Funding was provided by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SPP1230, grant of the Tumor Center Heidelberg/Mannheim), by the Bundesministerium f&#252;r Bildung und Forschung (iGene), by the VIth + VIIth Framework Programs of the European Commission (CONSERT, CLINIGENE and PERSIST). We thank Ina Kutschera for demonstrating the protocol technique in the video.

Bağlayıcı Kaset 1. Hazırlama (LC) <ol><li> LC1 oligonükleotid (Tablo 1), (uygun kısıtlayıcı enzim çıkıntı ile Tablo 1) LC2 oligonükleotid, 110 ul Tris-HCl (100 mM, pH 7.5) ve 10 ul 250 mM MgCl2, 40 ul, 40 ul karıştırın. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca 95 ° C&#39;de inkübe edildi ve reaksiyon yavaş yavaş oda sıcaklığına soğumaya bırakın. 300 ul H2O ilave edin ve bir santrifüj filtre üzerinde dsLinker-DNA konsantre edilir. 0.2 PCR tüplerine hazırlanan bağlayıcı kaset eluat ve kısım 10 ul 80 ul H2O ekleyin. </li></ol> Vektör Genom EklemlerininTünelleme 2. Preamplification <ol><li> Analiz edilecek her bir örnek, 50 | il PCR reaksiyonu hazırlamak için. <ol><li> DNA örneklerinin konsantrasyonunu belirleyin. Pipet x ul (1-1000 ng LAM/100-1 nrLAM için, 000 ng), bir 0.2 ml PCR tüpüne DNA. DNA hacmi her bir örnek olarak ve RAN eşit olmalıdır0,5-25 | il ge. </li><li> Tablo 2 &#39;de tarif edildiği gibi PCR Master Mix karışım hazırlayın (- 50 x). 0.2 ml PCR tüplerine her bir DNA numunesi ile ana karışımı ul. </li></ol></li><li> PCR tamamlandıktan sonra., Tablo 2&#39;de örneklendiği PCR koşulları kullanılarak Preamplify vektör genom bağlantıları her PCR tüpü ile tekrar işleme PCR programı için Taq Polimeraz ul 0.5 ekleyin. PCR ürünleri, -20 ° C&#39;de 4 güne kadar ya da uzun bir süre için 4 ° C&#39;de saklanabilir </li></ol> PCR Ürünü 3. Manyetik Ayırma <ol><li> Manyetik Boncuk hazırlanması <ol><li> Pipet 20, bir 1.5 ml tüp içine streptavidin kaplı manyetik boncuklar ul (200 ug) ile, oda sıcaklığında, manyetik parçacık ayırıcı (MPS) 1 dakika boyunca maruz kalmaktadır. Süpernatant atın. </li><li> MPS dan tüpünü çıkarın ve 40 ul PSB /% 0.1 BSA (pH 7.5) manyetik boncuklar tekrar süspansiyon. 1 dakika boyunca MPS maruz ve supernatant atın. Kez bu adımı yineleyin. </li><li> Yıkama wi boncuk3 M LiCl çözeltisi 20 ul th (3 M LiCİ, 10 mM Tris-HCI, 1 mM EDTA) 1 dakika süre ile maruz MPS ve supernatant atın. 6 M LiCl çözeltisi (6 M LiCİ, 10 mM Tris-HCI, 1 mM EDTA), 50 ul içinde süspanse boncuk. </li></ol></li><li> Hazırlanmış manyetik boncuk tanelerin 50 ul aşama 2.2 &#39;den tüm PCR reaksiyonu karıştırın. En az bir oda sıcaklığında 2 saat boyunca yatay bir çalkalayıcı (300 rpm) üzerinde inkübe edin. Bu adım, kaplı boncuklar (DNA-boncuk kompleksi) streptavidin biyotinile edilmiş PCR ürününün bağlanması sağlar. DNA boncuk kompleksi, gece boyunca çalkalayıcıda inkübe veya en fazla 4 gün süreyle 4 ° C&#39;de saklanabilir. </li><li> Oda sıcaklığında 1 dakika boyunca MPS DNA-Boncuk kompleksi Açığa, süpernatant kaldırmak ve 100 ul H2O içinde DNA-boncuk kompleksi tekrar süspansiyon Hemen LAM veya nrLAM için adım 5 için adım 4 ile devam edin. </li></ol> 4. LAM-Prosedürü <ol><li> Çift sicimli DNA (dsDNA) Synthesis (LAM için) <ol><li> 1 dakika ve dis için MPS adım 3.3 den DNA-Boncuk kompleksini Açığakart yüzer. 