Funding was provided by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SPP1230, grant of the Tumor Center Heidelberg/Mannheim), by the Bundesministerium f&#252;r Bildung und Forschung (iGene), by the VIth + VIIth Framework Programs of the European Commission (CONSERT, CLINIGENE and PERSIST). We thank Ina Kutschera for demonstrating the protocol technique in the video.

1. Preparazione dei linker Cassette (LC) <ol><li> Mescolare 40 ml di LC1 oligonucleotide (Tabella 1), 40 ml di LC2 oligonucleotide (Tabella 1, con l&#39;enzima di restrizione adeguato sbalzo), 110 ml di Tris-HCl (100 mM, pH 7,5), e 10 microlitri 250 mM MgCl 2. </li><li> Incubare a 95 ° C per 5 min e lasciare che la reazione raffreddare lentamente a temperatura ambiente. Aggiungere 300 ml H 2 O e concentrare dsLinker-DNA su un filtro centrifugazione. Aggiungere 80 ml ​​H 2 O per l&#39;eluato e aliquote di 10 ml di cassette linker pronti a 0.2 provette per PCR. </li></ol> 2. Preamplificazione del vettore Genoma giunzioni <ol><li> Per ogni campione da analizzare preparare un 50 microlitri di reazione PCR. <ol><li> Determinare la concentrazione dei campioni di DNA. Dispensare x ml (1-1,000 ng per LAM/100-1, 000 ng per nrLAM) di DNA in una provetta da 0,2 ml PCR. Volume di DNA deve essere uguale in ciascun campione e nel RNAge da 0,5 a 25 pl. </li><li> Preparare PCR master mix, come descritto nella tabella 2 Mix (50 - x). Microlitri della master mix con ciascun campione di DNA in 0,2 ml provette PCR. </li></ol></li><li> Preamplificare vettore giunzioni genomiche utilizzando condizioni di PCR esemplificati nella Tabella 2. Dopo il completamento della PCR aggiungono 0,5 microlitri Taq Polymerase a ciascuna provetta PCR e rieseguire programma PCR. I prodotti di PCR possono essere conservati a 4 ° C per 4 giorni o lungo termine a -20 ° C. </li></ol> 3. Separazione magnetica della PCR prodotto <ol><li> Preparazione di Magnetic Beads <ol><li> Pipettare 20 ml (200 mg) di streptavidina rivestite con perline magnetiche in una provetta da 1,5 ml ed esporre per 1 min sul separatore particella magnetica (MPS) a temperatura ambiente. Scartare il surnatante. </li><li> Rimuovere il tubo da MPS e risospendere sfere magnetiche in 40 microlitri PSB / 0,1% di BSA (pH 7.5). Esporre a MPS per 1 minuto e scartare il surnatante. Ripetere questa operazione una sola volta. </li><li> Wash Perle with 20 ml di soluzione 3 M LiCl (3 M LiCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA) esporre a MPS per 1 minuto e scartare il surnatante. Risospendere le sfere in 50 ml di soluzione 6 M LiCl (6 M LiCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA). </li></ol></li><li> Mescolare intero reazione di PCR dal punto 2.2 con 50 ml di sfere magnetiche preparate. Incubare su un agitatore orizzontale (300 rpm) per almeno 2 ore a temperatura ambiente. Questo passaggio consente legame di biotinilato prodotto di PCR di streptavidina perle rivestite (complessi DNA-Bead). DNA complesso tallone può essere incubata nel shaker notte o conservato a 4 ° C per 4 giorni. </li><li> Esporre complesso DNA-Bead di MPS per 1 minuto a temperatura ambiente, rimuovere il surnatante e risospendere complesso DNA-Bead in 100 ml H 2 O. Procedere immediatamente con la fase 4 per LAM o il punto 5 per nrLAM. </li></ol> 4. LAM-Procedure <ol><li> DNA a doppio filamento (dsDNA) Sintesi (solo LAM) <ol><li> Esporre complesso DNA-Bead dal punto 3.3 a MPS per 1 min e dissurnatante carta. Aggiungere 8.25 ml di H 2 O, 1 ml di