Questo lavoro è stato supportato dal NINDS concessione # NS054148.

Tutte le procedure che coinvolgono gli animali sono stati approvati dalla Institutional Animal Care ed uso commissione Michigan State University (IACUC). 1. Setup sperimentale <ol><li> Utilizzare una scatola condizionamento operante che consiste di una parete nosepoke cinque fori su un lato e un trogolo consegna cibo sul lato opposto. <ol><li> Il foro nosepoke centro è considerato come un &quot;fissaggio&quot; buco e gli altri quattro fori (due per ogni lato del foro di fissaggio) sono considerati fori bersaglio motore. Ciascun foro è dotato di un LED a tre colori e un raggio infrarosso sistema emettitore-rilevatore che rileva quando l&#39;animale entra e si ritrae dal foro di fissaggio. </li><li> Utilizzare un generatore di suono programmabile per generare i toni di frequenze con precisione al millisecondo e collegarlo a un altoparlante montato all&#39;interno della scatola operante. Controllare il generatore di suono e nosepokes attraverso il sistema di monitoraggio comportamentale utilizzando il software appropriato. Utilizzare un hardware e softwsono sistema che consente il monitoraggio temporale millisecondo di eventi e controllo di spunti e risposte comportamentali. Nota: L&#39;ampiezza sia di tono e spunti di rumore deve essere mantenuta intorno a 60 ± 3 dB SPL. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Assuefazione precoce <ol><li> Limitare l&#39;assunzione di cibo del soggetto gradualmente ~ 5 g per 100 g di peso normale del soggetto (ad esempio nel corso di 3 giorni). Il soggetto deve mantenere il 85-90% del loro peso ad libitum. </li><li> Abituare l&#39;oggetto di trattamento dallo sperimentatore e conoscere il soggetto agli apparecchi dal primo giorno di iniziare il protocollo privazione di cibo. Avviare la manipolazione l&#39;animale e metterlo nel box condizionamento operante, fornendo pellet cibo nel trogolo pellet per incoraggiare il soggetto a esplorare la gabbia e familiarizzare con il luogo di consegna ricompensa. </li></ol> 3. Oggetto Formazione <ol><li> Note generali<ol><li> Il compito proposto qui ha bisogno di un coordinamento preciso tra la percezione di una stecca uditivo, riducendo al minimo i movimenti durante il periodo di ritardo e l&#39;esecuzione del movimento. </li><li> Gradualmente formare il passo step-by-soggetto a prepararli per il comportamento finale desiderato. </li><li> Assicurarsi che al termine di ogni fase, il soggetto mantiene&gt; 75% prestazioni comportamentali per almeno tre sedute consecutive prima di passare alla fase successiva. </li><li> Una volta raggiunta la fase finale, tenere il soggetto sul protocollo per una settimana per assicurare le prestazioni è mantenuto al livello desiderabile. </li></ol></li><li> Inizio: Familiarizzare il soggetto con i fori nosepoke, porta consegna del cibo e l&#39;associazione tra i fori lampeggianti e ricompensa. <ol><li> Selezionare uno dei quattro obiettivi su un programma casuale. </li><li> Gioca il cue Go (un rumore uditivo bianco) e mantenere il LED all&#39;interno del foro lampeggiante (durata dell&#39;impulso 0.3 sec). </li><li> Impostare le software per premiare il soggetto su visite al foro. </li><li> Time-out la prova dopo 30 secondi se il foro non viene visitato e avviare un nuovo processo. </li><li> Non premiare le visite ai fori corretti. </li></ol></li><li> Selezione Obiettivo: punire erronei visite ai fori non selezionate. <ol><li> Dopo visite a fori errate, terminare il processo seguito da 5 secondi di black-out. Nota: Durante un&#39;epoca black-out, il LED foro di fissaggio è spento nella