Gli autori desiderano ringraziare premi salariali, borse di studio, attrezzature e fondi operativi da Fonds de la recherche en santé Québec (FRSQ), Istituti canadesi di ricerca sulla salute (CIHR), le scienze naturali e ingegneria Research Council del Canada (NSERC), e la Concordia University Research Chairs Program (CRUC), così come l&#39;attenti commenti su questo manoscritto del Dr. Jane Stewart.

1. Di ricovero per animali <ol><li> Cage: Per registrare il funzionamento ruote attività di un roditore individuale, ogni gabbia dovrebbe ospitare un roditore singolo e rodaggio ruota. Poiché le ruote in esecuzione può essere considerata una forma di arricchimento, tutti i roditori di ogni studio dovrebbe avere accesso simile a una ruota in esecuzione. </li><li> Modifiche letterecci: movimentazione degli animali così come cambiamenti nelle gabbie o biancheria da letto possono avere non fotica effetti sui ritmi circadiani 21-23, così, gabbie con rete-pavimenti sono l&#39;ideale perché ridurre al minimo il contatto con l&#39;animale. Nonostante la disponibilità di tale vassoio di sistema, modifiche biancheria da letto deve essere evitato durante le fasi critiche di un esperimento. Le alternative includono uso di letti di più lunga durata, che consentirebbe ulteriori modifiche gabbia infrequenti, o gabbie cambiamento su una pseudo-casuale pianificazione. </li><li> Scatole di isolamento: Le gabbie devono essere conservati in scatole di isolamento che sono suono attenuato, luce-controlled, e ben ventilato. A seconda della dimensione e della configurazione delle caselle di isolamento, il numero di gabbie ogni scatola sarà tipicamente compreso tra 1-8. In cui è alloggiata gabbie più in una scatola di isolamento singola, si deve essere consapevoli del fatto che vari odori e suoni provenienti da altri animali può avere effetti confondenti sul comportamento circadiano dei singoli animali. Per evitare questi problemi, si dovrebbe tentare di ospitare una gabbia per scatola isolamento. </li><li> Ventilazione: flusso d&#39;aria adeguato è indispensabile per fare le caselle di un ambiente casa confortevole per i roditori. Il ventilatore in ogni scatola dovrebbe essere incappucciato, in modo da evitare che la luce fuori area di raggiungere l&#39;interno. Inoltre, i fan in genere rimuovere l&#39;aria dalla scatola e soffiare nella stanza. Piccole aperture a tenuta di luce permettono all&#39;aria di entrare nelle caselle di isolamento da più punti, e contribuire a evitare brezze scomode. Al fine di verificare che vi sia adeguata ventilazione, la temperatura all&#39;interno della scatola di isolamento (quandochiuso per diverse ore, con le luci accese) deve essere praticamente identica alla temperatura della stanza in cui è ospitato. </li><li> Illuminazione: l&#39;intensità della luce ambientale dovrebbe essere la stessa in tutte le gabbie. Organizzare una sola luce in una posizione simile di sopra di ogni gabbia, e utilizzare sempre la stessa marca / tipo di lampadina. Utilizzare l&#39;illuminazione di intensità moderata (100-300 lux) a livello gabbia. Evitare livelli di illuminazione troppo elevati, che sono più in grado di produrre cambiamenti diretti sul comportamento attribuibili alla luce piuttosto che il sistema circadiano, di per sé (ad esempio di mascheramento). </li><li> Oscurità / Dim accende di rosso: Se è necessario gestire o trattare gli animali al buio (ad esempio al buio costante o notturno), occhiali per la visione notturna deve essere usato. In alternativa, poiché il sistema circadiano è relativamente insensibile al rosso-lunghezze d&#39;onda, scarsa illuminazione rosso può essere utilizzato. La luce rossa si utilizza specifico dovrebbero essere testati per assicurare che non alter rodaggio ruota attività (ad esempio, mascheramento) o regolare l&#39;orologio circadiano (ad esempio, produrre un cambiamento di fase). </li></ol> 2. Raccolta dati (Vedi Figura 1 - Configurazione hardware Vitalview) <ol><li> Esecuzione di ruote: il diametro ed ergonomia della ruota running modificare la quantità di utilizzo 24. Quindi, utilizzare le ruote più piccole e più leggere per i topi, e più grandi ruote più pesanti per i ratti. Durante il lavaggio e ri-installare le ruote, in modo che le ruote siano in grado di girare senza ostacoli, non &quot;oscillare&quot;, e che la registrazione micro-switch sono attivati ​​da ogni giro della ruota. </li><li> Micro-switch: ogni rivoluzione della ruota portante dovrebbe attivare un magnetico o meccanico micro-switch. Informazioni dal micro-interruttore è trasmesso attraverso un singolo canale e registrate da un computer che può bin i dati nel tempo (ad esempio ogni 2, 5, 6, o 10 min). </li><li> Hardware: Il nostro running ruote registrazioni sono realizzate con Vitalview, una piattaforma hardware e software sviluppato da Mini Mitter ( <a href="http://www.minimitter.com/vitalview_software.cfm" target="_blank">http://www.minimitter.com/vitalview_software.cfm</a> ). Tuttavia, ci sono altre piattaforme di registrazione come ClockLab, sviluppato da Actimetrics ( <a href="http://www.actimetrics.com/ClockLab/" target="_blank">http://www.actimetrics.com/ClockLab/</a> ). Entrambe le piattaforme riunire dati da molte fonti a canale singolo (ad esempio, un unico microinterruttore azionato da una ruota sola esecuzione) in un file singolo computer. Dati da singoli canali possono quindi essere tracciata e analizzata separatamente in un secondo momento. </li></ol> 3. Le registrazioni dei dati <ol><li> File: Le piattaforme software di cui sopra può essere utilizzato per separare singoli canali in modo che i singoli file vengono creati per ogni rodaggio ruota record. Tali dati vengono visualizzati al meglio e rappresentati graficamente con appositamente designeprogrammi d come ActiView (Minimitter, Bend, OR), Circadia o Clocklab (Actimetrics, Wilmette, IL), che possono produrre periodograms e actograms. Tuttavia, a canale singolo file possono anche essere aperti e analizzati utilizzando programmi di calcolo generali, come Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA). </li><li> Il calcolo del tempo circadiano (CT): CT 12 è, per definizione, l&#39;insorgenza di rodaggio ruota attività nei roditori notturni. In parallelo con il giorno 24 hr, per convenzione, un giorno circadiano è suddiviso in 24 hr circadiano. Di conseguenza, se il circadiano free-running periodo è 24 h 30 min misurato dall&#39;orologio muro, CT 0 si verificherà circa 12 h 15 min dopo CT12. </li></ol>