8.25 H2O ul, 1 ul 10x hexanucleotide tampon, 0.25 ul dNTP (10 mM) ve 0.5 ul (2 U) Klenow polimerazı ekleyin. 1 saat boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe edilir. </li><li> H 2 O 90 ul ilave edilir ve 1 dakika süre ile maruz MPS. 100 ul H 2 O. süpernatant ve tekrar süspansiyon DNA-Boncuk kompleksini atın </li></ol></li><li> Kısıtlama Digest <ol><li> 1 dakika boyunca MPS DNA-Boncuk kompleksini Açığa ve süpernatant atın. 8.5 ul 2 H, O, 1 ul 10x kısıtlayıcı enzim tamponu ve sınırlama enzimi, 0.5 ul ilave edin ve 1 saat boyunca bir reaksiyon inkübe edin. 4.1.2 adımı tekrarlayın. Not: kısıtlama enzimi üretici tarafından tavsiye edilen sıcaklıkta reaksiyonu inkübe edin. Herhangi bir kısıtlama alanı içinde mevcut ya da ilgi duyulan DNA amplifikasyon için kullanılan primer bağlanma yerinin alt olduğundan emin olun. Uygun kısıtlama enzimleri / sınırlama enzim kombinasyonlarının seçimi için 9&#39;a bakın. </li></ol></li><li> Ligasyon ds Linker (LK) <ol><li> 1 dakika boyunca MPS DNA-Boncuk kompleksini Açığa ve süpernatant atın. 5 ul 2 H, O, 1 ul 10x FastLink tamponu, 1 ul ATP (10 mM), aşama 1.2 &#39;den 2 ul Bağlayıcı kaset ve 1 ul Fast-Link DNA Ligaz (2 U / ml) eklenir. 5 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında inkübe edin. 4.1.2 adımı tekrarlayın. </li></ol></li><li> Sentezlenen dsDNA denatürasyonu <ol><li> 1 dakika boyunca MPS DNA-Boncuk kompleksini Açığa ve süpernatant atın. 5 ul 0.1 N NaOH içinde süspanse DNA-Boncuk kompleksi. Yatay çalkalayıcı üzerinde oda sıcaklığında 5 dakika inkübe edin. </li><li> 1 dakika boyunca MPS DNA-Boncuk kompleksini ortaya çıkarmak ve yeni bir 1.5 ml tüp içeren yüzer preamplified vektör genom kavşak toplamak. Hemen -20 ° C&#39;de adım 6 veya mağaza süpernatant ile devam </li></ol></li></ol> 5. NrLAM-Prosedürü <ol><li> Tek şeritli bağlayıcının ligasyon (SSLC) (nrLAM için) <ol><li> MPS adım 3.3 den DNA-Boncuk kompleksini Açığa1 dakika ve atma süpernatant için. 6.5 ul H2O ekleme, 1 ul 10x reaksiyon tamponu, 0.5 ul CircLigase MnCI2 (50 mM), 0.5 ATP (1 mM) ul, 1 ul ssLinker oligonükleotid ve 0.5 ul CircLigase (100 U / ml). 1 saat boyunca 60 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin. </li><li> H 2 O 90 ul ilave edilir ve 1 dakika süre ile maruz MPS. Süpernatant atın ve 100 ul H 2 O DNA-Boncuk kompleksini yıkayın Yine 10 ul H 2 O 1 dakika, ıskarta süpernatant ve tekrar süspansiyon DNA-Boncuk kompleksi için MPS maruz </li></ol></li></ol> 6.. Üstel Amplifikasyon I <ol><li> Analiz edilecek her bir örnek, 50 | il PCR reaksiyonu hazırlamak için. <ol><li> Pipet 2 ul şablonu (adım 4.4.2 (LAM) veya 5.1.2 (nrLAM)) DNA, bir 0.2 ml PCR tüp içine. </li><li> Tablo 3 &#39;de tarif edildiği gibi PCR master karışımı hazırlayın. Aşama 6.1.1 her örnek için ana karışımı 48 ul eklenir ve PCR tarafından vektör genom conditio kavşakları yükseltmekTablo 3&#39;de örneklenen ns. PCR ürünleri, -20 ° C&#39;de 4 güne kadar ya da uzun bir süre için 4 ° C&#39;de saklanabilir </li></ol></li></ol> PCR Ürünü 7. Manyetik Ayırma <ol><li> 3.1.3 - 3.1.1 adımda de örneklendiği gibi, manyetik boncuklar hazırlayın. (LAM için), 20 ul ya da 6 M LiCl çözeltisi (6 M LiCİ, 10 mM Tris-HCI, 1 mM EDTA) içinde (nrLAM için), 50 ul içinde süspanse boncuk. 