gabbia. Ciò significa che il soggetto non può avviare un processo e deve attendere fino a quando il foro di fissaggio LED inizia a lampeggiare. </li><li> Selezionare un nuovo foro e iniziare un nuovo processo. </li></ol></li><li> Nosepoke: Addestrare il soggetto a colpire all&#39;interno del foro di fissaggio per avviare un processo. <ol><li> Flash a LED all&#39;interno del foro di fissaggio gialla. </li><li> Visitando il foro di fissaggio riprodurre immediatamente il cue Go e iniziare un nuovo processo. </li><li> Penalizzare visite errati da 5 sec, Di black-out. </li></ol></li><li> Delay: Insegnare al soggetto di mantenere il loro naso all&#39;interno del foro di fissaggio per un determinato periodo di tempo (periodo di ritardo) che viene aumentata gradualmente come progredisce la formazione. <ol><li> Attendere che il soggetto a visitare il foro di fissaggio. </li><li> Termina il processo se il soggetto si ritrae entro 500 msec. In caso contrario, il gioco del Go stecca. </li><li> Penalizzare ritrattazioni premature da un periodo di black-out per 7 sec. </li><li> Premiare le visite corretti, fornendo una pallina di cibo. </li></ol></li><li> Due Cues (con luce): Aumentare e casuale di ritardo durata del periodo e introdurre l&#39;istruzione cue uditivo. <ol><li> Aumentare la lunghezza del periodo di ritardo di una media di 1,5 sec. </li><li> Scegli un ritardo di durata del periodo casuale ad ogni prova sulla base di una densità uniforme tra 1,3-1,8 sec. </li><li> Introdurre la stecca istruzione come un tono acustico singola frequenza pulsata in terzine, con una durata di impulso di 150 msec eintervallo dell&#39;impulso di 100 msec. <ol><li> Gioca subito la stecca istruzione dopo che il soggetto entri nel foro di fissaggio. </li><li> Assegnare due stecche di istruzioni per ciascuno degli obiettivi. </li><li> Utilizzare un solo spunto associato per ogni bersaglio in questa fase. </li></ol></li><li> Lasciate che il soggetto usa sia segnali uditivi e visivi per selezionare il foro di destinazione. </li></ol></li><li> Due Cues (senza luce): Treno al soggetto di utilizzare solo segnali uditivi. <ol><li> Spegnere i led lampeggianti all&#39;interno dei fori di destinazione in modo che il soggetto avrebbe utilizzato solo spunti di istruzione uditivi. </li></ol></li><li> Quattro Cues: Introdurre gli altri due spunti per la sequenza di spunti istruzioni presentate in modo casuale e ripetere sezioni 3.5.3-3.6.1. </li></ol> 4. Behavioral Analysis <ol><li> Tasso di successo: Definire tasso di successo come la percentuale di visite corrette agli obiettivi diviso per il numero totale di prove. <ol><li&gt; Misurare il tasso di successo in ogni fase della formazione. </li></ol></li><li> Tipi di errore: <ol><li> Retrazione precoce: misurare la percentuale di prove cronometrate a causa di prime ritrattazioni dal foro di fissaggio. </li><li> Errore Comission: Calcolare la percentuale di prove fallite quando il soggetto visita un obiettivo uninstructed </li><li> Errore Omissione: Calcolare la percentuale di errori quando il soggetto non visita nessuno dei bersagli dopo il processo di iniziazione. </li></ol></li><li> Variabili misurate: <ol><li> Tempo di reazione (RT): Per ogni prova, misurare il ritardo tra l&#39;inizio della stecca Go e il riavvolgimento argomento dal foro di fissaggio. </li><li> Time to target (TT): Misurare la durata tra la retrazione soggetto dal foro di fissaggio e di entrare nel foro di destinazione. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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Gli autori dichiarano interessi finanziari concorrenti.