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Nessun conflitto di interessi dichiarati.

Monitoraggio ritmi di attività giornalieri con ruote di scorrimento è il metodo più comunemente usato e affidabile per valutare l&#39;uscita del master clock circadiano nei roditori notturni. Wheel-running attività, tuttavia, è solo uno dei molti aspetti del comportamento e fisiologia che può essere monitorato in continuo. Sebbene la maggior parte di rodaggio ruota attività si verifica durante la notte, oltre il 30% del totale veglia si verifica durante il giorno 25,26. Altri endpoint possono essere ut...

<table border="1"&gt;<tbody&gt;<tr&gt;<td<strong&gt; Nome del reagente</strong</td&gt;<td<strong&gt; Azienda</strong</td&gt;<td<strong&gt; Numero di catalogo</strong</td&gt;<td<strong&gt; Commenti (opzionale)</strong</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Vitalview Card &amp; Software</td&gt;<td&gt; Mini Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 855-0030-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (Bend, OR, Stati Uniti d&#39;America)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; DP24 Porto dati</td&gt;<td&gt; Mini Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 840-0024-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (Bend, OR, Stati Uniti d&#39;America)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; QA4-Module</td&gt;<td&gt; Mini Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 130-0050-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (Bend, OR, Stati Uniti d&#39;America)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Interruttore magnetico</td&gt;<td&gt; Mini Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 130-0015-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (Bend, OR, Stati Uniti d&#39;America)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Montaggio C-50 Cavo</td&gt;<td&gt; Mini Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 060-0045-10</td&gt;<td&gt; (Bend, OR, Stati Uniti d&#39;America)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Rat esecuzione ruota</td&gt;<td&gt; Mini Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 640-0700-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (Bend, OR, Stati Uniti d&#39;America)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Cage e vassoio di supporto</td&gt;<td&gt; Mini Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 640-0400-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (Bend, OR, Stati Uniti d&#39;America)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Utilizzabile tagliare gabbia</td&gt;<td&gt; Mini Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 664-2154-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (Bend, OR, Stati Uniti d&#39;America)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Pavimento Griglia per gabbia</td&gt;<td&gt; Mini Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 676-2154-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (Bend, OR, Stati Uniti d&#39;America)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Rifiuti vassoio</td&gt;<td&gt; Mini Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 684-2154-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (Bend, OR, Stati Uniti d&#39;America)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Corpo lampada</td&gt;<td&gt; Microlites scientifico</td&gt;<td&gt; # R-101</td&gt;<td&gt; (Toronto, ON, Canada)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; 4W Lampade fluorescenti</td&gt;<td&gt; Microlites scientifico</td&gt;<td&gt; # F4T5/CW</td&gt;<td&gt; (Toronto, ON, Canada)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Isolamento camere</td&gt;<td&gt; Custom built</td&gt;<td</td&gt;<td&gt; 28 &quot;H x 20&quot; W x 28 &quot;D ½&quot; Black melammina.</td&gt;</tr&gt;</tbody&gt;</table