20 ul (LAM) veya hazırlanmış manyetik boncuklar ile adım 6.1.2 ikinci PCR reaksiyonunda (adım 7.1), 50 ul (nrLAM) karıştırınız ve oda sıcaklığında 2 saat boyunca yatay bir çalkalayıcıda (300 rpm) üzerinde inkübe edilir. DNA boncuk kompleksi, gece boyunca çalkalayıcıda inkübe veya en fazla 4 gün süreyle 4 ° C&#39;de saklanabilir. </li><li> 1 dakika boyunca MPS DNA-Boncuk kompleksini Açığa, süpernatant kaldırmak ve 100 ul H 2 O DNA-Boncuk kompleksini tekrar süspansiyon 1 dakika boyunca MPS DNA-Boncuk kompleksini Açığa ve süpernatant atın. </li><li> 20 ul (LAM) ya da 5 ul (nrLAM) 0.1 N NaOH içinde süspanse DNA-boncuk kompleksi. Incuyatay karıştırıcısı üzerinde oda sıcaklığında 10 dakika boyunca kesmek, 1 dakika boyunca MPS ortaya çıkarmak ve yeni bir 1.5 ml bir tüp içinde büyütülmüş DNA ihtiva eden süpernatan toplamak. Hemen -20 ° C&#39;de adım 8.1 veya mağaza süpernatant ile devam </li></ol> 8. Üstel Amplifikasyon II <ol><li> Analiz edilecek her bir örnek, 50 | il PCR reaksiyonu hazırlamak için. <ol><li> Bir 0.2 ml PCR tüpüne (adım 7.3) Pipet 2 ul DNA şablonu. </li><li> Tablo 4 &#39;de tarif edildiği gibi PCR master karışımı hazırlayın. Aşama 8.1.1 her örnek için ana karışımı 48 ul ekleyin ve Tablo 4&#39;te örneklenen PCR koşullarına göre vektör genom kavşaklar amplifiye. PCR ürünleri kadar 4 için 4 ° C&#39;de saklanabilir -20 ° C&#39;de gün veya uzun vadeli </li></ol></li><li> Görselleştirmek için (nr) LAM-PCR ürünleri,% 2 agaroz jeli üzerinde adım 8.1.2 elde edilen PCR ürünü yükü 10 ul. Bantlar görünür durumdaysa, yüksek çözünürlüklü jel üzerinde LAM-PCR ürünü 10 ul analiz. DİKKAT: Ethidium bromür mutajenik değildir. Çok dikkatli çalışmak ve her zaman uygun eldivenler giyin. </li></ol> Yüksek sekanslama için 9. Hazırlanması <ol><li> (Nr) LAM-PCR ürünlerinin saflaştırılması <ol><li> Oda sıcaklığı AMPure XP Manyetik Boncuk 44 ul ile adım 8.1.2 40 ul PCR-Ürün karıştırın. Oda sıcaklığında 5 dakika inkübe edin ve 2 dakika boyunca ilave MPS maruz. </li><li> Süpernatant atın ve MPS 200 ul% 70 EtOH ile iki kez yıkayın. </li><li> 30 ul H 2 O. süpernatant ve tekrar süspansiyon DNA-Boncuk kompleksini atın Taze 0.2 ml tüp 1 dakika ve transfer süpernatant inkübe. Saflaştınldı DNA konsantrasyonu tayin edilir. </li></ol></li><li> Fusionprimer PCR özel adaptörleri sıralanmasıyla eklemek. <ol><li> Analiz edilecek her bir örnek, 50 | il PCR reaksiyonu hazırlamak için. </li><li> Bir 0.2 ml PCR tüpüne DNA Pipet x ul (40 ng). DNA hacmi her bir örnek olarak ve 0,5-25 ul aralığında eşit olmalıdır. </li><li> Tablo 5&#39;te tarif edildiği gibi PCR ana karışımı hazırlayın ekle (50 - x). Aşama 9.2.2 her örnek için ana karışımı ul ve Tablo 5&#39;te PCR ürünleri örneklenen PCR koşullarının (nr) LAM-PCR ürünlerine Sequencing adaptörleri tanıtmak. -20 ° C&#39;de 4 güne kadar ya da uzun bir süre için 4 ° C&#39;de saklanabilir </li><li> Fusionprimer-PCR ürünleri yüklemek bir% 2 agaroz jeli üzerinde adım 9.2.3 ikinci PCR ürününün 10 ul görselleştirmek için. 9.1.3 - 9.1.1 adımda tarif edildiği gibi geriye kalan PCR ürünü arındırın. Doğru Fusionprimer-PCR ürünleri konsantrasyon ve parça boyutu ölçmek için otomatik bir yüksek çözünürlüklü elektroforez aygıtı, adım 9.4 1 ul saflaştırılmış PCR ürünü analiz edin. </li></ol></li></ol>