I ratti sono stati ampiamente utilizzati nella ricerca delle neuroscienze da oltre un secolo. Dall&#39;introduzione di Thorndike del concetto di legge di effetto nei gatti 34, condizionamento operante è stato l&#39;approccio standard per testare diversi aspetti del comportamento animale. Molti esperimenti di neuroscienze che coinvolgono il processo decisionale e la preparazione del motore includono un periodo di ritardo tra i segnali d&#39;istruzione e l&#39;intervallo di azione. È desiderabile minimizzare ...

<html> Studiare la relazione tra neurofisiologia e il comportamento è l&#39;obiettivo finale dei sistemi neuroscienze. Storicamente, c&#39;è stato un compromesso tra modello animale scelta e repertorio comportamentale 1-5. Mentre organismi semplici come i nudibranchi 6 o 7 calamari sono stati ampiamente utilizzati per studiare le proprietà dei canali ionici singolo, neuroni e semplici circuiti neurali, sono necessari specie di ordine superiore per studiare funzioni più complesse come la navigazione spaziale, il processo decisionale 8-11 e cognitiva controllare 12-14. Nonostante sia un modello animale standard per umano come il comportamento, l&#39;uso di primati non umani richiede considerazioni di costo ed etici che preclude il loro uso in una vasta gamma di esperimenti in una singola impostazione 15-18 laboratorio. Modelli animali più semplici come i roditori sono generalmente preferiti 19, a condizione che abbiano substrati neurali analoghe alla base dei comportamenti di interesse. &quot;&gt; C&#39;è ampia evidenza che suggerisce che i roditori parti strutture corticali e sottocorticali simili, come quelle che si trovano nei primati 20-22. Roditori sono anche noti per integrare le informazioni tra più modalità sensoriali per guidare la loro azione 23-25, per esempio, coordinando sbattere e annusando durante il comportamento esplorativo 26 o integrando eventi uditivi e visivi / olfattive 25,27. Qui si descrive un quadro per condizionamento operante di roditori utilizzati per testare compiti cognitivi 28-32. In questo contesto, i soggetti sono tenuti a fissare all&#39;interno di un foro nosepoke e mantenere il loro muso all&#39;interno del foro fino alla presentazione di una stecca andare. Il compito comportamentale è un disegno nosepoke cinque buche che viene convenzionalmente utilizzato per studi di attività il tempo di reazione di serie 5 a scelta. Durante il periodo di ritardo, una serie di spunti di istruzione è presentata per guidare il soggetto a eseguire un&#39;azione. Questa struttura può essere facilmente modificato per soddisfareoccorre un&#39;ampia gamma di esperimenti in cui la formazione del soggetto per minimizzare il suo movimento palese in un breve intervallo. Questo permette studiando la misura in cui l&#39;attività spiking dei singoli neuroni è influenzato da stimoli specifici durante questo intervallo. Il protocollo può ridurre al minimo il tempo di allenamento e può ridurre tutta soggetto variabilità apprendimento. Un diagramma di flusso schematico del task è mostrato in Figura 1.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="757">
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		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:359px;"> 5-HOLED NOSE POKE WITH 3STIM CUE LIGHT - RAT CAGE</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> H21-06M/R</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">TEST CAGE</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H10-11R-TC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Graphic State Software</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">PROGRAMMABLE TONE/NOISE GENERATOR</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A12-33</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Dustless Precision Pellets</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Bio-Serv</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F0165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;"> SPEAKER MODULE</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H12-01R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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a fully automated rodent conditioning protocol for sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments

I roditori sono stati tradizionalmente utilizzati come modello animale di serie in esperimenti di laboratorio che coinvolgono una miriade di compiti sensoriali, cognitive e motorie. Funzioni cognitive superiori che richiedono un controllo preciso su risposte senso-motori come il processo decisionale e modulazione attentiva, tuttavia, sono in genere valutate nei primati non umani. Nonostante la ricchezza di comportamento dei primati, che consente a più varianti di queste funzioni da studiare, il modello roditore rimane un attraente e conveniente alternativa ai modelli di primati. Inoltre, la capacità di automatizzare completamente condizionamento operante nei roditori aggiunge vantaggi unici rispetto del lavoro formazione intensiva di primati non umani, mentre lo studio di una vasta gamma di queste funzioni complesse. Qui, vi presentiamo un protocollo per operantly condizionamento ratti in esecuzione di compiti di memoria di lavoro. Durante epoche critiche del compito, il protocollo garantisce che il movimento palese dell&#39;animale viene minimizzato requIring l&#39;animale a &#39;fissarsi&#39; fino a quando un cue Go viene consegnato, simile al non umano disegno sperimentale primate. Una semplice due alternative compito scelta forzata è implementato per dimostrare le prestazioni. Discutiamo l&#39;applicazione di questo paradigma ad altri compiti.

Il quadro proposto consente la formazione del soggetto su una serie di compiti cognitivi. Qui abbiamo implementato un compito ritardo incaricato progettato per studiare i meccanismi delle azioni goal-directed nella corteccia prefrontale roditore. Figura 1 mostra un diagramma di flusso del disegno sperimentale. Per garantire che il soggetto comprende il requisito compito ad ogni passo, dovrebbero essere valutati regolarmente misure di prestazione. Figura 2 mo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments at JoVE.com

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

Viene proposto un protocollo completamente automatizzato per roditori condizionamento operante. Il protocollo si basa su un preciso controllo temporale degli eventi comportamentali per indagare in che misura influenza il controllo dell&#39;attività sottostante neurale integrazione sensomotoria e di controllo cognitivo esperimenti.