recording and analysis of circadian rhythms in running-wheel activity in rodents

Quando i roditori hanno libero accesso a una ruota in esecuzione nella loro gabbia di stabulazione, l&#39;uso volontario di questa ruota dipende dal momento della giornata 1-5. Roditori notturni, tra cui topi, criceti e topi, sono attivi durante la notte e relativamente inattiva durante il giorno. Molte altre misure comportamentali e fisiologici mostrano anche ritmi quotidiani, ma nei roditori, esegue ruote attività serve come misura particolarmente affidabile e conveniente dell&#39;uscita del orologio circadiano, il nucleo soprachiasmatico (SCN) dell&#39;ipotalamo. In generale, attraverso un processo chiamato trascinamento, il modello quotidiano di esecuzione ruote attività sarà naturalmente allinearsi con l&#39;ambiente ciclo luce-buio (LD ciclo, ad esempio, 12 hr-luce: 12 hr-scuro). Tuttavia i ritmi circadiani sono endogenamente generato modelli di comportamento che presentano un periodo di 24 ore ~, e persistono nel buio costante. Pertanto, in assenza di un ciclo di LD, la registrazione e l&#39;analisi di rodaggio ruota attività puòessere utilizzato per determinare il personale ora del giorno. Poiché questi ritmi sono diretti dall&#39;orologio circadiano del personale ora del giorno viene definito come il tempo circadiano (CT). Al contrario, quando un ciclo di LD è presente, l&#39;ora del giorno, che è determinata dal ciclo ambientale LD è chiamato tempo zeitgeber (ZT). Anche se i ritmi circadiani in rodaggio ruota attività sono in genere collegati all&#39;orologio SCN 6-8, oscillatori circadiani in molte altre regioni del cervello e del corpo 9-14 potrebbe essere coinvolta nella regolazione dei ritmi di attività giornalieri. Per esempio, ritmi quotidiani negli alimenti-anticipatorio attività non richiedono l&#39;SCN 15,16 e invece, sono correlati con i cambiamenti nell&#39;attività di extra-SCN oscillatori 17-20. Così, eseguendo ruote registrazioni di attività può fornire importanti informazioni comportamentali non solo l&#39;uscita del clock SCN master, ma anche l&#39;attività di extra-SCN oscillatori. Di seguito DESCRIBE dell&#39;attrezzatura e dei metodi utilizzati per registrare, analizzare e visualizzare ritmi circadiani attività locomotoria nei roditori da laboratorio.

<ol><li> I programmi per computer: programmi informatici specializzati sono in genere utilizzati per la generazione di actograms e il calcolo del periodo circadiano. Questi programmi includono, ma non sono limitati a, ActiView (Minimitter, Bend, OR) e Circadia. </li><li> Actograms: Actograms fornire una rappresentazione grafica dei modelli quotidiani di rodaggio ruota attività. Ci sono singoli tracciati (asse x = 24 ore) e fare doppio tracciati (asse x = 48 ore) actograms. Entrambi i metodi di giorno trama in ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents at JoVE.com

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

Ritmi circadiani in volontario ruote in esecuzione di attività nei mammiferi sono strettamente accoppiati alle oscillazioni molecolari di un master clock nel cervello. Come tali, questi ritmi quotidiani di comportamento può essere usato per studiare l&#39;influenza dei fattori genetici, farmacologici e ambientali sul funzionamento di questo orologio circadiano.

