesh, this procedure obviates mesh erosion while reducing medical costs. Moreover, this procedure ensures that the uterus is preserved, thereby minimizing perioperative risks associated with hysterectomy and eliminating significant alterations in POP surgery outcomes8.

<table><tbody><tr><td>5 mm trocars</td><td>KARL STORZ, Germany</td><td>30160X</td><td>Endoscopic equipment</td></tr><tr><td>10 mm trocars&amp;nbsp;</td><td>KARL STORZ, Germany</td><td>30160 H2</td><td>Endoscopic equipment</td></tr><tr><td>Cefuroxime sodium for injection&amp;nbsp;</td><td>YOUCARE , China</td><td>H20063758</td><td>Prophylactic antibiotics</td></tr><tr><td>Enoxaparin sodium for injection&amp;nbsp;</td><td>TECHDOW , China</td><td>H20056847</td><td>Perioperative thrombosis prophylaxis</td></tr><tr><td>Ethibond size 2</td><td>ETHICON, USA</td><td>X519H&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Nonabsorbable braided polyester</td></tr><tr><td>VICRYL 2-0</td><td>ETHICON, USA</td><td>VCP317H</td><td>Absorbable braided suture</td></tr></tbody></table>

laparoscopic non-mesh cerclage pectopexy with uterine preservation for pelvic organ prolapse

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) affects millions of women globally and carries a significant socioeconomic burden. Adequate apical support is essential for treating POP. Recent research has increasingly validated the efficacy and safety of laparoscopic pectopexy (LP) for addressing apical POP. However, the cost of synthetic mesh and associated complications restrict the widespread use of this technique. Our team previously published a study describing a novel, non-mesh procedure called laparoscopic non-mesh cerclage pectopexy (LNMCP), demonstrating successful outcomes with satisfactory objective and subjective success rates. Many patients express a preference for retaining their uterus during prolapse surgery due to considerations related to sexuality, partnership, and body image. 
The present research introduces a novel approach known as laparoscopic non-mesh cerclage pectopexy with uterine preservation (LNMCPUP) for POP, wherein the uterus is suspended to the iliopectineal ligament through the round ligament using permanent cerclage sutures. We successfully performed this procedure in 14 cases at our hospital, six of whom still had menstruation, and the remaining eight were postmenopausal, with a mean operation time of 54.43 min (&plusmn; 10.18 min) and an average bleeding volume of 53.57 mL (&plusmn; 48.77 mL). The mean follow-up duration was 19.71 &plusmn; 15.87 months. The objective success rate of LNMCPUP was 100%, with a subjective success rate of 92.86%. No significant complications were observed during or after surgery. LNMCPUP integrates cervical cerclage and shortening of the round ligament, as well as LP without using mesh, thereby eliminating the risk of mesh erosion and lowering healthcare costs. Moreover, this novel technique is relatively easy to master, making it accessible even in rural and underdeveloped areas where synthetic mesh is unavailable. Therefore, it is worthwhile to adopt LNMCPUP in POP patients who desire the preservation of their uterus.

We successfully performed Laparoscopic Non-Mesh Cerclage Pectopexy with Uterine Preservation (LNMCPUP) in 14 patients over the past 2 years, six of whom were premenopausal, and the remaining eight were postmenopausal. Their average &#177; Standard deviation (SD) age was 52.93 &#177; 9.94 years, with a mean &#177; SD Body mass index (BMI) of 23.46 &#177; 1.95. The average &#177; SD bleeding volume during surgery was 53.57 &#177; 48.77 mL, and the mean &#177; SD operation time was 54.43 &#177; 10.18 min. T...

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pelvic Prolapse Treatment with a Non-Mesh Approach using Laparoscopic Pectopexy

Here we introduce a novel approach known as laparoscopic non-mesh cerclage pectopexy with uterine preservation for pelvic organ prolapse (LNMCPUP) for patients who wish to preserve their uterus. Permanent cerclage sutures are used to suspend the uterus to the iliopectineal ligament through the round ligament.

Laparoscopic Non-Mesh Cerclage Pectopexy with Uterine Preservation for Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) affects millions of women globally and carries a significant socioeconomic burden. Adequate apical support is essential for ...

laparoscopic-non-mesh-cerclage-pectopexy-with-uterine-preservation

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

1.3K Views.  The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital. Here we introduce a novel approach known as laparoscopic non-mesh cerclage pectopexy with uterine preservation for pelvic organ prolapse (LNMCPUP) for patients who wish to preserve their uterus. Permanent cerclage sutures are used to suspend the uterus to the iliopectineal ligament through the round ligament. 