Un completamente automatizzata Roditore condizionata Protocollo per Sensomotoria Integrazione e esperimenti di controllo cognitive

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.5K Views.  Michigan State University.  Viene proposto un protocollo completamente automatizzato per roditori condizionamento operante. Il protocollo si basa su un preciso controllo temporale degli eventi comportamentali per indagare in che misura influenza il controllo dell'attività sottostante neurale integrazione sensomotoria e di controllo cognitivo esperimenti. 

Video: A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional Change Card Sort task, participants switch from sorting cards one way, such as shape, to sorting them a different way, such as color. Adjusting behavior in this way exacts a small performance cost, or switch cost, such that responses are typically slower and more error-prone on switch trials in which the sorting rule changes as compared to repeat trials in which the sorting rule remains the same. The ability to flexibly adjust behavior is often said to develop gradually, in part because behavioral costs such as switch costs typically decrease with increasing age. Why aspects of higher-order cognition, such as behavioral flexibility, develop so gradually remains an open question. One hypothesis is that these changes occur in association with functional changes in broad-scale cognitive control networks. On this view, complex mental operations, such as switching, involve rapid interactions between several distributed brain regions, including those that update and maintain task rules, re-orient attention, and select behaviors. With development, functional connections between these regions strengthen, leading to faster and more efficient switching operations. The current video describes a method of testing this hypothesis through the collection and multivariate analysis of fMRI data from participants of different ages.

This video presents a method of examining age-related changes in functional connectivity of cognitive control networks engaged by targeted tasks/processes. The technique is based on multi-variate analysis of fMRI data.

Un metodo per indagare le differenze di età-correlate nella connettività funzionale delle reti di controllo cognitivo associato al cambiamento dimensionale Carta ordine di Performance

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional ...

Ricerca

Comportamento

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have developed visual cognitive tasks for rats using the Floor Projection Maze1,2&#160;that are optimized for visual abilities of rats permitting stronger comparisons of experimental findings with other species.
In order to investigate neural correlates of learning and memory, we have integrated electrophysiological recordings into fully automated cognitive tasks on the Floor Projection Maze1,2. Behavioral software interfaced with an animal tracking system allows monitoring of the animal's behavior with precise control of image presentation and reward contingencies for better trained animals. Integration with an in vivo electrophysiological recording system enables examination of behavioral correlates of neural activity at selected epochs of a given cognitive task.
We describe protocols for a model system that combines automated visual presentation of information to rodents and intracranial reward with electrophysiological approaches. Our model system offers a sophisticated set of tools as a framework for other cognitive tasks to better isolate and identify specific mechanisms contributing to particular cognitive processes.

We describe protocols for training rats for chronic electrophysiological recordings in fully automated cognitive tasks on a Floor Projection Maze.

Automated compiti cognitivi visivi per la registrazione Neural all&#39;attività utilizzando una proiezione Piano Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have ...

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device (ALDM) Test Systems

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys maintained in semi-free ranging conditions. Data accumulated during the last five years have consistently demonstrated the efficiency of this protocol to investigate individual/physical cognition in monkeys, and have further shown that this procedure reduces stress level during animal testing3. This paper demonstrates that networks of ALDM can also be used to investigate different facets of social cognition and in-group expressed behaviors in monkeys, and describes three illustrative protocols developed for that purpose. The first study demonstrates how ethological assessments of social behavior and computerized assessments of cognitive performance could be integrated to investigate the effects of socially exhibited moods on the cognitive performance of individuals. The second study shows that batteries of ALDM running in parallel can provide unique information on the influence of the presence of others on task performance. Finally, the last study shows that networks of ALDM test units can also be used to study issues related to social transmission and cultural evolution. Combined together, these three studies demonstrate clearly that ALDM testing is a highly promising experimental tool for bridging the gap in the animal literature between research on individual cognition and research on social cognition.

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device ALDM Test Systems

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) aimed at testing individual cognitive abilities in semi-free ranging monkeys. The main goal of our protocol is to use a network of ALDM test units to study social cognition in non-human primates.

Valutazione della cognizione sociale in primati non umani Uso di una rete di computerizzato Automated Learning dispositivo Systems (ALDM) prova

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys ...