Registrazione e analisi dei ritmi circadiani in Running-ruota Attività nei roditori

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, ...

recording-analysis-circadian-rhythms-running-wheel-activity

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

21.1K Views.  McGill University. Ritmi circadiani in volontario ruote in esecuzione di attività nei mammiferi sono strettamente accoppiati alle oscillazioni molecolari di un master clock nel cervello. Come tali, questi ritmi quotidiani di comportamento può essere usato per studiare l'influenza dei fattori genetici, farmacologici e ambientali sul funzionamento di questo orologio circadiano.

Video: Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

Assaying Locomotor Activity to Study Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Parameters in Drosophila

Most life forms exhibit daily rhythms in cellular, physiological and behavioral phenomena that are driven by endogenous circadian (&equiv;24 hr) pacemakers or clocks. Malfunctions in the human circadian system are associated with numerous diseases or disorders. Much progress towards our understanding of the mechanisms underlying circadian rhythms has emerged from genetic screens whereby an easily measured behavioral rhythm is used as a read-out of clock function. Studies using Drosophila have made seminal contributions to our understanding of the cellular and biochemical bases underlying circadian rhythms. The standard circadian behavioral read-out measured in Drosophila is locomotor activity. In general, the monitoring system involves specially designed devices that can measure the locomotor movement of Drosophila. These devices are housed in environmentally controlled incubators located in a darkroom and are based on using the interruption of a beam of infrared light to record the locomotor activity of individual flies contained inside small tubes. When measured over many days, Drosophila exhibit daily cycles of activity and inactivity, a behavioral rhythm that is governed by the animal's endogenous circadian system. The overall procedure has been simplified with the advent of commercially available locomotor activity monitoring devices and the development of software programs for data analysis. We use the system from Trikinetics Inc., which is the procedure described here and is currently the most popular system used worldwide. More recently, the same monitoring devices have been used to study sleep behavior in Drosophila. Because the daily wake-sleep cycles of many flies can be measured simultaneously and only 1 to 2 weeks worth of continuous locomotor activity data is usually sufficient, this system is ideal for large-scale screens to identify Drosophila manifesting altered circadian or sleep properties.

Assaying Locomotor Activity to Study Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Parameters in Drosophila

We describe procedures for recording daily locomotor activity rhythms of Drosophila and subsequent data analysis. Locomotor activity rhythms are a reliable behavioral output of animal circadian clocks and are used as the standard readout of clock function when studying circadian mutants or examining how the environment regulates the circadian system.

Saggio attività locomotoria per studiare ritmi circadiani del sonno e parametri in Drosophila</em

Most life forms exhibit daily rhythms in cellular, physiological and behavioral phenomena that are driven by endogenous circadian (&equiv;24 hr) ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Measuring Circadian and Acute Light Responses in Mice using Wheel Running Activity

Circadian rhythms are physiological functions that cycle over a period of approximately 24 hours (circadian- circa: approximate and diem: day)1, 2. They are responsible for timing our sleep/wake cycles and hormone secretion. Since this timing is not precisely 24-hours, it is synchronized to the solar day by light input. This is accomplished via photic input from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which serves as the master pacemaker synchronizing peripheral clocks in other regions of the brain and peripheral tissues to the environmental light dark cycle3-7. The alignment of rhythms to this environmental light dark cycle organizes particular physiological events to the correct temporal niche, which is crucial for survival8. For example, mice sleep during the day and are active at night. This ability to consolidate activity to either the light or dark portion of the day is referred to as circadian photoentrainment and requires light input to the circadian clock9. Activity of mice at night is robust particularly in the presence of a running wheel. Measuring this behavior is a minimally invasive method that can be used to evaluate the functionality of the circadian system as well as light input to this system. Methods that will covered here are used to examine the circadian clock, light input to this system, as well as the direct influence of light on wheel running behavior.

This article will review methods that can be used to determine circadian function and light responsiveness in mice.

Risposte di misura della luce circadiani e acuta nel topo, utilizzando attività ruota corsa

Circadian rhythms are physiological functions that cycle over a period of approximately 24 hours (circadian- circa: approximate and diem: day)1, 2.  They ...