Video: Author Spotlight: Advancing Pelvic Prolapse Treatment with a Non-Mesh Approach using Laparoscopic Pectopexy

Vessel-sparing Excision and Primary Anastomosis

Urethroplasty is considered to be the standard treatment for urethral strictures since it provides excellent long-term success rates. For isolated short bulbar or posterior urethral strictures, urethroplasty by excision and primary anastomosis (EPA) is recommended. As EPA only requires the excision of the narrowed segment and the surrounding spongiofibrosis, a full-thickness transection of the corpus spongiosum, as performed in the traditional transecting EPA (tEPA), is usually unnecessary. Jordan et al. introduced the idea of a vessel-sparing approach in 2007, aiming to reduce surgical trauma, especially to the dual arterial blood supply of the urethra, and, thus, potentially reducing the risk of postoperative erectile dysfunction or glans ischemia. This approach could also be beneficial for subsequent urethral interventions such as redo urethroplasty using a free graft, in which a well-vascularized graft bed is imperative. Nevertheless, these potential benefits are only assumptions as prospective studies comparing the functional outcome of both techniques with validated questionnaires are currently lacking. Moreover, vessel-sparing EPA (vsEPA) should at least be able to provide similar surgical outcomes as tEPA. The aim of this paper is to give an elaborate, step-by-step overview of how to manage patients with isolated short bulbar or posterior urethral strictures with vsEPA. The main objective of this manuscript is to outline the surgical technique and to report the representative surgical outcome. A total of 117 patients were managed according to the described protocol. The analysis was performed on the entire patient cohort and on the bulbar (n = 91) and posterior (n = 26) vsEPA group separately. Success rates were 93.4% and 88.5% for the bulbar and posterior vsEPA, respectively. To conclude, vsEPA, as outlined in the protocol, provides excellent success rates with low complication rates for isolated short bulbar and posterior urethral strictures.

Here, we present an elaborate and efficient protocol to treat isolated short bulbar or posterior urethral strictures with vessel-sparing excision and primary anastomosis.

Urethroplasty is considered to be the standard treatment for urethral strictures since it provides excellent long-term success rates. For isolated short ...

Introduction of Intracapsular Rotary-cut Procedures (IRCP): A Modified Hysteromyomectomy Procedures Facilitating Fertility Preservation

Uterine fibroids are common benign tumors in the female reproductive system. A hysterectomy is the most effective treatment for symptomatic fibroids. For patients desiring pregnancy, laparoscopic intracapsular myomectomy (LM) is an alternative surgery option. Although LM is widely accepted to treat fibroids, it is technically demanding with risk of excessive bleeding and difficult suturing, especially in cases with large fibroids or tumors in unusual locations. Therefore, we developed an intracapsular rotary-cut procedure (IRCP) as a modification of laparoscopic intracapsular myomectomy, with the intention to minimize risks of LM and help uterine healing. A summary of the improvements to the IRCP is described: 1) making an incision at the site of the fibroid with a length of one-third to one-half of the fibroid&#39;s diameter at a depth reaching the fibroid&#39;s surface; 2) holding the fibroid stably and making rotary cuts on the fibroid at a depth of 0.5&#8211;1 cm within its pseudo-capsule while pulling it outward slightly, making sure not to cut off any pieces of the fibroid; and 3) repeating the cutting-and-pulling until the longest dimension of the fibroid is outside the incision. The multiple cuts are to minimize the diameter and extend the length of the fibroid. When the multiple cuts cause half of the fibroid body to &#34;shrink&#34;, the fibroid is squeezed out by contraction of the surrounding myometrium. Evaluation of the outcomes of IRCP showed that the time of enucleation and suturing, intraoperative bleeding, and decline of hemoglobin were significantly lower in the IRCP group than the LM group. As for reproductive outcomes, the full-term live birth rate of the IRCP group was significantly higher than that of LM group. However, there was no difference in delivery modes between the two groups. In conclusion, IRCP significantly benefits fertility preservation by minimizing damage to the uterus, protecting myofibers of the pseudo-capsule, and resulting in a shallower residual cavity, which eases stitching and causes less bleeding. It is worthwhile to adopt IRCP in younger patients who desire preservation of their fertility.

Introduction of Intracapsular Rotary-cut Procedures IRCP: A Modified Hysteromyomectomy Procedures Facilitating Fertility Preservation

Here, we present a protocol for performing an intracapsular rotary-cut procedure (IRCP), a modified laparoscopic intracapsular myomectomy that promotes fertility preservation.