A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study

Advances in robotic systems have resulted in prostheses for the upper limb that can produce multifunctional movements. However, these sophisticated systems require upper limb amputees to learn complex control schemes. Humans have the ability to learn new movements through imitation and other learning strategies. This protocol describes a structured rehabilitation method, which includes imitation, repetition, and reinforcement learning, and aims to assess if this method can improve multifunctional prosthetic control. A left below elbow amputee, with 4 years of experience in prosthetic use, took part in this case study. The prosthesis used was a Michelangelo hand with wrist rotation, and the added features of wrist flexion and extension, which allowed more combinations of hand movements. The participant&#8217;s Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure score improved from 58 to 71 following structured training. This suggests that a structured training protocol of imitation, repetition and reinforcement may have a role in learning to control a new prosthetic hand. A larger clinical study is however required to support these findings.

As prosthetic development moves towards the goal of natural control, harnessing amputees&#8217; inherent ability to learn new motor skills may enable proficiency. This manuscript describes a structured rehabilitation protocol, which includes imitation, repetition, and reinforcement learning strategies, for improved multifunctional prosthetic control.

Un protocollo riabilitativo strutturato per Improved multifunzionale protesica di controllo: un caso di studio

Advances in robotic systems have resulted in prostheses for the upper limb that can produce multifunctional movements. However, these sophisticated ...

Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis (AFEA) software. Additionally, we demonstrate a method for extracting relevant emotional data output and plotting the emotional response of a population over a specified time frame. By time pairing each participant's treatment response to a control stimulus (baseline), the overall emotional response over time and across multiple participants can be quantified. AFEA is a prospective analytical tool for assessing unbiased response to food and beverages. At present, most research has mainly focused on beverages. Methodologies and analyses have not yet been standardized for the application of AFEA to beverages and foods; however, a consistent standard methodology is needed. Optimizing video capture procedures and resulting video quality aids in a successful collection of emotional response to foods. Furthermore, the methodology of data analysis is novel for extracting the pertinent data relevant to the emotional response. The combinations of video capture optimization and data analysis will aid in standardizing the protocol for automated facial expression analysis and interpretation of emotional response data.

A protocol for capturing and statistically analyzing emotional response of a population to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis software is described.

Protocollo per la raccolta di dati e analisi applicata a Automated viso Tecnologia Espressione Analisi e analisi temporale per la valutazione organolettica

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial ...

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to progressive loss of motor and speech abilities. In addition, cognitive functions are impaired in a subset of patients. To evaluate these potential deficits in severely physically impaired ALS patients, eye-tracking is a promising means to conduct cognitive tests. The present article focuses on how eye movements, an indirect means of communication for physically disabled patients, can be utilized to allow for detailed neuropsychological assessment. The requirements, in terms of oculomotor parameters that have to be met for sufficient eye-tracking in ALS patients are presented. The properties of stimuli, including type of neuropsychological tests and style of presentation, best suited to successfully assess cognitive functioning, are also described. Furthermore, recommendations regarding procedural requirements are provided. Overall, this methodology provides a reliable, easy to administer and fast approach for assessing cognitive deficits in patients who are unable to speak or write such as patients with severe ALS. The only confounding factor might be deficits in voluntary eye movement control in a subset of ALS patients.

Cognitive deficits are common in about one third of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurological condition leading to progressive impairments in speech and movement abilities. To conduct cognitive tests in patients unable to speak or write a reliable and easy to administer eye-tracking paradigm was developed.

Eye-tracking di controllo per valutare le funzioni cognitive in pazienti con Sclerosi Laterale Amiotrofica

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to ...

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), have become a promising tool to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote the therapeutic advances. An important step is the validation and characterization of expected behavioral abnormality in the models, in the case of AD, cognitive decline. The long-term behavioral investigations of laboratory animals to study the effect of aging demand substantial efforts from researchers. The IntelliCage system is a high-throughput and cost-effective test battery for mice that eliminates the need for daily human handling. Here, we describe how the system is utilized in the long-term phenotyping of a genetic Alzheimer&#39;s disease model, specifically focusing on the cognitive functions. The experiment employs repeated battery of tests that assess spatial learning and executive functions. This cost-effective age-dependent phenotyping allows us to identify the transient and/or permanent effects of genes on various cognitive aspects.