Large-scale Recording of Neurons by Movable Silicon Probes in Behaving Rodents

A major challenge in neuroscience is linking behavior to the collective activity of neural assemblies. Understanding of input-output relationships of neurons and circuits requires methods with the spatial selectivity and temporal resolution appropriate for mechanistic analysis of neural ensembles in the behaving animal, i.e. recording of representatively large samples of isolated single neurons. Ensemble monitoring of neuronal activity has progressed remarkably in the past decade in both small and large-brained animals, including human subjects1-11. Multiple-site recording with silicon-based devices are particularly effective because of their scalability, small volume and geometric design.
Here, we describe methods for recording multiple single neurons and local field potential in behaving rodents, using commercially available micro-machined silicon probes with custom-made accessory components. There are two basic options for interfacing silicon probes to preamplifiers: printed circuit boards and flexible cables. Probe supplying companies (<a href="http://www.neuronexustech.com/" >http://www.neuronexustech.com/</a>; <a href="http://www.sbmicrosystems.com/">http://www.sbmicrosystems.com/</a>; <a href="http://www.acreo.se/">http://www.acreo.se/</a>) usually provide the bonding service and deliver probes bonded to printed circuit boards or flexible cables. Here, we describe the implantation of a 4-shank, 32-site probe attached to flexible polyimide cable, and mounted on a movable microdrive. Each step of the probe preparation, microdrive construction and surgery is illustrated so that the end user can easily replicate the process.

We describe methods for large-scale recording of multiple single units and local field potential in behaving rodents with silicon probes. Drive fabrication, probe attachment to the drive and probe implantation processes are illustrated in sufficient details for easy replication.

Su larga scala di registrazione dei neuroni da sonde mobili in silicio Comportarsi Roditori

A major challenge in neuroscience is linking behavior to the collective activity of neural assemblies. Understanding of input-output relationships of ...

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be investigated in a single task sequence. The unique feature of this system is a custom-made, acoustically transparent chamber that eliminates many of the issues associated with auditory cue control in most commercially available chambers. The ease with which operant devices can be added or replaced makes this system quite versatile, allowing for the implementation of a variety of auditory, visual, and olfactory behavioral tasks. Automation of the system allows fine temporal (10 ms) control and precise time-stamping of each event in a predesigned behavioral sequence. When combined with a multi-channel electrophysiology recording system, multiple cognitive brain functions, such as motivation, attention, decision-making, patience, and rewards, can be examined sequentially or independently.

In this report, we present a fully automated and highly versatile system capable of simultaneously testing multi-cognitive behaviors and recording neuronal activities for rodents.

Un sistema completamente automatizzato ed altamente versatile per test multi-funzioni cognitive e di registrare le attività neuronali in roditori

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be ...

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from individual neurons are critical for understanding how neural circuits function under natural conditions. Traditionally, these recordings have been performed 'blind', meaning the identity of the recorded cell is unknown at the start of the recording. Cellular identity can be subsequently determined via intracellular1, juxtacellular2 or loose-patch3 iontophoresis of dye, but these recordings cannot be pre-targeted to specific neurons in regions with functionally heterogeneous cell types. Fluorescent proteins can be expressed in a cell-type specific manner permitting visually-guided single-cell electrophysiology4-6. However, there are many model systems for which these genetic tools are not available. Even in genetically accessible model systems, the desired promoter may be unknown or genetically homogenous neurons may have varying projection patterns. Similarly, viral vectors have been used to label specific subgroups of projection neurons7, but use of this method is limited by toxicity and lack of trans-synaptic specificity. Thus, additional techniques that offer specific pre-visualization to record from identified single neurons in vivo are needed. Pre-visualization of the target neuron is particularly useful for challenging recording conditions, for which classical single-cell recordings are often prohibitively difficult8-11. The novel technique described in this paper uses retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye applied using tungsten needles to rapidly and selectively label a specific subset of cells within a particular brain region based on their unique axonal projections, thereby providing a visual cue to obtain targeted electrophysiological recordings from identified neurons in an intact circuit within a vertebrate CNS.
The most significant novel advancement of our method is the use of fluorescent labeling to target specific cell types in a non-genetically accessible model system. Weakly electric fish are an excellent model system for studying neural circuits in awake, behaving animals12. We utilized this technique to study sensory processing by "small cells" in the anterior exterolateral nucleus (ELa) of weakly electric mormyrid fish. "Small cells" are hypothesized to be time comparator neurons important for detecting submillisecond differences in the arrival times of presynaptic spikes13. However, anatomical features such as dense myelin, engulfing synapses, and small cell bodies have made it extremely difficult to record from these cells using traditional methods11, 14. Here we demonstrate that our novel method selectively labels these cells in 28% of preparations, allowing for reliable, robust recordings and characterization of responses to electrosensory stimulation.