Uterine fibroids are common benign tumors in the female reproductive system. A hysterectomy is the most effective treatment for symptomatic fibroids. For ...

Laparoscopic Repair of Para-Esophageal Hernia Using Absorbable Biosynthetic Mesh

Para-esophageal hernia repairs are challenging procedures and there is no consensus on the optimal approach to repair. Mesh reinforcement has been associated with lesser hernia recurrence when compared to the primary suture repair. The type of mesh that is most appropriate is still debatable. Synthetic and biosynthetic materials have been studied in the literature. It is well documented that a synthetic mesh is associated with esophageal erosion and migration into the stomach. Though there are limited long-term data on biosynthetic mesh, the short-term results are excellent and promising.
This paper illustrates how a biosynthetic prosthesis can be safely used with fibrin glue fixation and anterior Dor fundoplication to repair any para-esophageal defect. The absorbable biosynthetic mesh has been shown to produce good long-term patient satisfaction outcomes and low recurrence rates compared to conventional methods including repair with synthetic mesh. This technique also avoids the risk of esophageal erosion whilst strengthening the repair. Tacks that are still widely used to secure the mesh can be abandoned due to the associated risk of developing cardiac tamponade, or other disastrous consequences. This repair method, also, highlights how the prosthesis can be fashioned into a V-shape and easily placed in an onlay fashion behind the esophagus. The protocol demonstrates an alternative and safer method for mesh fixation using fibrin glue.

Presented here is a protocol of para-esophageal hernia repair. Use of absorbable biosynthetic mesh avoids the risk of erosion through the esophagus whilst reinforcing the repair. Glue fixation is preferred to avoid the risk of trauma such as bleeding or cardiac tamponade, which are associated with stitches or tacks.

Para-esophageal hernia repairs are challenging procedures and there is no consensus on the optimal approach to repair. Mesh reinforcement has been ...

Robotic Radical Cystectomy, Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection, and Intracorporeal Ileal Conduit Urinary Diversion

The robotic approach to radical cystectomy is compelling because of its oncologic equivalence to open radical cystectomy (ORC), its association with lower surgical blood loss, its potential association with shorter hospital stay after surgery. These factors suggest that the robotic approach to radical cystectomy may be an important component of enhanced recovery programs aimed at reducing surgical morbidity. This paper describes the importance of the cranial placement of robotic trocars, the use of Cadiere forceps for atraumatic bowel grasping, pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND), and utero-enteric anastomoses. Also discussed are steps that are critical for the successful outcome of RARC. In spite of the increased operating times and associated costs and the costs of robotic surgical platforms and equipment, adoption of the robotic technique by bladder cancer surgeons has increased. This paper describes a systematic and reproducible method that details robotic extended pelvic lymph node dissection, cystectomy/cystoprostatectomy, and intracorporeal ileal conduit urinary diversion.

This paper describes robotic radical cystectomy, pelvic lymph node dissection, and intracorporeal ileal conduit urinary diversion.

The robotic approach to radical cystectomy is compelling because of its oncologic equivalence to open radical cystectomy (ORC), its association with lower ...

Surgical Techniques to Optimize Ovarian Reserve during Laparoscopic Cystectomy for Ovarian Endometrioma

Surgical management of ovarian endometrioma in patients desiring fertility is complicated by the need to balance maximal resection of disease with efforts to spare normal ovarian cortex. Optimization of tubal anatomy is another frequent consideration. Fertility-sparing laparoscopic techniques at the time of cystectomy for ovarian endometrioma seek to limit iatrogenic surgical damage to the ovarian cortex and strategically assess and respond to genital tract patency. Surgical candidates frequently desire relief from endometriosis-associated pain while also seeking to optimize spontaneous or assisted conception rates. Operative benefits include potential for surgical and histopathologic diagnosis of endometriosis, evaluation of genital tract patency, and treatment of visualized lesions. Resection of ovarian endometrioma nonetheless poses significant risks, including surgical injury, blood loss, post-surgical decline in ovarian reserve and post-operative inflammation with adhesion formation, both of which may impair folliculogenesis.
We present the case of a 32-year-old woman with known endometriosis and continued pain refractory to medical management who opted for surgical management of her disease tailored toward optimizing her chances at future conception. Using this case as an example, we describe techniques and considerations for diagnostic laparoscopy, adhesiolysis, ovarian cystectomy, chromopertubation, and salpingectomy with a focus on maintaining a fertility-preserving approach.