buffer 10x hexanucleotide, 0,25 dNTP microlitri (10 mm) e 0,5 microlitri (2 U) Klenow polimerasi. Incubare a 37 ° C per 1 ora. </li><li> Aggiungere 90 ml di H 2 O e esporre a MPS per 1 min. Gettare il surnatante e risospendere complesso DNA-Bead in 100 ml H 2 O. </li></ol></li><li> Limitazione Digest <ol><li> Esporre complesso DNA-Bead di MPS per 1 minuto e scartare il surnatante. Aggiungere 8,5 ml H 2 O, 1 microlitri tampone 10x restrizione enzimatica e 0,5 ml di enzima di restrizione e incubare la reazione per 1 ora. Ripetere passo 4.1.2. NOTA: Incubare la reazione alla temperatura raccomandata dal produttore dell&#39;enzima di restrizione. Assicurarsi che non vi è alcun sito di restrizione presenti all&#39;interno oa valle del sito di legame di primer utilizzati per preamplificazione nel DNA di interesse. Per la scelta di opportune combinazioni di enzimi di restrizione / enzimi di restrizione riferimento a 9. </li></ol></li><li> Legatura dei ds Linker (LK) <ol><li> Esporre complesso DNA-Bead di MPS per 1 minuto e scartare il surnatante. Aggiungere 5 ml H 2 O, 1 ml di buffer 10x FastLink, 1 ml ATP (10 mm), 2 microlitri Linker cassetta dal punto 1.2, e 1 ml veloce-Link DNA Ligase (2 U / mL). Incubare a temperatura ambiente per 5 min. Ripetere passo 4.1.2. </li></ol></li><li> Denaturazione delle sintetizzato dsDNA <ol><li> Esporre complesso DNA-Bead di MPS per 1 minuto e scartare il surnatante. Complesso Risospendere DNA-Bead in 5 ml di 0,1 N NaOH. Incubare 5 minuti a temperatura ambiente su un agitatore orizzontale camera. </li><li> Esporre complesso DNA-Bead di MPS per 1 min e raccogliere preamplificato svincolo vettore genoma contenente surnatante in una nuova provetta da 1,5 ml. Procedere immediatamente con la fase 6 o conservare il surnatante a -20 ° C. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. NrLAM-Procedure <ol><li> Legatura di un singolo filamento linker (SSLC) (nrLAM solo) <ol><li> Esporre complesso DNA-Bead dal punto 3.3 a MPSper 1 min e scartare il surnatante. Aggiungere 6,5 microlitri H 2 O, 1 ml CircLigase 10X Reaction Buffer, 0,5 microlitri MnCl 2 (50 mm), 0,5 microlitri ATP (1 mm), 1 ml ssLinker oligonucleotide e 0,5 microlitri CircLigase (100 U / mL). Incubare a 60 ° C per 1 ora. </li><li> Aggiungere 90 ml di H 2 O e esporre a MPS per 1 min. Gettare il surnatante e lavare complesso DNA-Bead in 100 ml H 2 O. Ancora una volta esporre a MPS per 1 min, il surnatante scarti e risospendere complesso DNA-Bead in 10 microlitri H 2 O. </li></ol></li></ol> 6. Esponenziale Amplificazione I <ol><li> Per ogni campione da analizzare preparare un 50 microlitri di reazione PCR. <ol><li> Pipettare 2 Template microlitri di DNA (dal punto 4.4.2 (LAM) o 5.1.2 (nrLAM)) in una provetta da 0,2 ml PCR. </li><li> Preparare PCR master mix come descritto nella Tabella 3. Aggiungere 48 ml di master mix per ogni campione dal punto 6.1.1 e amplificare vettoriali genoma giunzioni mediante PCR conditions esemplificati nella Tabella 3. prodotti di PCR possono essere conservati a 4 ° C per 4 giorni o lungo termine a -20 ° C. </li></ol></li></ol> 7. Separazione magnetica della PCR prodotto <ol><li> Preparare sfere magnetiche come esemplificato nei passaggi 3.1.1 - 3.1.3. Risospendere le sfere in 20 microlitri (per LAM) o 50 ml (per nrLAM) del 6 soluzione M LiCl (6 M LiCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA). Mescolare 20 microlitri (LAM) o 50 microlitri (nrLAM) della reazione PCR dal punto 6.1.2 con perline magnetiche