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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thymus-autonomous+T+cell+development+in+the+absence+of+progenitor+import.">Thymus-autonomous T cell development in the absence of progenitor import.</a> J Exp Med. 209, 1409-1417 (2012).</li><li>Arens, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioinformatic+clonality+analysis+of+next-generation+sequencing-derived+viral+vector+integration+sites.">Bioinformatic clonality analysis of next-generation sequencing-derived viral vector integration sites.</a> Hum Gene Ther Methods. 23, 111-118 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

LAM-PCR tekniği, bilinen bir DNA bölgesine eşlik bilinmeyen DNA sekanslarının belirlenmesi izin verir. Çünkü bilinen DNA dizisinde spesifik primerler hibridize olan birleşme kısımlarının amplifikasyon kaynaklanan yüksek duyarlılığın, bu tek hücre seviyesine kadar da nadir kavşaklar yükseltmek ve tespit etmek mümkündür. Aksine, bir poliklonal durumda LAM-PCR tek bir reaksiyonda farklı birleşme binlerce amplifiye edebilir. Bununla birlikte, sınırlama kullanımı ned...

Doğrusal amplifikasyon, PCR (LAM-PCR) aracılık ettiği herhangi bir kökenli bilinen DNA komşu bilinmeyen DNA yan belirlenmesi ve karakterize sağlar. Daha özel olarak, LAM-PCR, konakçı genomu içinde 1,2 (IS) viral vektör entegrasyon alanlarının yerini belirlemek üzere geliştirilmiştir. Retrovirüslere veya transpozonlar gibi Genetik elemanlar, bir (yarı-) rastgele bir şekilde 3-6 konakçı genom içine entegre genom. Pek çok durumda, bu gibi vektörler entegre tam konumunu bilmek belirleyicidir. LAM-PCR ligasyon aracılığında PCR 7 ve onun varyantları ya da ters PCR 8 gibi alternatif teknikler üstün olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Bu yöntemin duyarlılığı ve sağlamlığı vektör genom birleşme ve amplifiye PCR ürünleri manyetik seçim başlangıç ​​amplifikasyon doğar. Bahsedilen alternatif yöntemler gibi, LAM-PCR IS 9-11 alma kapasiteli bir önyargı sokulması, kısıtlama enzimlerinin kullanımına dayanır. Bu durumda,IS repertuar (integrome) yalnızca bir alt kümesi, bir reaksiyonda tespit edilebilir. Bu eğilim kısıtlama enzimleri 9 en uygun kombinasyonları kullanılarak belirli bir örnek paralel analizi ile en aza indirilmiştir. Son zamanlarda, teknoloji bir varyant kısıtlama enzimlerinin kullanımı önlediği ve tek bir reaksiyonda 9,12 içinde bir numunenin ilgili genom analizleri sağlayan LAM-PCR (nrLAM-PCR) geliştirilmiştir sınırlayıcı olmayan adlandırılır. Geçmişte, LAM-PCR neden olan retroviral gen terapisi klinik çalışmalarda 13-15 birkaç hastada lösemi sebebiyet veren IS tanımlamak için kullanılmıştır. O zamandan beri, LAM-PCR belirlemek için adapte edilmiş diğer entegre vektörleri (lentiviral vektörler, transpozonlar) ve pasif adeno-ilişkili vektörler (AAV) veya integraz-kusurlu lentiviral vektörleri (IDLV) gibi vektörleri entegre entegrasyonu biçimlerini belirlemek için her 16 -21. LAM-PCR Uygulamaları geniş yayılır: Gelenekselly, teknik yaygın gen tedavisi geçirmiş olan hastalarda gen modifiye edilmiş hücrelerin klonal çalışma bileşimi için ya da entegre davranışlarını 15,16,22-24 çözülmesine göre yeni vektör sistemleri Biogüvenlik değerlendirmek için kullanılır. Son zamanlarda, LAM-PCR bir IDLV yakalama deneyi 25 özgüllük ve tasarımcı nükleazların hedef dışı aktivitesinin belirlenmesinde etkin. Ayrıca, LAM-PCR kolay bir organizmada zamanla transduse edilmiş hücrenin kaderini takip sağlar. Bu proto-onkogenlerin yanı sıra tümör baskılayıcı genleri tespit etmek ve aynı zamanda hematopoiezis veya kanser kök hücre biyolojisi 26-28 çalışma sağlar. Son fakat en az değil, LAM-PCR insanlarda 29 (ve yayınlanmamış veriler) T-hücre reseptör çeşitliliğini incelemek için adapte edilmiştir. Teknolojinin iç güç tek nükleotid r ile komşu bilinmeyen DNA milyonlarca karakterize izin derin sıralama teknolojileri için yöntem bağlayarak güçlendirilirTüm genomların esolution. Aşağıdaki protokolde, biz adım adım amplifikasyon ve lentiviral vektör IS tanımlamak için örnekli bilinmeyen kuşatıcı DNA tanımlanması için. Protokolünde kullanılan oligonükleotidler,. Olan kaynak Ekstre edilen DNA, cDNA veya LAM-PCR ve nrLAM-PCR için DNA şablonu olarak kullanılabilir Tablo 1 &#39;de listelenmiştir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1209">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Genaxxon Bioscience GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">M3001.5000</td>
			<td>Alternative Taq Polymerases may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">PCR Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">201203</td>
			<td>Use of this buffer is recommended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">dNTP-Mixture</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Genaxxon Bioscience GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">M3015.4020</td>
			<td>or any other dNTPs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Oligonucleotides (Primers)</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">MWG Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:120px;"></td>