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer&#039;s Disease, Using IntelliCage

This paper describes a protocol for cognitive assessments for genetic models of the Alzheimer&#39;s disease using the IntelliCage system, which is a high throughput automated behavioral monitoring system with operant conditioning.

Automatizzato, a lungo termine l'analisi comportamentale per funzioni Cognitive in più modelli di genetici del morbo di Alzheimer, utilizzando IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive ...

A Networked Desktop Virtual Reality Setup for Decision Science and Navigation Experiments with Multiple Participants

Investigating the interactions among multiple participants is a challenge for researchers from various disciplines, including the decision sciences and spatial cognition. With a local area network and dedicated software platform, experimenters can efficiently monitor the behavior of the participants that are simultaneously immersed in a desktop virtual environment and digitalize the collected data. These capabilities allow for experimental designs in spatial cognition and navigation research that would be difficult (if not impossible) to conduct in the real world. Possible experimental variations include stress during an evacuation, cooperative and competitive search tasks, and other contextual factors that may influence emergent crowd behavior. However, such a laboratory requires maintenance and strict protocols for data collection in a controlled setting. While the external validity of laboratory studies with human participants is sometimes questioned, a number of recent papers suggest that the correspondence between real and virtual environments may be sufficient for studying social behavior in terms of trajectories, hesitations, and spatial decisions. In this article, we describe a method for conducting experiments on decision-making and navigation with up to 36 participants in a networked desktop virtual reality setup (i.e., the Decision Science Laboratory or DeSciL). This experiment protocol can be adapted and applied by other researchers in order to set up a networked desktop virtual reality laboratory.

This paper describes a method for conducting multi-user experiments on decision-making and navigation using a networked computer laboratory.

Un'installazione in rete di realtà virtuale Desktop per decisione scienza ed esperimenti di navigazione con più partecipanti

Investigating the interactions among multiple participants is a challenge for researchers from various disciplines, including the decision sciences and ...

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and laboratory experiments, respectively. VR is especially useful for geographic visualizations and investigations of spatial behavior. In spatial behavior research, VR provides a platform for studying the relationship between navigation and physiological measures (e.g., skin conductance, heart rate, blood pressure). Specifically, physiological measures allow researchers to address novel questions and constrain previous theories of spatial abilities, strategies, and performance. For example, individual differences in navigation performance may be explained by the extent to which changes in arousal mediate the effects of task difficulty. However, the complexities in the design and implementation of VR experiments can distract experimenters from their primary research goals and introduce irregularities in data collection and analysis. To address these challenges, the Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework includes standardized modules such as participant training with the control interface, data collection using questionnaires, the synchronization of physiological measurements, and data storage. EVE also provides the necessary infrastructure for data management, visualization, and evaluation. The present paper describes a protocol that employs the EVE framework to conduct navigation experiments in VR with physiological sensors. The protocol lists the steps necessary for recruiting participants, attaching the physiological sensors, administering the experiment using EVE, and assessing the collected data with EVE evaluation tools. Overall, this protocol will facilitate future research by streamlining the design and implementation of VR experiments with physiological sensors.

Virtual reality (VR) experiments can be difficult to implement and require meticulous planning. This protocol describes a method for the design and implementation of VR experiments that collect physiological data from human participants. The Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework is employed to accelerate this process.

Esperimenti di realtà virtuale con misure fisiologiche

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and ...

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, studies implementing classical conditioning paradigms with harnessed insects have been important for investigating the exact cues that individuals learn and the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation. Here we present a protocol for evoking visual associative learning in wood ants through classical conditioning. In this paradigm, ants are harnessed and presented with a visual cue (a blue cardboard), the conditional stimulus (CS), paired with an appetitive sugar reward, the unconditional stimulus (US). Ants perform a Maxilla-Labium Extension Reflex (MaLER), the unconditional response (UR), which can be used as a readout for learning. Training consists of 10 trials, separated by a 5-minute intertrial interval (ITI). Ants are also tested for memory retention 10 minutes or 1 hour after training. This protocol has the potential to allow researchers to analyze, in a precise and controlled manner, the details of visual memory formation and the neural basis of learning and memory formation in wood ants.

We present a protocol for the classical conditioning of harnessed ants that permits researchers to study visual learning and memory formation at a level of analysis not possible with freely moving individuals.

Visual condizionamento classico in legna formiche

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, ...