preparate (punto 7.1) e incubare su un agitatore orizzontale (300 rpm) per 2 ore a temperatura ambiente. DNA complesso tallone può essere incubata nel shaker notte o conservato a 4 ° C per 4 giorni. </li><li> Esporre complesso DNA-Bead di MPS per 1 min, rimuovere il surnatante e risospendere complesso DNA-Bead in 100 ml H 2 O. Esporre complesso DNA-Bead di MPS per 1 minuto e scartare il surnatante. </li><li> Risospendere complesso DNA-Bead in 20 microlitri (LAM) o 5 microlitri (nrLAM) 0,1 N NaOH. Incubate per 10 minuti a temperatura ambiente su un agitatore orizzontale camera, esporre a MPS per 1 minuto e raccogliere amplificato DNA contenente surnatante in una nuova provetta da 1,5 ml. Procedere immediatamente con la fase 8.1 o conservare il surnatante a -20 ° C. </li></ol> 8. Esponenziale Amplificazione II <ol><li> Per ogni campione da analizzare preparare un 50 microlitri di reazione PCR. <ol><li> Pipettare 2 Template microlitri DNA (dal punto 7.3) in una provetta da 0,2 ml PCR. </li><li> Preparare PCR master mix come descritto nella Tabella 4. Aggiungere 48 ml di master mix per ogni campione dal punto 8.1.1 e amplificare vettoriali genoma giunzioni da condizioni di PCR esemplificati nella Tabella 4. Prodotti di PCR possono essere conservati a 4 ° C per un massimo di 4 giorni o lungo termine a -20 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> Per visualizzare (nr) LAM-PCR prodotti, carico 10 microlitri del prodotto di PCR dal punto 8.1.2 su un gel di agarosio al 2%. Se le strisce sono visibili, analizzare 10 ml di prodotto LAM-PCR su gel ad alta risoluzione. ATTENZIONE: Ethidium bromuro è mutageno. Lavorare con molta attenzione e indossare sempre guanti appropriati. </li></ol> 9. Preparazione High-throughput sequencing <ol><li> Purificazione di (nr) prodotti LAM-PCR <ol><li> Mescolare 40 microlitri PCR-prodotto dal punto 8.1.2 con 44 ml di temperatura ambiente AMPure XP sfere magnetiche. Incubare 5 min a temperatura ambiente e esporre a MPS per ulteriori 2 min. </li><li> Gettare il surnatante e lavare due volte con 200 microlitri 70% EtOH sulle MPS. </li><li> Gettare il surnatante e risospendere complesso DNA-Bead in 30 microlitri H 2 O. Incubare 1 min e trasferimento surnatante in fiala 0,2 ml. Determinare la concentrazione di DNA purificato. </li></ol></li><li> Fusionprimer PCR per aggiungere il sequenziamento di adattatori specifici. <ol><li> Per ogni campione da analizzare preparare un 50 microlitri di reazione PCR. </li><li> Pipettare x microlitri (40 ng) di DNA in una provetta da 0,2 ml PCR. Volume di DNA deve essere uguale in ciascun campione e nella gamma da 0,5 a 25 pl. </li><li> Preparare PCR master mix, come descritto nella tabella 5 Aggiungi (50 - x). Microlitri di Master Mix per ogni campione dal punto 9.2.2 e di introdurre adattatori Sequencing a (nr) LAM-PCR prodotti da condizioni di PCR esemplificati nella Tabella 5 prodotti di PCR. possono essere conservati a 4 ° C per un massimo di 4 giorni o lungo termine a -20 ° C. </li><li> Per visualizzare Fusionprimer-PCR prodotti carico 10 ml di prodotto di PCR a partire dal punto 9.2.3 su un gel di agarosio al 2%. Purificare rimanente prodotto di PCR come descritto ai punti 9.1.1 - 9.1.3. Analizzare 1 ml di prodotto di PCR purificato dal passo 9.4 su un dispositivo per elettroforesi ad alta risoluzione automatizzata quantificare accuratamente concentrazione e frammento dimensioni dei prodotti Fusionprimer-PCR. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

