Name: wide-field fluorescent microscopy and fluorescent imaging flow cytometry on a cell-phone
Uploaded: 2013-04-11T09:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Wide-field Fluorescent Microscopy and Fluorescent Imaging Flow Cytometry on a Cell-phone at JoVE.com

A. Ozcan gratefully acknowledges the support of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE), Army Research Office (ARO) Young Investigator Award, National Science Foundation (NSF) CAREER Award, Office of Naval Research (ONR) Young Investigator Award and National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director's New Innovator Award DP2OD006427 from the Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health.

In this section, we introduce the experimental protocols for our cell-phone based wide-field fluorescence microscopy13 and opto-fluidic imaging cytometry platform14. We will use fluorescent beads and fluorescently labeled white blood cells to test these imaging platforms.
A. Preparation of Cell-phone Based Wide-field Fluorescent Microscope and Opto-fluidic Imaging Flow Cytometer
The cell-phone based wide-field fluorescent microscope or flow cytome...

<ol>
	<li>Sklar, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Flow Cytometry for BioTechnology. , (2005).</li><li>Nunez, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Flow cytometry for research scientists: principle and applications. , (2001).</li><li>Mertz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Introduction to optical microscopy. , (2010).</li><li>Ntziachristos, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Going+deeper+than+microscopy:+the+optical+imaging+frontier+in+biology.">Going deeper than microscopy: the optical imaging frontier in biology.</a> Nature Methods. 7, 603-614 (2010).</li><li>Hell, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+fluorescence+nanoscopy.">Toward fluorescence nanoscopy.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 21, 1347-1355 (2003).</li><li>Gustafsson, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonlinear+structured-illumination+microscopy:+wide-field+fluorescence+imaging+with+theoretically+unlimited+resolution.">Nonlinear structured-illumination microscopy: wide-field fluorescence imaging with theoretically unlimited resolution.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 102, 13081-13086 (2005).</li><li>Betzig, E., Patterson, G. H., Sougrat, R., Lindwasser, O. W., Olenych, S., Bonifacino, J. S., Davidson, M. W., Lippincott-Schwartz, J., Hess, H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+intracellular+fluorescent+proteins+at+nanometer+resolution.">Imaging intracellular fluorescent proteins at nanometer resolution.</a> Science. 313, 1642-1645 (2006).</li><li>Rust, M. J., Bates, M., Zhuang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sub-diffraction-limit+imaging+by+stochastic+optical+reconstruction+microscopy+(STORM.">Sub-diffraction-limit imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM.</a> Nature Methods. 3, 793-796 (2006).</li><li>Hess, S. T., Girirajan, T. P., Mason, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-high+resolution+imaging+by+fluorescence+photoactivation+localization+microscopy.">Ultra-high resolution imaging by fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy.</a> Biophysical Journal. 91, 4258-4272 (2006).</li><li>Ma, Z., Gerton, J. M., Wade, L. A., Quake, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+near-field+microscopy+of+DNA+at+sub-10+nm+resolution.">Fluorescence near-field microscopy of DNA at sub-10 nm resolution.</a> Physical Review Letters. 97, 260801 (2006).</li><li>Chung, E., Kim, D., Cui, Y., Kim, Y., So, P. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-dimensional+standing+wave+total+internal+reflection+fluorescence+microscopy:+superresolution+imaging+of+single+molecular+and+biological+specimens.">Two-dimensional standing wave total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy: superresolution imaging of single molecular and biological specimens.</a> Biophysical Journal. 93, 1747-1757 (2007).</li><li>Greenbaum, A., Luo, W., Su, T. -. W., G&#246;r&#246;cs, Z., Xue, L., Isikman, S. O., Coskun, A. F., Mudanyali, O., Ozcan, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+without+lenses:+achievements+and+remaining+challenges+of+wide-field+on-chip+microscopy.">Imaging without lenses: achievements and remaining challenges of wide-field on-chip microscopy.</a> Nature Methods. 9, 889-895 (2012).</li><li>Zhu, H., Yaglidere, O., Su, T. -. W., Tseng, D., Ozcan, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cost-effective+and+compact+wide-field+fluorescent+imaging+on+a+cell-phone.">Cost-effective and compact wide-field fluorescent imaging on a cell-phone.</a> Lab on a Chip. 11 (2), 315-322 (2011).</li><li>Zhu, H., Mavandadi, S., Coskun, A. F., Yaglidere, O., Ozcan, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optofluidic+fluorescent+imaging+cytometry+on+a+cell+phone.">Optofluidic fluorescent imaging cytometry on a cell phone.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 83, 6641-6647 (2011).</li><li>Suzuki, S., Abe, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computer+Visualand+Graphics.">Computer Visualand Graphics.</a> Image Processing. 30, 32-46 (1985).</li><li>Zhu, H., Sikora, U., Ozcan, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantum+dot+enabled+detection+of+Escherichia+coli+using+a+cell-phone.">Quantum dot enabled detection of Escherichia coli using a cell-phone.</a> Analyst. 137, 2541-2544 (2012).</li><li>Mudanyali, O., Dimitrov, S., Sikora, U., Padmanabhan, S., Navruz, I., Ozcan, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrated+Rapid-Diagnostic-Test+Reader+Platform+on+a+Cellphone.">Integrated Rapid-Diagnostic-Test Reader Platform on a Cellphone.</a> Lab on a Chip. 12 (15), (2012).</li><li>Candes, E. J., Romberg, J. K., Tao, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable+signal+recovery+from+incomplete+and+inaccurate+measurements.">Stable signal recovery from incomplete and inaccurate measurements.</a> Communication of Pure and Applied Mathematics. 59, 1207-1223 (2006).</li></ol>