This protocol presents techniques to laparoscopically excise ovarian endometrioma, to perform adhesiolysis with sparing electrosurgical application, and to employ intraoperative chromopertubation to assess for genital tract patency. This systematic approach will facilitate optimal endometriosis management, guide concomitant adnexal surgeries, and enhance post-surgical fertility outcomes.

Surgical management of ovarian endometrioma in patients desiring fertility is complicated by the need to balance maximal resection of disease with efforts ...

Extraperitoneal Laparoscopic Modified Y-V Plasty for the Treatment of Refractory Bladder Neck Contracture

Bladder neck contracture (BNC) is a rare, late complication of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Although the endoscopic procedure is the primary treatment for BNC, the recurrence rate remains high. Y-V plasty offers excellent surgical results for those individuals with refractory and recurrent BNC. Traditional open operations usually fail to provide satisfactory exposure to the operating field and lead to greater invasiveness. Interrupted sutures lead to prolonged operative time and increased anastomotic leakage. Laparoscopic modified Y-V plasty is performed through extraperitoneal access to the pelvis, which provides adequate exposure to the surgical view and avoids intra-abdominal injury. After incising the anterior bladder wall neck in a Y-shaped fashion, anastomosis is performed using two absorbable barbed sutures. The mucosa and submucosa layer of the bladder is closed to both sides with consecutive sutures in a V-shape before suturing serosa, and tunica muscularis are sutured to reinforce. The aforementioned procedures reduce leakage from the anastomosis and decrease operative time and patient trauma. Extraperitoneal laparoscopic modified Y-V plasty offers significant advantages over the open approach in terms of post-surgical recovery and invasiveness, making it a feasible and safe surgical option for patients with refractory BNC.

Here, we describe a modified surgical procedure for refractory bladder neck contracture that is associated with easy manipulation, optimum intraoperative exposure, and minimal invasiveness.

Bladder neck contracture (BNC) is a rare, late complication of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Although the endoscopic procedure is the ...

Development of a Uterosacral Ligament Suspension Rat Model

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common pelvic floor disorder (PFD) with the potential to significantly impact a woman's quality of life. Approximately 10%-20% of women undergo pelvic floor repair surgery to treat prolapse in the United States. PFD cases result in an overall $26.3 billion annual cost in the United States alone. This multifactorial condition has a negative impact on the quality of life and yet the treatment options have only dwindled in the recent past. One common surgical option is uterosacral ligament suspension (USLS), which is typically performed by affixing the vaginal vault to the uterosacral ligament in the pelvis. This repair has a lower incidence of complications compared to those with mesh augmentation, but is notable for a relatively high failure rate of up to 40%. Considering the lack of standard animal models to study pelvic floor dysfunction, there is an urgent clinical need for innovation in this field with a focus on developing cost-effective and accessible animal models. In this manuscript, we describe a rat model of USLS involving a complete hysterectomy followed by fixation of the remaining vaginal vault to the uterosacral ligament. The goal of this model is to mimic the procedure performed on women to be able to use the model to then investigate reparative strategies that improve the mechanical integrity of the ligament attachment. Importantly, we also describe the development of an in situ tensile testing procedure to characterize interface integrity at chosen time points following surgical intervention. Overall, this model will be a useful tool for future studies that investigate treatment options for POP repair via USLS.

Pelvic organ prolapse affects millions of women worldwide and yet some common surgical interventions have failure rates as high as 40%. The lack of standard animal models to investigate this condition impedes progress. We propose the following protocol as a model for uterosacral ligament suspension and in vivo tensile testing.

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common pelvic floor disorder (PFD) with the potential to significantly impact a woman's quality of life. Approximately ...

Laparoscopic Non-Mesh Cerclage Pectopexy for Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is widespread among the female population and significantly impairs the patient's quality of life. It is important to restore apical support for treating POP. Sacrocolpopexy and pectopexy are indicated for apical prolapse. Using a synthetic mesh in these techniques increases success by enhancing apical support. However, the implantation of synthetic mesh is associated with mesh-related complications. In addition, the exorbitant cost of synthetic mesh and lack of universal access limit the popularity of these procedures. The current study develops a unique technique known as laparoscopic non-mesh cerclage pectopexy (LNMCP), in which permanent cervical cerclage sutures are embedded in the round ligament until the iliopectineal ligament. The iliopectineal ligament was sutured, resulting in a firm cervical suspension. The procedure was successfully performed in 16 cases in the hospital. The surgical duration was 67.8 min &plusmn; 15.5 min, and the blood loss was 73.1 mL &plusmn; 51.1 mL. No procedural complications were seen. LNMCP is associated with an objective success rate of 100% and a subjective success rate of 93.8%. LNMCP for patients with apical prolapse obviates the need for a mesh, thereby avoiding complications associated with mesh erosion and reducing medical costs. In addition, it is easy to perform even in resource-poor areas without access to synthetic mesh.