			<td>HPLC purified</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Dynabeads M-280 Streptavidin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">11206D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">14190-086</td>
			<td>0.1 % wt/vol BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">6M LiCl</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">3739.1</td>
			<td>10 mM Tris-HCl&#160; (pH 7.5)/1 mM EDTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Tris-HCl, pH 7.5</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">USB Corporation&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">22637</td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">A1103,0250</td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Klenow Polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">10104523001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Hexanucleotide mixture</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">11277081001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Restriction endonuclease</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:120px;"></td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Fast-Link DNA ligation kit</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Epicentre Biotechnologies</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">LK11025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">CircLigase ssDNA Ligase Kit</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Epicentre Biotechnologies</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">CL4111K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">NaOH</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">72068</td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Agarose LE</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">11685660001</td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">TBE buffer</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">0658</td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Ethidium bromide</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">A2273,0005</td>
			<td>Ethidium bromide is mutagenic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">100 bp DNA Ladder</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">15628-050</td>
			<td>or any other DNA ladder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">20 mM NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">71393-1L</td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Magna-Sep Magnetic Particle Separator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">K158501</td>
			<td>for use with 1.5 ml Tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Magna-Sep Magnetic Particle Separator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">K158696</td>
			<td>for use with 96 well plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Amicon Ultra-0.5, Ultracel-30 membrane</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Millipore</td>
			<td>UFC503096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">PerfectBlue Gelsystem Midi S</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">PeqLab</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">40-1515</td>
			<td>or other electrophoresis system&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">TProfessional 96</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Biometra</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">050-551</td>
			<td>or other Thermocycler for 96-well plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Orbital shaker KS 260 basic</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">IKA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">2980200</td>
			<td>or other horizontal shaker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">PCR softtubes 0.2 ml</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Biozym Scientific GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">711082</td>
			<td>or other 0.2 ml PCR tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">1.5 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">12682</td>
			<td>or other 1.5 ml tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Gel documentation system</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">PeqLab</td>
			<td style="width:120px;"></td>
			<td>or any other gel documentation system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Nanodrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">ND-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Spreadex EL1200 precast gel</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Elchrom Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">3497</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:360px;">Submerged gel electrophoresis apparatus SEA 2000&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Elchrom Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">2001E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">2100 Electrophoresis Bioanalyzer</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>G2939AA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