We have presented our recent results on cell-phone based wide-field fluorescent microscopy and opto-fluidic imaging flow cytometry using light-weight and compact opto-fluidic attachments to cell-phone cameras. Using this platform technology we imaged fluorescent objects including micro-particles and labeled white blood cells in whole blood samples. Therefore, this compact and cost-effective cell-phone based fluorescent imaging toolset might be useful for point-of-care diagnosis, especially in resource limited regions for...

Microscopy and flow-cytometry are widely used techniques1-12 in biomedical and scientific research as well as clinical diagnosis for counting and characterization of various cell types. However, conventional microscopes and flow-cytometry instruments are relatively complex and expensive, which limits their use to mainly well-established central laboratories. Recently we have developed a compact and lightweight fluorescent imaging cytometry and microscopy device integrated on a cell-phone,13,14 which shows promise to cost-effectively translate fluorescent microscopy, flow-cytometry and related micro-analysis techniques to resource-limited environments for various telemedicine applications impacting global health.
In the optofluidic flow-cytometry configuration (see e.g. Figure 1C and 1D), a custom-designed polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) based microfluidic channel is positioned in front of the cell-phone camera-unit, where light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) are butt-coupled to the edges of the channel. This microfluidic chip, together with the liquid sample inside, forms an opto-fluidic planar waveguide (composed of for example PDMS-liquid-PDMS) such that the excitation light is guided to uniformly pump the fluorescent labeled specimens inside the micro-channel. The fluorescence emission from these labeled objects, e.g. cells, is further imaged through an additional lens placed right after the cell-phone camera-unit and is mapped onto the cell-phone Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor. Since the fluorescent emission is collected perpendicular to the excitation light path, an inexpensive plastic absorption filter is sufficient to remove the scattered excitation light and can provide a decent dark-field background required for fluorescent imaging. Using a similar opto-fluidic design, we can also image the fluorescent objects in static mode (see Figure 1A and 1B), in which the fluorescent particles are sandwiched between two glass slides instead of flowing through a microfluidic channel and the fluorescent emission from these fluorescent particles are captured by the cell-phone CMOS image sensor for particle counting and characterization. Based on different application requirements, flow cytometry or wide-field fluorescent microscopy can be chosen. For example, cell-phone flow cytometry device could be especially useful for screening large volumes of liquid samples (e.g. a few ml) for the detection of rare cells or pathogens.
In this manuscript we review some of our recent results on the integration of fluorescent microscopy and imaging flow cytometry tools on a cell-phone using compact and cost-effective opto-fluidic attachments. These cell-phone-based micro-analysis, imaging cytometry and sensing platforms could provide various opportunities for telemedicine and point-of-care diagnostics, especially impacting our fight against global health challenges in resource limited regions of the world.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name </td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number </td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell-phone</td>
			<td>Sony</td>
			<td>Sony Ericsson Aino</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plano-convex lens</td>
			<td>Edmund Optics</td>
			<td># NT45-302</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspherical lens</td>
			<td>Thorlab</td>
			<td># C230TME-A</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter</td>
			<td>Edmund Optics</td>
			<td>#NT54-46</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blue LED</td>
			<td>Digikey</td>
			<td>#365-1201-ND</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Battery</td>
			<td>Digikey</td>
			<td>#P032-ND</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystyrene tube</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>#05-408-129</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red blood cell lysing buffer</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>R7757</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYLGARD 184 SILICONE ELASTOMER KIT</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red fluorescent beads (10 &mu;m)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>#F8834</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Green fluorescent beads (10 &mu;m)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>#F8836</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYTO16 nucleic acid fluorescent labeling</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td># S7578</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

wide-field fluorescent microscopy and fluorescent imaging flow cytometry on a cell-phone

Fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry are widely used tools in biomedical research and clinical diagnosis. However these devices are in general relatively bulky and costly, making them less effective in the resource limited settings. To potentially address these limitations, we have recently demonstrated the integration of wide-field fluorescent microscopy and imaging flow cytometry tools on cell-phones using compact, light-weight, and cost-effective opto-fluidic attachments. In our flow cytometry design, fluorescently labeled cells are flushed through a microfluidic channel that is positioned above the existing cell-phone camera unit. Battery powered light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are butt-coupled to the side of this microfluidic chip, which effectively acts as a multi-mode slab waveguide, where the excitation light is guided to uniformly excite the fluorescent targets. The cell-phone camera records a time lapse movie of the fluorescent cells flowing through the microfluidic channel, where the digital frames of this movie are processed to count the number of the labeled cells within the target solution of interest. Using a similar opto-fluidic design, we can also image these fluorescently labeled cells in static mode by e.g. sandwiching the fluorescent particles between two glass slides and capturing their fluorescent images using the cell-phone camera, which can achieve a spatial resolution of e.g. ~ 10 &mu;m over a very large field-of-view of ~ 81 mm2. This cell-phone based fluorescent imaging flow cytometry and microscopy platform might be useful especially in resource limited settings, for e.g. counting of CD4+ T cells toward monitoring of HIV+ patients or for detection of water-borne parasites in drinking water.

With our opto-fluidic pumping/excitation scheme (Figures 1C and 1D), fluorescently labeled cells can be continuously delivered into the microfluidic channel using a syringe pump while the cell-phone camera records a time-lapse fluorescent microscopic movie of the flowing cells. These fluorescent movies can then be rapidly analyzed using contour-detection and tracking algorithms14,15 to automatically determine the absolute number and the density of the cells flowing through the...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Wide-field Fluorescent Microscopy and Fluorescent Imaging Flow Cytometry on a Cell-phone at JoVE.com

Wide-field Fluorescent Microscopy and Fluorescent Imaging Flow Cytometry on a Cell-phone

We review our recent results on the integration of fluorescent microscopy and imaging flow cytometry tools on a cell-phone using compact and cost-effective opto-fluidic attachments. These cell-phone based micro-analysis devices might be useful for cytometric analysis, such as performing various cell counting tasks as well as for high-throughput screening of e.g., water samples in resource limited settings.

Fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry are widely used tools in biomedical research and clinical diagnosis. However these devices are in general ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Fluorescent Nanoparticles for the Measurement of Ion Concentration in Biological Systems

Tightly regulated ion homeostasis throughout the body is necessary for the prevention of such debilitating states as dehydration.1 In contrast, rapid ion ...

Lensless Fluorescent Microscopy on a Chip

On-chip lensless imaging in general aims to replace bulky lens-based optical microscopes with simpler and more compact designs, especially for ...

Specimen Preparation, Imaging, and Analysis Protocols for Knife-edge Scanning Microscopy

Major advances in high-throughput, high-resolution, 3D microscopy techniques have enabled the acquisition of large volumes of neuroanatomical data at ...

Analyzing Cellular Internalization of Nanoparticles and Bacteria by Multi-spectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

Nanoparticulate  systems have emerged as valuable tools in vaccine delivery through their  ability to efficiently deliver cargo, including proteins, to ...

Localization and Relative Quantification of Carbon Nanotubes in Cells with Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

Carbon-based nanomaterials, like carbon nanotubes (CNTs), belong to this type of nanoparticles which are very difficult to discriminate from carbon-rich ...

A Novel Method for Localizing Reporter Fluorescent Beads Near the Cell Culture Surface for Traction Force Microscopy

PA gels have long been used as a platform to study cell traction forces due to ease of fabrication and the ability to tune their elastic properties. When ...

Fluorescence-quenching of a Liposomal-encapsulated Near-infrared Fluorophore as a Tool for In Vivo Optical Imaging

Fluorescence-quenching of a Liposomal-encapsulated Near-infrared Fluorophore as a Tool for In Vivo Optical Imaging

Optical imaging offers a wide range of diagnostic modalities and has attracted a lot of interest as a tool for biomedical imaging. Despite the enormous ...

Visualizing Adhesion Formation in Cells by Means of Advanced Spinning Disk-Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

In living cells, processes such as adhesion formation involve extensive structural changes in the plasma membrane and the cell interior. In order to ...

An Automated Method to Perform The In Vitro Micronucleus Assay using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

The in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay is often used to evaluate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity but scoring the assay via manual microscopy is laborious and ...

Ovarian Cancer Detection Using Photoacoustic Flow Cytometry

Many studies suggest that the enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may show promise as a prognostic tool for ovarian cancer. Current strategies ...