La tecnica LAM-PCR permette di identificare sconosciuti sequenze di DNA che fiancheggiano una regione del DNA noto. A causa della elevata sensibilità risultante dalla preamplificazione delle giunzioni con primers specifici ibridazione nella sequenza di DNA nota, è possibile amplificare e rilevare anche giunzioni rare fino al livello di singola cellula. Contrario, in una situazione policlonale LAM-PCR è in grado di amplificare migliaia di differenti giunzioni in una singola reazione. Tutta...

Linear-amplificazione mediata PCR (LAM-PCR) permette di identificare e caratterizzare Sconosciuto DNA fiancheggiante adiacente DNA nota di qualsiasi origine. Più specificamente, LAM-PCR è stato sviluppato per localizzare siti di integrazione vettore virale (IS) all&#39;interno del genoma ospite 1,2. Elementi genetici come retrovirus o trasposoni integrando il loro genoma nel genoma dell&#39;ospite in un (semi-) modo casuale 3-6. In molti casi è determinante conoscere esattamente la posizione in cui questi vettori integrati. LAM-PCR ha dimostrato di essere superiore a tecniche alternative come la legatura mediata PCR 7 e le sue varianti o inversa PCR 8. La sensibilità e la robustezza di questo metodo nasce dalla preamplificazione iniziale delle giunzioni vettore genoma e selezione magnetica dei prodotti della PCR amplificati. Come i metodi alternativi citati, LAM-PCR si basa sull&#39;utilizzo di enzimi di restrizione, presentare una deviazione in capacità di recupero IS 9-11. Così,solo un sottoinsieme del repertorio IS (il integrome) può essere rilevata in una reazione. Questa polarizzazione è minimizzato dall&#39;analisi parallela di un dato campione utilizzando combinazioni ottimali di enzimi di restrizione 9. Recentemente, una variante della tecnologia definito non limitativo LAM-PCR (nrLAM-PCR) è stato sviluppato che aggira l&#39;uso di enzimi di restrizione e permette imparziale analisi dell&#39;intero genoma di un campione in una singola reazione 9,12. In passato, LAM-PCR è stato utilizzato per identificare il retrovirale causale dà luogo alla leucemia in alcuni pazienti in sperimentazioni cliniche di terapia genica 13-15. Da allora, LAM-PCR è stato adattato per identificare IS da altri vettori di integrazione (vettori lentivirali, trasposoni) e anche per identificare i modelli di integrazione delle passivamente integrazione di vettori come vettori adeno-associati (AAV) o vettori lentivirali integrasi-difettoso (IDLV) 16 -21. Applicazioni della LAM-PCR sono molto diffusa: tradizionalely, la tecnica è ampiamente utilizzata per studiare la composizione clonale delle cellule geneticamente modificate in pazienti che hanno subito la terapia genica o per valutare la biosicurezza dei sistemi vettore nuovi disfacendo il loro comportamento integrazione 15,16,22-24. Recentemente, LAM-PCR ha permesso determinare la specificità e l&#39;attività off-target di nucleasi firmati da un IDLV saggio di cattura 25. Inoltre, LAM-PCR permette di seguire facilmente il destino di una cellula transdotte nel tempo in un organismo. Questo permette di identificare proto-oncogeni e geni oncosoppressori e studiare ematopoiesi o staminali cancerose biologia cellulare 26-28. Ultimo ma non meno importante, LAM-PCR è stato adattato per studiare diversità recettore delle cellule T nell&#39;uomo e 29 (dati non pubblicati). La potenza intrinseca della tecnologia è rafforzata collegando il metodo di tecnologie di sequenziamento profonde che permettono caratterizzare milioni di Sconosciuto accompagnamento DNA a singolo nucleotide reSolution nei genomi interi. Nel seguente protocollo, si descrive passo per passo l&#39;amplificazione e l&#39;identificazione di accompagnamento DNA sconosciuto esemplare di identificare vettori lentivirali IS. Gli oligonucleotidi utilizzati nel protocollo sono elencati nella Tabella 1. Estratto il DNA o cDNA di qualsiasi sorgente possono essere usati come stampo di DNA per LAM-PCR e nrLAM-PCR.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1209">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Genaxxon Bioscience GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">M3001.5000</td>
			<td>Alternative Taq Polymerases may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">PCR Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">201203</td>
			<td>Use of this buffer is recommended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">dNTP-Mixture</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Genaxxon Bioscience GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">M3015.4020</td>
			<td>or any other dNTPs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Oligonucleotides (Primers)</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">MWG Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:120px;"></td>
			<td>HPLC purified</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Dynabeads M-280 Streptavidin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">11206D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">14190-086</td>
			<td>0.1 % wt/vol BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">6M LiCl</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">3739.1</td>
			<td>10 mM Tris-HCl&#160; (pH 7.5)/1 mM EDTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Tris-HCl, pH 7.5</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">USB Corporation&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">22637</td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">A1103,0250</td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Klenow Polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">10104523001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Hexanucleotide mixture</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">11277081001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Restriction endonuclease</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:120px;"></td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Fast-Link DNA ligation kit</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Epicentre Biotechnologies</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">LK11025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">CircLigase ssDNA Ligase Kit</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Epicentre Biotechnologies</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">CL4111K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">NaOH</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">72068</td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Agarose LE</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">11685660001</td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">TBE buffer</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">0658</td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Ethidium bromide</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">A2273,0005</td>
			<td>Ethidium bromide is mutagenic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">100 bp DNA Ladder</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">15628-050</td>
			<td>or any other DNA ladder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">20 mM NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">71393-1L</td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Magna-Sep Magnetic Particle Separator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">K158501</td>
			<td>for use with 1.5 ml Tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Magna-Sep Magnetic Particle Separator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">K158696</td>
			<td>for use with 96 well plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Amicon Ultra-0.5, Ultracel-30 membrane</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Millipore</td>
			<td>UFC503096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">PerfectBlue Gelsystem Midi S</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">PeqLab</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">40-1515</td>
			<td>or other electrophoresis system&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">TProfessional 96</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Biometra</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">050-551</td>
			<td>or other Thermocycler for 96-well plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Orbital shaker KS 260 basic</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">IKA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">2980200</td>
			<td>or other horizontal shaker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">PCR softtubes 0.2 ml</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Biozym Scientific GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">711082</td>
			<td>or other 0.2 ml PCR tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">1.5 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">12682</td>
			<td>or other 1.5 ml tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Gel documentation system</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">PeqLab</td>
			<td style="width:120px;"></td>
			<td>or any other gel documentation system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Nanodrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">ND-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Spreadex EL1200 precast gel</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Elchrom Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">3497</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:360px;">Submerged gel electrophoresis apparatus SEA 2000&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Elchrom Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">2001E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">2100 Electrophoresis Bioanalyzer</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>G2939AA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

linear amplification mediated pcr &#8211; localization of genetic elements and characterization of unknown flanking dna