linear amplification mediated pcr &#8211; localization of genetic elements and characterization of unknown flanking dna

Linear-amplification mediated PCR (LAM-PCR) has been developed to study hematopoiesis in gene corrected cells of patients treated by gene therapy with integrating vector systems. Due to the stable integration of retroviral vectors, integration sites can be used to study the clonal fate of individual cells and their progeny. LAM- PCR for the first time provided evidence that leukemia in gene therapy treated patients originated from provirus induced overexpression of a neighboring proto-oncogene. The high sensitivity and specificity of LAM-PCR compared to existing methods like inverse PCR and ligation mediated (LM)-PCR is achieved by an initial preamplification step (linear PCR of 100 cycles) using biotinylated vector specific primers which allow subsequent reaction steps to be carried out on solid phase (magnetic beads). LAM-PCR is currently the most sensitive method available to identify&#160;unknown DNA which is located in the proximity of known DNA. Recently, a variant of LAM-PCR has been developed that circumvents restriction digest thus abrogating retrieval bias of integration sites and enables a comprehensive analysis of provirus locations in host genomes. The following protocol explains step-by-step the amplification of both 3&#8217;- and 5&#8217;- sequences adjacent to the integrated lentiviral vector.

LAM-PCR her bir birleşme için tanımlı bir parça boyutu ile birleşme vektör genom amplifikasyonu ile sonuçlanır. Tek tek PCR parçalarının büyüklüğü genomunda bilinen DNA&#39;nın konumu ve en yakın sınır enzimi tanıma sitesi arasındaki mesafeye bağlıdır. Bu jel elektroforezi ile analiz örneğin örneklerde amplifiye birleşme çeşitliliğini görselleştirme sağlar., Sadece tek bir (monoklonal), birkaç (oligoklonal) ya da birden fazla (poliklonal) bantlar jel üzerinde mevcut ise. LA...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Linear Amplification Mediated PCR â€“ Localization of Genetic Elements and Characterization of Unknown Flanking DNA at JoVE.com

Linear Amplification Mediated PCR &amp;#8211; Localization of Genetic Elements and Characterization of Unknown Flanking DNA

Doğrusal amplifikasyon aracılı (LAM)-PCR genomu içinde entegre viral vektörlerin tam konumlarını belirlemek için geliştirilen bir yöntemdir. Teknik gen tedavisi hastaların, vb roman vektör teknolojileri, T-hücresi çeşitlilik, kanser kök hücre modelleri, biyogüvenlik klonal dinamiklerini incelemek için üstün bir yöntem olarak gelişmiştir

Doğrusal Amplifikasyon Dolayımlı PCR - Bilinmeyen Yollardan DNA Genetik Elemanları ve Karakterizasyonu lokalizasyonu

Linear-amplification mediated PCR (LAM-PCR) has been developed to study hematopoiesis in gene corrected cells of patients treated by gene therapy with ...

linear-amplification-mediated-pcr-localization-genetic-elements

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Linear Amplification Mediated PCR &#8211; Localization of Genetic Elements and Characterization of Unknown Flanking DNA

29.9K Görüntüleme.  National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ).  Doğrusal amplifikasyon aracılı (LAM)-PCR genomu içinde entegre viral vektörlerin tam konumlarını belirlemek için geliştirilen bir yöntemdir. Teknik gen tedavisi hastaların, vb roman vektör teknolojileri, T-hücresi çeşitlilik, kanser kök hücre modelleri, biyogüvenlik klonal dinamiklerini incelemek için üstün bir yöntem olarak gelişmiştir 

Video: Linear Amplification Mediated PCR &#8211; Localization of Genetic Elements and Characterization of Unknown Flanking DNA

