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EoE Sub Articles

All procedures involving animal samples have been reviewed and approved by the appropriate animal ethical review.
1. Preliminary Preparation (Optional: Prepare 1 Day in Advance)
<ol>
	<li>Prepare three types of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) solution (Normal, Sucrose, and Recovery Solutions, 1 L each; see Table 1). Adjust the osmolality of the solutions to 300 &#177; 10 mOsm and cool the ACSF-Sucrose down to a near-freezing point (0-4 &#176;C). 
	NOTE: The use of a low-sodium cutting solution (ACSF-Sucrose) helps preserve the viability of neurons in the superficial layers of acute slices.</li>
	<li>Prepare 0.75 mL of patch-solution containing a red fluorophore (e.g., Alexa-594) and a green synthetic calcium indicator (e.g., Oregon Green BAPTA-1; see Table 1). Include biocytin (see Table 1) in the patch solution if post hoc morphological identification of recorded cells is required.</li>
	<li>Adjust the osmolality of the solution to 280 &#177; 5 mOsm and pH to 7.35 &#177; 0.5. Keep the solution in the refrigerator or on ice at all times. 
	NOTE: The choice of the calcium indicator should be predicated on its dynamic range and on the nature of the investigated Ca2+ events.</li>
	<li>Using a micropipette puller, prepare patch pipettes from borosilicate glass capillaries (see Table of Materials) with a &#8776; 2 &#181;m tip (pipette resistance of 3-5 M&#937;) and stimulation pipettes from borosilicate theta-glass capillaries (see Table of Materials) with a 2-5 &#181;m tip. 
	NOTE: The puller settings to make pipettes of a given diameter and shape will be determined by the puller filament type and the ramp test results for a given type of glass.</li>
</ol>
2. Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings
<ol>
	<li>Set a hippocampal slice in place in a bath positioned under the objective (magnification: 40x, numerical aperture: 0.8) of a laser-scanning two-photon microscope. Continually perfuse the bath with oxygenated ACSF-Normal heated at 30-32 &#176;C at a rate of 2.5-3 mL/min.</li>
	<li>Use infrared differential interference contrast (IR-DIC) or Dodt-SGC microscopy to locate a cell of interest using its size, shape, and position. 
	NOTE: Depending on the targeted neuron population, a transgenic mouse model can be used to locate cells of interest easily. In this case, this step can be substituted with the use of a fluorescent light source.</li>
	<li>Fill a stimulation pipette with an ACSF-Normal solution containing the red fluorophore (e.g., Alexa-594).</li>
	<li>Set the stimulation pipette (connected to an electrical stimulation unit) on top of the slice so that the tip is in the same region as the cell of interest.</li>
	<li>After filling the patch pipette with patch solution and attaching it to a head stage, set it over the slice so that its tip is directly above the cell of interest.</li>
	<li>Fit a syringe into a three-way stopcock and connect it to the patch-pipette through the plastic tube. Inject constant positive pressure into the patch pipette (&#8776; 0.1 mL) using the syringe. Keep the stopcock in a &#34;close&#34; position.</li>
	<li>Activate the amplifier control software module and switch to voltage-clamp mode by clicking on the &#34;VC&#34; button. Open the electrophysiology data acquisition software (e.g., clampex) for the acquisition of electrophysiological signals and click on the &#34;Membrane Test&#34; icon to have it continually send out a square voltage pulse (5 mV, 10 ms), which is necessary to monitor changes in the pipette resistance.</li>
	<li>Lower the patch pipette until it is right on top of the targeted cell. Upon making contact with the cell membrane, remove the pressure by turning the stopcock into the &#34;open&#34; position. 
	NOTE: Contact with the cell membrane is detected when a small increase in the pipette resistance (&#8776; 0.2 M&#937;) is seen, and a small indentation on the cell is caused by positive pressure.</li>
	<li>Apply a slight negative pressure to the patch pipette using an empty syringe fitted into the stopcock until the pipette resistance provided by the software reaches 1 G&#937;. In the &#39;Membrane Test&#39; window of the data acquisition software, clamp the cell at -60 mV.</li>
	<li>Continue applying negative pressure until the cell is opened and the whole-cell configuration is achieved. Detection of this cell state is based upon the sudden change in the pipette resistance (from 1 G&#937; to 70-500 M&#937; depending on the interneuron type) and the appearance of large capacitive transients in the &#39;Membrane Test&#39; window.</li>
</ol>
3. Two-photon calcium (Ca2+)Imaging
<ol>
	<li>If interested in the excitatory postsynaptic responses, add the GABAA receptor blocker gabazine (10 &#181;M) and the GABAB receptor blocker CGP55845 (2 &#181;M) to the ACSF bath.</li>
	<li>In the amplifier control software module, set the patch configuration to current-clamp by clicking on the &#34;CC&#34; button and record the cell&#39;s firing pattern in response to somatic injections of depolarizing current (0.8-1.0 nA, 1 s). Wait for at least 30 min for the cell to be filled with the indicators present in the patch solution. 
	NOTE: The cell&#39;s firing pattern and active properties can be used to identify its subtype, e.g., fast-spiking cells. It is important for the indicator concentration to stabilize through diffusion before starting to record calcium transients (CaTs) (see Table 2 for troubleshooting).</li>
	<li>AP-evoked CaTs
	<ol>
		<li>Using the image acquisition software, start acquiring images. Locate a dendrite of interest using the red fluorescence signal. To ensure a visible response, first, choose a proximal dendrite (&#8804; 50 &#181;m) as the efficiency of AP backpropagation may significantly decline with distance in GABAergic interneurons.</li>