Linear-amplification mediated PCR (LAM-PCR) has been developed to study hematopoiesis in gene corrected cells of patients treated by gene therapy with integrating vector systems. Due to the stable integration of retroviral vectors, integration sites can be used to study the clonal fate of individual cells and their progeny. LAM- PCR for the first time provided evidence that leukemia in gene therapy treated patients originated from provirus induced overexpression of a neighboring proto-oncogene. The high sensitivity and specificity of LAM-PCR compared to existing methods like inverse PCR and ligation mediated (LM)-PCR is achieved by an initial preamplification step (linear PCR of 100 cycles) using biotinylated vector specific primers which allow subsequent reaction steps to be carried out on solid phase (magnetic beads). LAM-PCR is currently the most sensitive method available to identify&#160;unknown DNA which is located in the proximity of known DNA. Recently, a variant of LAM-PCR has been developed that circumvents restriction digest thus abrogating retrieval bias of integration sites and enables a comprehensive analysis of provirus locations in host genomes. The following protocol explains step-by-step the amplification of both 3&#8217;- and 5&#8217;- sequences adjacent to the integrated lentiviral vector.

LAM-PCR si traduce in amplificazione del vettore genoma giunzioni con una dimensione frammento definito per ogni incrocio. La dimensione dei singoli frammenti di PCR dipende dalla distanza tra la posizione del DNA noto nel genoma e il sito di riconoscimento dell&#39;enzima di restrizione più vicino. Questo permette di visualizzare la diversità delle giunzioni amplificate in campioni analizzati mediante elettroforesi su gel, per es., Se sono presenti sul gel unico singolo (monoclonali), vari (oligoclonali), o ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Linear Amplification Mediated PCR â€“ Localization of Genetic Elements and Characterization of Unknown Flanking DNA at JoVE.com

Linear Amplification Mediated PCR &amp;#8211; Localization of Genetic Elements and Characterization of Unknown Flanking DNA

Linear-amplificazione mediata (LAM)-PCR è un metodo sviluppato per identificare le posizioni esatte di integrare vettori virali nel genoma. La tecnica si è evoluta per essere il metodo superiore per studiare la dinamica clonali nei pazienti di terapia genica, biosicurezza delle tecnologie innovative vettore, la diversità delle cellule T, modelli di cellule staminali del cancro, ecc

Linear Amplificazione Mediata PCR - Localizzazione di Genetica Elementi e caratterizzazione di Unknown Aggirare DNA

Linear-amplification mediated PCR (LAM-PCR) has been developed to study hematopoiesis in gene corrected cells of patients treated by gene therapy with ...

linear-amplification-mediated-pcr-localization-genetic-elements

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Linear Amplification Mediated PCR &#8211; Localization of Genetic Elements and Characterization of Unknown Flanking DNA

29.9K Views.  National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ).  Linear-amplificazione mediata (LAM)-PCR è un metodo sviluppato per identificare le posizioni esatte di integrare vettori virali nel genoma. La tecnica si è evoluta per essere il metodo superiore per studiare la dinamica clonali nei pazienti di terapia genica, biosicurezza delle tecnologie innovative vettore, la diversità delle cellule T, modelli di cellule staminali del cancro, ecc 

Video: Linear Amplification Mediated PCR &#8211; Localization of Genetic Elements and Characterization of Unknown Flanking DNA

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  gene expression in brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia formation. This video demonstrates the different steps in 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, the embryo is processed for prehybridization. The embryo is then hybridized with two different probes, one coupled to DIG, and one coupled to FITC.  Following overnight hybridization, the embryo is incubated with DIG coupled antibody. Color reaction for DIG substrate is performed, and the region of interest appears blue. The embryo is then incubated with FITC coupled antibody. The embryo is processed for color reaction with FITC, and the region of interest appears red. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for phtograph and sectioning. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

This video demonstrates 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of 2 different genes can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by David Wilkinson, Domingos Henrique, Phil Ingham and David Ish -Horowicz.

Doppia Monte intero ibridazione in situ di embrioni di pollo primi

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Genetic Studies of Human DNA Repair Proteins Using Yeast as a Model System 

Understanding the roles of human DNA repair proteins in genetic pathways is a formidable challenge to many researchers. Genetic studies in mammalian systems have been limited due to the lack of readily available tools including defined mutant genetic cell lines, regulatory expression systems, and appropriate selectable markers. To circumvent these difficulties, model genetic systems in lower eukaryotes have become an attractive choice for the study of functionally conserved DNA repair proteins and pathways. We have developed a model yeast system to study the poorly defined genetic functions of the Werner syndrome helicase-nuclease (WRN) in nucleic acid metabolism. Cellular phenotypes associated with defined genetic mutant backgrounds can be investigated to clarify the cellular and molecular functions of WRN through its catalytic activities and protein interactions. The human WRN gene and associated variants, cloned into DNA plasmids for expression in yeast, can be placed under the control of a regulatory plasmid element. The expression construct can then be transformed into the appropriate yeast mutant background, and genetic function assayed by a variety of methodologies. Using this approach, we determined that WRN, like its related RecQ family members BLM and Sgs1, operates in a Top3-dependent pathway that is likely to be important for genomic stability. This is described in our recent publication [1] at <a href="http://www.impactaging.com">www.impactaging.com</a>. Detailed methods of specific assays for genetic complementation studies in yeast are provided in this paper.