The present pilot study describes the development of laparoscopic non-mesh cerclage pectopexy to treat pelvic organ prolapse. The procedure can be used to prevent any complications associated with the use of mesh.

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is widespread among the female population and significantly impairs the patient's quality of life. It is important to restore ...

Application of a New Mesh Fixation Method in Laparoscopic Incisional Hernia Repair

Laparoscopic incisional hernia repair using intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) is one of the most widely used minimally invasive methods for repairing incisional hernias. The laparoscopic IPOM involves implanting the mesh into the abdominal cavity through laparoscopy to repair an abdominal wall hernia. In the IPOM surgery, after the closure of the hernia ring, an anti-adhesion mesh is placed laparoscopically. The correct placement of this mesh is critical to the success of the method, and surgical skills are required to achieve perfect placement. If the mesh placement is not mastered properly, the operation and anesthesia time will be prolonged. In addition, improper placement of the mesh can lead to serious consequences, such as intestinal obstruction and mesh infection. A "contraposition and alignment" mesh fixation method is described in this study, which involves pre-marking the fixation position of the mesh to reduce the difficulty of mesh placement. A properly placed mesh is completely flat on the peritoneum, the edges are not curled or wrapped, and the mesh is adhered firmly such that there is no displacement after removing the pneumoperitoneum pressure. The "contraposition and alignment" mesh fixation technique offers the advantages of reliable placement of the mesh and fewer complications than other techniques, and it is easy to learn and master. It also allows for positioning the nail gun in advance based on the anatomy of the incisional hernia. This enables the use of the minimum number of nails possible while still ensuring good fixation, which can reduce the occurrence of complications and reduce the cost of surgery. Thus, the mesh fixation method described here is highly suitable for clinical applications based on the aforementioned advantages.

Presented here is a method for improving the mesh placement in laparoscopic incisional hernia repair, which can shorten the time required for mesh fixation and reduce the occurrence of postoperative chronic pain.

Laparoscopic incisional hernia repair using intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) is one of the most widely used minimally invasive methods for repairing ...

Surgical Closure of Equine Abdomen, Prevention, and Management of Incisional Complications

Although rarely fatal, complications of ventral midline laparotomy incision in equine patients increase hospitalization cost and duration and may jeopardize return to athletic function. Therefore, many techniques have been developed to reduce their occurrence and expedite their resolution when they occur. Our technique of celiotomy incision closure includes the use of tension sutures (vertical U mattress) of polyglactin 910 on the linea alba, which is then apposed by polyglactin 910 interrupted sutures or a simple continuous pattern suture with a stop midway before routine closure of the superficial layers. The celiotomy incision is protected by an elastic bandage during the immediate postoperative period. This technique has been associated with favorable results: 5.3% confirmed incisional infections after a single celiotomy and 26.7% after repeat celiotomy. The overall incisional complication (serous/sanguineous discharge, hematoma, infection, hernia formation, and complete wound breakdown) occurrence was 9.5% and 33.3% after single and repeat laparotomy, respectively. In cases considered more susceptible to infection (early relaparotomy or laparotomy incisions longer than 30 cm), negative pressure therapy was found easy to apply on closed incisions. No detrimental effects were observed. However, the potential prophylactic benefit of this therapy needs to be confirmed in a larger group. In infected laparotomy wounds requiring drainage, the use of negative pressure therapy seemed to have a positive effect on the formation of granulation tissue. However, there was no control group to allow statistical confirmation. Finally, one case of complete breakdown of the laparotomy incision was managed by stainless steel retention sutures, the application of negative pressure therapy, and a hernia belt. At re-evaluation 15 months post-surgery, several small hernias were detected, but the horse had returned to his previous level of sports performance and had not shown any episode of colic.

This paper describes a method of abdominal wall closure using tension and apposition sutures in horses undergoing ventral midline laparotomies. It also describes methods for prevention and management of postoperative incisional complications, such as bandaging, negative pressure therapy, and in case of wound breakdown, the application of retention sutures.