		<li>Using the &#39;rectangular tool&#39; in the image acquisition software, zoom in on the targeted region and switch to the &#34;xt&#34; (linescan) mode. Position the scan across the dendritic branch of interest. With the laser intensity controllers in the acquisition software, set the two-photon laser at a minimal power level where baseline green fluorescence is just slightly visible to avoid phototoxicity.</li>
		<li>In the electrophysiology data acquisition software &#39;Protocol&#39; window and image acquisition software, create a recording trial of the desired duration containing a somatic current injection of the desired amplitude.
		<ol>
			<li>Using the image acquisition software, click the &#34;Start record&#34; button and acquire the fluorescence continuously for 1-2 s. Repeat the image acquisition 3-10 times. Wait at least 30 s between single scans to avoid photodamage. If acquiring linescans at multiple points along a dendrite, take them in random order to avoid order effects.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Synaptically-evoked CaTs
	<ol>
		<li>Locate a dendrite of interest using the red fluorescence signal.</li>
		<li>Set the stimulation pipette on the surface of the slice above the dendrite of interest. Slowly lower the stimulation pipette into place, minimizing movement to avoid disturbing the whole-cell configuration. Position the pipette at 10-15 &#181;m from the dendrite.</li>
		<li>To visualize the location of synaptic microdomains in aspiny dendrites, in the image acquisition software, switch to the &#39;xt&#39; (linescan) mode and position the line along the dendritic branch of interest.</li>
		<li>In the &#39;Protocol&#39; Window (of electrophysiology data acquisition software) and image acquisition software, create a recording trial that triggers the stimulation unit after the trial start.</li>
		<li>Using the acquisition software, click the &#34;Start record&#34; button to scan along the dendrite continuously for 1-2 s. Repeat acquisition 3-5 times, waiting 30 s between scans to prevent photodamage. 
		NOTE: The length of the scan can be adjusted depending on the evoked event&#39;s kinetics but should be minimized to prevent photodamage (see Table 2 for troubleshooting).</li>
		<li>Repeat step 3.4.5 in different conditions (e.g., different intensity/length of stimulation, introduction of a pharmacological blocker, etc.) depending on the specific question being addressed.</li>
		<li>Stop the acquisition when the cell shows signs of deteriorating health: depolarization below -45 mV, increase in the baseline Ca2+ level, morphological deterioration of dendrites (e.g., blebbing, fragmentation; see Table 2 for troubleshooting).</li>
		<li>To obtain preliminary information on the cell&#39;s morphology and keep a record of the location of the stimulation pipette, acquire a Z-stack of the cell in the red channel. Using the acquisition software in &#39;xyz&#39; mode, set the upper and lower stack limits to image the entire cell with all processes included. Set the &#39;step size&#39; at 1 &#181;m and initiate the stack acquisition using the &#34;Start record&#34; button.</li>
		<li>When the Z-stack acquisition is complete, use the &#34;Maximum projection&#34; option in the software to superimpose all focal plans of the stack and verify the quality of acquisition. Then, slowly retract the patch pipette out of the slice.</li>
		<li>To fix the slice for post hoc morphological identification, quickly remove the slice from the bath using a flat paint brush and place it between two filter papers in an ACSF-filled Petri dish. Replace the ACSF with a 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) solution and leave the dish in a 4 &#176;C room or refrigerator overnight.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
Table 1: Solution recipes. Compounds and concentrations for solutions used during the protocol.
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Solution</td>
			<td>Component</td>
			<td>Concentration (mM)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="7">ACSF-Normal</td>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>124</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>2.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4</td>
			<td>1.25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>26</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="7">ACSF-Recovery</td>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>124</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>2.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4</td>
			<td>1.25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>26</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="7">ACSF-Sucrose</td>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4</td>
			<td>1.25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>26</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>219</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="9">K+-based Patch solution</td>
			<td>K+-gluconate</td>
			<td>130</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphocreatin di(tris)salt</td>
			<td>10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATP-Tris</td>
			<td>2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GTP-Tris</td>
			<td>0.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biocytin</td>
			<td>72</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa-594</td>
			<td>0.02</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oregon Green-BAPTA-1</td>
			<td>0.2</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 2: Troubleshooting table. Solutions to common problems that may arise during a Ca2+ imaging experiment.
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Problem</td>
			<td>Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Unable to patch healthy neuron</td>