Genetic Studies of Human DNA Repair Proteins Using Yeast as a Model System

Genetic studies in yeast can be employed to investigate the molecular and cellular functions of human genes in cellular DNA metabolism. Methods are described for the genetic characterization of the human WRN gene product defective in the premature aging disorder Werner syndrome in functionally conserved pathways using yeast as a tractable model system.

Studi genetici di proteine ​​umane di riparazione del DNA Utilizzando lievito come sistema modello

Understanding the roles of human DNA repair proteins in genetic pathways is a formidable challenge to many researchers.  Genetic studies in mammalian ...

Adenovirus-mediated Genetic Removal of Signaling Molecules in Cultured Primary Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts

The ability to genetically remove specific components of various cell signalling cascades has been an integral tool in modern signal transduction analysis. One particular method to achieve this conditional deletion is via the use of the Cre-loxP system. This method involves flanking the gene of interest with loxP sites, which are specific recognition sequences for the Cre recombinase protein. Exposure of the so-called floxed (flanked by loxP site) DNA to this enzyme results in a Cre-mediated recombination event at the loxP sites, and subsequent excision of the intervening gene3. Several different methods exist to administer Cre recombinase to the site of interest. In this video, we demonstrate the use of an adenovirus containing the Cre recombinase gene to infect primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) obtained from embryos containing a floxed Rac1 allele1. Our rationale for selecting Rac1 MEFs for our experiments is that clear morphological changes can be seen upon deletion of Rac1, due to alterations in the actin cytoskeleton2,5. 72 hours following viral transduction and Cre expression, cells were stained using the actin dye phalloidin and imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy. It was observed that MEFs which had been exposed to the adeno-Cre virus appeared contracted and elongated in morphology compared to uninfected cells, consistent with previous reports2,5. The adenovirus method of Cre recombinase delivery is advantageous as the adeno-Cre virus is easily available, and gene deletion via Cre in nearly 100% of the cells can be achieved with optimized adenoviral infection.

In this video we use an adenovirus carrying the Cre recombinase gene to infect primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts carrying a floxed Rac1 allele.

Adenovirus-mediata rimozione genetica di molecole di segnalazione in fibroblasti di topo coltivate primarie embrionali

The ability to genetically remove specific components of various cell signalling cascades has been an integral tool in modern signal transduction ...

DNA Extraction from Paraffin Embedded Material for Genetic and Epigenetic Analyses

Disease development and progression are characterized by frequent genetic and epigenetic aberrations including chromosomal rearrangements, copy number gains and losses and DNA methylation. Advances in high-throughput, genome-wide profiling technologies, such as microarrays, have significantly improved our ability to identify and detect these specific alterations. However as technology continues to improve, a limiting factor remains sample quality and availability. Furthermore, follow-up clinical information and disease outcome are often collected years after the initial specimen collection. Specimens, typically formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE), are stored in hospital archives for years to decades. DNA can be efficiently and effectively recovered from paraffin-embedded specimens if the appropriate method of extraction is applied. High quality DNA extracted from properly preserved and stored specimens can support quantitative assays for comparisons of normal and diseased tissues and generation of genetic and epigenetic signatures 1. To extract DNA from paraffin-embedded samples, tissue cores or microdissected tissue are subjected to xylene treatment, which dissolves the paraffin from the tissue, and then rehydrated using a series of ethanol washes. Proteins and harmful enzymes such as nucleases are subsequently digested by proteinase K. The addition of lysis buffer, which contains denaturing agents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), facilitates digestion 2. Nucleic acids are purified from the tissue lysate using buffer-saturated phenol and high speed centrifugation which generates a biphasic solution. DNA and RNA remain in the upper aqueous phase, while proteins, lipids and polysaccharides are sequestered in the inter- and organic-phases respectively. Retention of the aqueous phase and repeated phenol extractions generates a clean sample. Following phenol extractions, RNase A is added to eliminate contaminating RNA. Additional phenol extractions following incubation with RNase A are used to remove any remaining enzyme. The addition of sodium acetate and isopropanol precipitates DNA, and high speed centrifugation is used to pellet the DNA and facilitate isopropanol removal. Excess salts carried over from precipitation can interfere with subsequent enzymatic assays, but can be removed from the DNA by washing with 70% ethanol, followed by centrifugation to re-pellet the DNA 3. DNA is re-suspended in distilled water or the buffer of choice, quantified and stored at -20&deg;C. Purified DNA can subsequently be used in downstream applications which include, but are not limited to, PCR, array comparative genomic hybridization 4 (array CGH), methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) and sequencing, allowing for an integrative analysis of tissue/tumor samples.

This video demonstrates the protocol for DNA extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material. This is a multi-day procedure in which tissue sections are deparaffinized with xylene, rehydrated with ethanol and treated with proteinase K to purify and isolate DNA for subsequent gene-specific or genome-wide analysis.