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

Retrograde transport of fluorescent dye labels a sub-population of neurons based on anatomical projection. Labeled axons can be visually targeted in vivo, permitting extracellular recording from identified axons. This technique facilitates recording when neurons cannot be labeled through genetic manipulation or are difficult to isolate using 'blind' in vivo approaches.

Retrograda Etichettatura fluorescente Consente mirata extracellulare singola unità di registrazione da parte dei neuroni identificati<em&gt; In vivo</em

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from ...

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust (Schistocerca Americana) Olfactory Circuits

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar olfactory systems suggesting that the biological approach to chemical sensing has been optimized over evolutionary time1. In the insect olfactory system, odorants are transduced by olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) in the antenna, which convert chemical stimuli into trains of action potentials. Sensory input from the ORNs is then relayed to the antennal lobe (AL; a structure analogous to the vertebrate olfactory bulb). In the AL, neural representations for odors take the form of spatiotemporal firing patterns distributed across ensembles of principal neurons (PNs; also referred to as projection neurons)2,3. The AL output is subsequently processed by Kenyon cells (KCs) in the downstream mushroom body (MB), a structure associated with olfactory memory and learning4,5. Here, we present electrophysiological recording techniques to monitor odor-evoked neural responses in these olfactory circuits.
First, we present a single sensillum recording method to study odor-evoked responses at the level of populations of ORNs6,7. We discuss the use of saline filled sharpened glass pipettes as electrodes to extracellularly monitor ORN responses. Next, we present a method to extracellularly monitor PN responses using a commercial 16-channel electrode3. A similar approach using a custom-made 8-channel twisted wire tetrode is demonstrated for Kenyon cell recordings8. We provide details of our experimental setup and present representative recording traces for each of these techniques.

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust Schistocerca Americana Olfactory Circuits

We demonstrate variations of the extracellular multi-unit recording technique to characterize odor-evoked responses in the first three stages of the invertebrate olfactory pathway. These techniques can easily be adapted to examine ensemble activity in other neural systems as well.

Multi-unit Metodi di registrazione per caratterizzare l&#39;attività neurale nel Locust (<em&gt; Schistocerca Americana</em&gt;) Circuiti olfattive

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival  of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar ...

Deep Brain Stimulation with Simultaneous fMRI in Rodents

In order to visualize the global and downstream neuronal responses to deep brain stimulation (DBS) at various targets, we have developed a protocol for using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to image rodents with simultaneous DBS. DBS fMRI presents a number of technical challenges, including accuracy of electrode implantation, MR artifacts created by the electrode, choice of anesthesia and paralytic to minimize any neuronal effects while simultaneously eliminating animal motion, and maintenance of physiological parameters, deviation from which can confound the BOLD signal.&#160;Our laboratory has developed a set of procedures that are capable of overcoming most of these possible issues. For electrical stimulation, a homemade tungsten bipolar microelectrode is used, inserted stereotactically at the stimulation site in the anesthetized subject. In preparation for imaging, rodents are fixed on a plastic headpiece and transferred to the magnet bore. For sedation and paralysis during scanning, a cocktail of dexmedetomidine and pancuronium is continuously infused, along with a minimal dose of isoflurane; this preparation minimizes the BOLD ceiling effect of volatile anesthetics. In this example experiment, stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) produces BOLD responses which are observed primarily in ipsilateral cortical regions, centered in motor cortex. Simultaneous DBS and fMRI allows the unambiguous modulation of neural circuits dependent on stimulation location and stimulation parameters, and permits observation of neuronal modulations free of regional bias. This technique may be used to explore the downstream effects of modulating neural circuitry at nearly any brain region, with implications for both experimental and clinical DBS.

This protocol describes a standard method for simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and deep brain stimulation in the rodent. The combined use of these experimental tools allows for the exploration of global downstream activity in response to electrical stimulation at virtually any brain target.

La stimolazione cerebrale profonda con simultanea fMRI in Roditori

In order to visualize the global and downstream neuronal responses to deep brain stimulation (DBS) at various targets, we have developed a protocol for ...