			<td>Check for signs that the slices are unhealthy: shrunken or swollen cells, visible nuclei, etc. If so, discard the slices. Also verify the patch-pipette resistance and the patch-solution&#39;s osmolality; replace them if the values are not in the appropriate range.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The fluorescence signal from dendrites is low</td>
			<td>Wait longer for the cell to fill. If an obstruction is keeping the patch-solution from diffusing into the cell, try to apply a small amount of negative pressure in the patch-pipette.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrical stimulation does not evoking a Ca2+ response</td>
			<td>Check for the presence of an artifact in the electrophysiological recording. If absent, check for a short-circuit/stimulating unit malfunction. If present, raise the stimulation intensity or move the stimulation pipette closer to the dendrite. It is to be noted that the distance between the stimulation electrode and the dendrite should not exceed 8 um to prevent direct depolarization of dendrites when studying synaptic responses.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Evoked Ca2+ signal is too high/saturates the Ca2+ indicator</td>
			<td>Reduce laser power. If the problem persists in multiple cells, use a different Ca2+ indicator with a lower Ca2+ affinity.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The baseline Ca2+ signal is gradually increasing during the experiment</td>
			<td>Wait for a longer period between individual scans. If the baseline is still increasing, stop acquisition; it indicates that the cell&#39;s health is likely declining.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The amplitude of the Ca2+ signal decreases during scans</td>
			<td>Reduce laser power or zoom out (if applicable).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dendrite is fragmenting (&#34;blebbing&#34;) after scanning</td>
			<td>Reduce the laser power or zoom out. If blebbing is limited to the targeted dendrite, choose another dendrite and reduce laser power/ zoom out. If multiple dendrites are blebbing, stop the acquisition.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence signals are &#34;drifting&#34; out of the scan line after sweeps</td>
			<td>Reduce movement in the slice by reducing the speed of ACSF perfusion. Before patching, make sure that the slice is strongly fixed in place by a net.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal Strain: Mouse CD1</td>
			<td>Charles River</td>
			<td>22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C4901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M8266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>230391</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde powder, 95%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>158127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3911</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium gluconate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1847</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium azide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S8875</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5886</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9284</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizma base</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizma hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T3253</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>71643</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate monobasic 
			monohydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9638</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biocytin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B4261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 594 Hydrazide</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A10438</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SR95531 (Gabazine)</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab120042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-Tris</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guanosine (GTP)-Na+</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8877</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oregon Green BAPTA-1</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>O6812</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphocreatine di(tris) salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1937</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin-conjugated Alexa-546</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S11225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Patch Borosilicate Glass Capillaries</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>1B100F-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Theta Borosilicate Glass Capillaries</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>BT-150-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P-97 Flaming/Brown Micropipette puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TCS SP5 Confocal Multiphoton Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chameleon Ultra II Ti:Sapphire multiphoton laser</td>
			<td>Coherent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LAS AF Imaging Acquisition Software</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temperature Controller TC-324B</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MultiClamp 700B Amplifier</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digidata 1440A Digitizer</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal Translator</td>
			<td>Siskiyou</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Siskiyou</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pClamp Data Acquisition Software</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A365 Constant Current Stimulus Isolator</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vibraplane Optical Table</td>
			<td>Kinetic Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishing a whole-cell configuration for two-photon calcium imaging of brain slices