Estrazione DNA da materiale in paraffina per le analisi genetiche ed epigenetiche

Disease development and progression are characterized by frequent genetic and epigenetic aberrations including chromosomal rearrangements, copy number ...

Determining Genetic Expression Profiles in C. elegans Using Microarray and Real-time PCR

Synapses are composed of a presynaptic active zone in the signaling cell and a postsynaptic terminal in the target cell. In the case of chemical synapses, messages are carried by neurotransmitters released from presynaptic terminals and received by receptors on postsynaptic cells. Our previous research in Caenorhabditis elegans has shown that VSM-1 negatively regulates exocytosis. Additionally, analysis of synapses in vsm-1 mutants showed that animals lacking a fully functional VSM-1 have increased synaptic connectivity. Based on these preliminary findings, we hypothesized that C. elegans VSM-1 may play a crucial role in synaptogenesis. To test this hypothesis, double-labeled microarray analysis was performed, and gene expression profiles were determined. First, total RNA was isolated, reversely transcribed to cDNA, and hybridized to the DNA microarrays. Then, in-silico analysis of fluorescent probe hybridization revealed significant induction of many genes coding for members of the major sperm protein family (MSP) in mutants with enhanced synaptogenesis. MSPs are the major component of sperm in C. elegans and appear to signal nematode oocyte maturation and ovulation . In fruit flies, Chai and colleagues 1 demonstrated that MSP-like molecules regulate presynaptic bouton number and size at the neuromuscular junction. Moreover, analysis performed by Tsuda and coworkers 2 suggested that MSPs may act as ligands for Eph receptors and trigger receptor tyrosine kinase signaling cascades. Lastly, real time PCR analysis corroborated that the gene coding for MSP-32 is induced in vsm-1(ok1468) mutants. Taken together, research performed by our laboratory has shown that vsm-1 mutants have a significant increase in synaptic density, which could be mediated by MSP-32 signaling.

Determining Genetic Expression Profiles in C. elegans Using Microarray and Real-time PCR

Microarray analysis was conducted to determine genetic expression profiles in C. elegans, and real-time PCR was used to validate and quantify microarray data.

Determinare profili di espressione genetica in C. elegans Utilizzo Microarray e Real-time PCR

Synapses are composed of a presynaptic active zone in the signaling cell and a postsynaptic terminal in the target cell. In the case of chemical synapses, ...

Combining Single-molecule Manipulation and Imaging for the Study of Protein-DNA Interactions

The paper describes the combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence detection for the study of protein-DNA interaction. The method offers the opportunity of investigating interactions occurring in solution (thus avoiding problems due to closeby surfaces as in other single molecule methods), controlling the DNA extension and tracking interaction dynamics as a function of both mechanical parameters and DNA sequence. The methods for establishing successful optical trapping and nanometer localization of single molecules are illustrated. We illustrate the experimental conditions allowing the study of interaction of lactose repressor (lacI), labeled with Atto532, with a DNA molecule containing specific target sequences (operators) for LacI binding. The method allows the observation of specific interactions at the operators, as well as one-dimensional diffusion of the protein during the process of target search. The method is broadly applicable to the study of protein-DNA interactions but also to molecular motors, where control of the tension applied to the partner track polymer (for example actin or microtubules) is desirable.

Here we describe the instrumentation and methods for detecting single fluorescently-labeled protein molecules interacting with a single DNA molecule suspended between two optically trapped microspheres.

Combinando singola molecola di manipolazione e di imaging per lo studio delle interazioni proteina-DNA

The paper describes the combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence detection for the study of protein-DNA interaction. The method ...

DNA Electroporation, Isolation and Imaging of Myofibers

Mature muscle has a unique structure that is amenable to live cell imaging. Herein, we describe the experimental protocol for expressing fluorescently labeled proteins in the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscle. Conditions have been optimized to provide a large number of high quality myofibers expressing the electroporated plasmid while minimizing muscle damage. The method employs fluorescent tags on various proteins. Combining this expression method with high resolution confocal microscopy permits live cell imaging, including imaging after laser-induced damage. Fluorescent dyes combined with imaging of fluorescently-tagged proteins provides information regarding the basic structure of muscle and its response to stimuli.

This protocol utilizes electroporation to introduce and express fluorescently labeled proteins in mouse muscle fibers. Following recovery after electroporation, fibers are isolated. Individual fibers are then imaged using high resolution confocal microscopy to visualize muscle structure.

Elettroporazione DNA, isolamento e imaging di miofibre

Mature muscle has a unique structure that is amenable to live cell imaging. Herein, we describe the experimental protocol for expressing fluorescently ...