In Vitro Recording of Mesenteric Afferent Nerve Activity in Mouse Jejunal and Colonic Segments

Afferent nerves not only convey information concerning normal physiology, but also signal disturbed homeostasis and pathophysiological processes of the different organ systems from the periphery towards the central nervous system. As such, the increased activity or &#39;sensitization&#39; of mesenteric afferent nerves has been allocated an important role in the pathophysiology of visceral hypersensitivity and abdominal pain syndromes.
Mesenteric afferent nerve activity can be measured in vitro in an isolated intestinal segment that is mounted in a purpose-built organ bath and from which the splanchnic nerve is isolated, allowing researchers to directly assess nerve activity adjacent to the gastrointestinal segment. Activity can be recorded at baseline in standardized conditions, during distension of the segment or following the addition of pharmacological compounds delivered intraluminally or serosally. This technique allows the researcher to easily study the effect of drugs targeting the peripheral nervous system in control specimens; besides, it provides crucial information on how neuronal activity is altered during disease. It should be noted however that measuring afferent neuronal firing activity only constitutes one relay station in the complex neuronal signaling cascade, and researchers should bear in mind not to overlook neuronal activity at other levels (e.g., dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord or central nervous system) in order to fully elucidate the complex neuronal physiology in health and disease.
Commonly used applications include the study of neuronal activity in response to the administration of lipopolysaccharide, and the study of afferent nerve activity in animal models of irritable bowel syndrome. In a more translational approach, the isolated mouse intestinal segment can be exposed to colonic supernatants from IBS patients. Furthermore, a modification of this technique has been recently shown to be applicable in human colonic specimens.

In Vitro Recording of Mesenteric Afferent Nerve Activity in Mouse Jejunal and Colonic Segments

Mesenteric afferent nerves convey information from the gastrointestinal tract towards the brain regarding normal homeostasis as well as pathophysiology. Gastrointestinal afferent nerve activity can be assessed by mounting isolated intestinal segments with attached afferent nerves into an organ bath, isolating the nerve, and assessing basal as well as stimulated activity.

In Vitro registrazione di mesenterica afferenti attività del nervo nel topo digiunale e segmenti del colon

Afferent nerves not only convey information concerning normal physiology, but also signal disturbed homeostasis and pathophysiological processes of the ...

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic tectum, is a popular model to study how neural circuits self-assemble. The ability to carry out whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons and to record RGC-evoked responses, either in vivo or using a whole brain preparation, has generated a large body of high-resolution data about the mechanisms underlying normal, and abnormal, circuit formation and function. Here we describe how to perform the in vivo preparation, the original whole brain preparation, and a more recently developed horizontal brain slice preparation for obtaining whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons. Each preparation has unique experimental advantages. The in vivo preparation enables the recording of the direct response of tectal neurons to visual stimuli projected onto the eye. The whole brain preparation allows for the RGC axons to be activated in a highly controlled manner, and the horizontal brain slice preparation allows recording from across all layers of the tectum.

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

In this paper, we discuss three brain preparations used for whole cell patch clamp recording to study the retinotectal circuit of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Each preparation, with its own specific advantages, contributes to the experimental tractability of the Xenopus tadpole as a model to study neural circuit function.

Preparazioni e protocolli per l'intera cella Patch Clamp registrazione dei neuroni Tectal Xenopus laevis

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...

The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in neurocognitive disorders. Despite the popularization of prepulse inhibition (PPI) in recent years, many current protocols promote using a percent of control measure, thereby precluding the assessment of temporal processing. The present study used cross-modal PPI and gap prepulse inhibition (gap-PPI) to demonstrate the benefits of employing a range of interstimulus intervals (ISIs) to delineate effects of sensory modality, psychostimulant exposure, and age. Assessment of sensory modality, psychostimulant exposure, and age reveals the utility of an approach varying the interstimulus interval (ISI) to establish the shape of the ISI function, including increases (sharper curve inflections) or decreases (flattening of the response amplitude curve) in startle amplitude. Additionally, shifts in peak response inhibition, suggestive of a differential sensitivity to the manipulation of ISI, are often revealed. Thus, the systematic manipulation of ISI affords a critical opportunity to evaluate temporal processing, which may reveal the underlying neural mechanisms involved in neurocognitive disorders.

Temporal processing, a preattentive process, may underlie deficits in higher-level cognitive processes, including attention, commonly observed in neurocognitive disorders. Using prepulse inhibition as an exemplar paradigm, we present a protocol for manipulating interstimulus interval (ISI) to establish the shape of the ISI function to provide an assessment of temporal processing.