Source: Camir&#233;, O., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/56776">Two-photon Calcium Imaging in Neuronal Dendrites in Brain Slices.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2018).
This video demonstrates a protocol for whole-cell patch-clamp recording and two-photon calcium imaging in brain hippocampal slices. This method allows to study the dynamics of local Ca2+ transients (CaTs) in dendrites of different neuronal types in acute brain slices.

Establishing a Whole-Cell Configuration for Two-Photon Calcium Imaging of Brain Slices

All procedures involving animal samples have been reviewed and approved by the appropriate animal ethical review.
1. Preliminary Preparation (Optional: ...

Take a stimulation pipette containing red calcium-insensitive fluorophores in artificial cerebrospinal fluid, or ACSF.
Position the pipette near the target neuron in a hippocampal slice.
Place a patch pipette with a recording electrode bathed in an electrolyte containing red calcium-insensitive and green calcium indicator fluorophores near the target.
Apply constant positive pressure to briefly disturb the tissue surface, indicating proximity to the target.
As the dimple forms on the neuronal membrane, release the pressure to form a seal.
Apply negative pressure to tighten the seal.
Stabilize the membrane potential at a constant negative voltage.
Continue with negative pressure to break the membrane, allowing the fluorophore-containing electrolytes to spread within the neuron.
Visualize the red fluorescence of the target dendritic spine and align the stimulation pipette near it.
Apply electrical pulses to open the calcium channels.
Use two-photon microscopy to visualize transient changes in calcium levels as indicated by green fluorescence.

establishing-whole-cell-configuration-for-two-photon-calcium-imaging

Research

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neuroscience

Neurophysiology

Imaging and Optical Techniques

59 Views. Fonte: Camiré, O., et al. Imaging del calcio a due fotoni nei dendriti neuronali nelle fette di cervello. J. Vis. Exp. (2018). Questo video dimostra un protocollo per la registrazione di patch-clamp su cellule intere e l'imaging del calcio a due fotoni in fette di ippocampo cerebrale. Questo metodo permette di studiare la dinamica dei transienti locali di Ca2+ (CaT) in dendriti di diversi tipi neuronali in fette cerebrali acute. 

Video: Stabilire una configurazione a cellula intera per l'imaging del calcio a due fotoni di fette di cervello - Concept

In Vivo Wide-Field and Two-Photon Calcium Imaging from a Mouse Using a Large Cranial Window

Wide-field calcium imaging from the mouse&#39;s neocortex allows one to observe cortex-wide neural activity related to various brain functions. On the other hand, two-photon imaging can resolve the activity of local neural circuits at the single-cell level. It is critical to make a large cranial window to perform multiple-scale analysis using both imaging techniques in the same mouse. To achieve this, one must remove a large section of the skull and cover the exposed cortical surface with transparent materials. Previously, glass skulls and polymer-based cranial windows have been developed for this purpose, but these materials are not easily fabricated. The present protocol describes a simple method for making a large cranial window consisting of commercially available polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) wrapping film, a transparent silicone plug, and a cover glass. For imaging the dorsal surface of an entire hemisphere, the window size was approximately 6 x 3 mm2. Severe brain vibrations were not observed regardless of such a large window. Importantly, the condition of the brain surface did not deteriorate for more than one month. Wide-field imaging of a mouse expressing a genetically-encoded calcium indicator (GECI), GCaMP6f, specifically in astrocytes, revealed synchronized responses in a few millimeters. Two-photon imaging of the same mouse showed prominent calcium responses in individual astrocytes over several seconds. Furthermore, a thin layer of an adeno-associated virus was applied to the PVDC film and successfully expressed GECI in cortical neurons over the cranial window. This technique is reliable and cost-effective for making a large cranial window and facilitates the investigation of the neural and glial dynamics and their interactions during behavior at the macroscopic and microscopic levels.

In Vivo Wide-Field and Two-Photon Calcium Imaging from a Mouse Using a Large Cranial Window

The present protocol describes making a large (6 x 3 mm2) cranial window using food wrap, transparent silicone, and cover glass. This cranial window allows in vivo wide-field and two-photon calcium imaging experiments in the same mouse.

In vivo Imaging del calcio a campo largo e a due fotoni da un topo utilizzando una grande finestra cranica

Wide-field calcium imaging from the mouse&#39;s neocortex allows one to observe cortex-wide neural activity related to various brain functions. On the ...

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscienze

Monitoraggio del comportamento e modello di attività neurale nel proencefalo del pesce zebra

Two-Photon Calcium Imaging of Forebrain Activity in Behaving Adult Zebrafish

Adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) exhibit a rich repertoire of behaviors for studying cognitive functions. They also have a miniature brain that can be used for measuring activities across brain regions through optical imaging methods. However, reports on the recording of brain activity in behaving adult zebrafish have been scarce. The present study describes procedures to perform two-photon calcium imaging in the dorsal forebrain of adult zebrafish. We focus on steps to restrain adult zebrafish from moving their heads, which provides stability that enables laser scanning imaging of the brain activity. The head-restrained animals can freely move their body parts and breathe without aids. The procedure aims to shorten the time of head restraint surgery, minimize brain motion, and maximize the number of neurons recorded. A setup for presenting an immersive visual environment during calcium imaging is also described here, which can be used to study neural correlates underlying visually triggered behaviors.

Autore in primo piano: Progressi nella ricerca sul cervello del pesce zebra adulto 

Here, we present a protocol to perform two-photon calcium imaging in the dorsal forebrain of adult zebrafish.

Imaging del calcio a due fotoni dell'attività del prosencefalo nel comportamento del pesce zebra adulto

Adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) exhibit a rich repertoire of behaviors for studying cognitive functions. They also have a miniature brain that can be used ...

Establishing a Whole-Cell Configuration for Two-Photon Calcium Imaging of Brain Slices

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Establishing a Whole-Cell Configuration for Two-Photon Calcium Imaging of Brain Slices