In Vivo Alkaline Comet Assay and Enzyme-modified Alkaline Comet Assay for Measuring DNA Strand Breaks and Oxidative DNA Damage in Rat Liver

Unrepaired DNA damage can lead to genetic instability, which in turn may enhance cancer development. Therefore, identifying potential DNA damaging agents is important for protecting public health. The in vivo alkaline comet assay, which detects DNA damage as strand breaks, is especially relevant for assessing the genotoxic hazards of xenobiotics, as its responses reflect the in vivo absorption, tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of chemicals, as well as DNA repair process. Compared to other in vivo DNA damage assays, the assay is rapid, sensitive, visual and inexpensive, and, by converting oxidative DNA damage into strand breaks using specific repair enzymes, the assay can measure oxidative DNA damage in an efficient and relatively artifact-free manner. Measurement of DNA damage with the comet assay can be performed using both acute and subchronic toxicology study designs, and by integrating the comet assay with other toxicological assessments, the assay addresses animal welfare requirements by making maximum use of animal resources. Another major advantage of the assays is that they only require a small amount of cells, and the cells do not have to be derived from proliferating cell populations. The assays also can be performed with a variety of human samples obtained from clinically or occupationally exposed individuals.

In Vivo Alkaline Comet Assay and Enzyme-modified Alkaline Comet Assay for Measuring DNA Strand Breaks and Oxidative DNA Damage in Rat Liver

The alkaline comet assay measures DNA strand breaks in eukaryotic cells. By adding an Endonuclease III or human 8-oxoguanine-DNA-N-glycosylase digestion step, the assay can efficiently detect oxidative DNA damage. We describe methods for using these assays to detect DNA damage in rat liver.

In Vivo alcalina Comet Assay e l&#39;enzima modificato alcalina Comet Assay per la misurazione rotture del DNA Strand e danno ossidativo del DNA in fegato di ratto

Unrepaired DNA damage can lead to genetic instability, which in turn may enhance cancer development. Therefore, identifying potential DNA damaging agents ...

Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites

Retroviruses exhibit signature integration preferences on both the local and global scales. Here, we present a detailed protocol for (1) generation of diverse libraries of retroviral integration sites using ligation-mediated PCR (LM-PCR) amplification and next-generation sequencing (NGS), (2) mapping the genomic location of each virus-host junction using BEDTools, and (3) analyzing the data for statistical relevance. Genomic DNA extracted from infected cells is fragmented by digestion with restriction enzymes or by sonication. After suitable DNA end-repair, double-stranded linkers are ligated onto the DNA ends, and semi-nested PCR is conducted using primers complementary to both the long terminal repeat (LTR) end of the virus and the ligated linker DNA. The PCR primers carry sequences required for DNA clustering during NGS, negating the requirement for separate adapter ligation. Quality control (QC) is conducted to assess DNA fragment size distribution and adapter DNA incorporation prior to NGS. Sequence output files are filtered for LTR-containing reads, and the sequences defining the LTR and the linker are cropped away. Trimmed host cell sequences are mapped to a reference genome using BLAT and are filtered for minimally 97% identity to a unique point in the reference genome. Unique integration sites are scrutinized for adjacent nucleotide (nt) sequence and distribution relative to various genomic features. Using this protocol, integration site libraries of high complexity can be constructed from genomic DNA in three days. The entire protocol that encompasses exogenous viral infection of susceptible tissue culture cells to integration site analysis can therefore be conducted in approximately one to two weeks. Recent applications of this technology pertain to longitudinal analysis of integration sites from HIV-infected patients.

We describe a protocol for amplifying retroviral integration sites from the genomic DNA of infected cells, sequencing the amplified virus-host junctions, and then mapping these sequences to a reference genome. We also describe techniques to quantify the distribution of integration sites relative to various genomic annotations using BEDTools.

Amplificazione, sequenziamento di prossima generazione, e DNA genomico mappatura dei siti di integrazione retrovirali

Retroviruses exhibit signature integration preferences on both the local and global scales. Here, we present a detailed protocol for (1) generation of ...

Characterization of MLKL-mediated Plasma Membrane Rupture in Necroptosis

Necroptosis is a programmed cell death pathway triggered by activation of receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), which phosphorylates and activates the mixed lineage kinase-like domain pseudokinase, MLKL, to rupture or permeabilize the plasma membrane. Necroptosis is an inflammatory pathway associated with multiple pathologies including autoimmunity, infectious and cardiovascular diseases, stroke, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Here, we describe protocols that can be used to characterize MLKL as the executioner of plasma membrane rupture in necroptosis. We visualize the process of necroptosis in cells using live-cell imaging with conventional and confocal fluorescence&#160;microscopy, and in fixed cells using electron microscopy, which together revealed the redistribution of MLKL from the cytosol to the plasma membrane prior to induction of large holes in the plasma membrane. We present in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis using lipids to identify putative modulators of MLKL-mediated necroptosis. Based on this method, we identified quantitative lipid-binding preferences and phosphatidyl-inositol phosphates (PIPs) as critical binders of MLKL that are required for plasma membrane targeting and permeabilization in necroptosis.

We report methods for characterization of MLKL-mediated plasma membrane rupture in necroptosis including conventional and confocal live-cell microscopy imaging, scanning electron microscopy, and NMR-based lipid binding.