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  gene expression in brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia formation. This video demonstrates the different steps in 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, the embryo is processed for prehybridization. The embryo is then hybridized with two different probes, one coupled to DIG, and one coupled to FITC.  Following overnight hybridization, the embryo is incubated with DIG coupled antibody. Color reaction for DIG substrate is performed, and the region of interest appears blue. The embryo is then incubated with FITC coupled antibody. The embryo is processed for color reaction with FITC, and the region of interest appears red. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for phtograph and sectioning. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

This video demonstrates 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of 2 different genes can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by David Wilkinson, Domingos Henrique, Phil Ingham and David Ish -Horowicz.

Erken Civciv Embriyolar in situ Hibridizasyon Çift Tüm Dağı

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Biyoloji

Genetic Studies of Human DNA Repair Proteins Using Yeast as a Model System 

Understanding the roles of human DNA repair proteins in genetic pathways is a formidable challenge to many researchers. Genetic studies in mammalian systems have been limited due to the lack of readily available tools including defined mutant genetic cell lines, regulatory expression systems, and appropriate selectable markers. To circumvent these difficulties, model genetic systems in lower eukaryotes have become an attractive choice for the study of functionally conserved DNA repair proteins and pathways. We have developed a model yeast system to study the poorly defined genetic functions of the Werner syndrome helicase-nuclease (WRN) in nucleic acid metabolism. Cellular phenotypes associated with defined genetic mutant backgrounds can be investigated to clarify the cellular and molecular functions of WRN through its catalytic activities and protein interactions. The human WRN gene and associated variants, cloned into DNA plasmids for expression in yeast, can be placed under the control of a regulatory plasmid element. The expression construct can then be transformed into the appropriate yeast mutant background, and genetic function assayed by a variety of methodologies. Using this approach, we determined that WRN, like its related RecQ family members BLM and Sgs1, operates in a Top3-dependent pathway that is likely to be important for genomic stability. This is described in our recent publication [1] at <a href="http://www.impactaging.com">www.impactaging.com</a>. Detailed methods of specific assays for genetic complementation studies in yeast are provided in this paper.

Genetic Studies of Human DNA Repair Proteins Using Yeast as a Model System

Genetic studies in yeast can be employed to investigate the molecular and cellular functions of human genes in cellular DNA metabolism. Methods are described for the genetic characterization of the human WRN gene product defective in the premature aging disorder Werner syndrome in functionally conserved pathways using yeast as a tractable model system.

İnsan DNA Onarım Proteinler Genetik Araştırmalar Maya Model Sistemi olarak kullanma

Understanding the roles of human DNA repair proteins in genetic pathways is a formidable challenge to many researchers.  Genetic studies in mammalian ...

Adenovirus-mediated Genetic Removal of Signaling Molecules in Cultured Primary Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts

The ability to genetically remove specific components of various cell signalling cascades has been an integral tool in modern signal transduction analysis. One particular method to achieve this conditional deletion is via the use of the Cre-loxP system. This method involves flanking the gene of interest with loxP sites, which are specific recognition sequences for the Cre recombinase protein. Exposure of the so-called floxed (flanked by loxP site) DNA to this enzyme results in a Cre-mediated recombination event at the loxP sites, and subsequent excision of the intervening gene3. Several different methods exist to administer Cre recombinase to the site of interest. In this video, we demonstrate the use of an adenovirus containing the Cre recombinase gene to infect primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) obtained from embryos containing a floxed Rac1 allele1. Our rationale for selecting Rac1 MEFs for our experiments is that clear morphological changes can be seen upon deletion of Rac1, due to alterations in the actin cytoskeleton2,5. 72 hours following viral transduction and Cre expression, cells were stained using the actin dye phalloidin and imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy. It was observed that MEFs which had been exposed to the adeno-Cre virus appeared contracted and elongated in morphology compared to uninfected cells, consistent with previous reports2,5. The adenovirus method of Cre recombinase delivery is advantageous as the adeno-Cre virus is easily available, and gene deletion via Cre in nearly 100% of the cells can be achieved with optimized adenoviral infection.

In this video we use an adenovirus carrying the Cre recombinase gene to infect primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts carrying a floxed Rac1 allele.

Kültür İlköğretim Fare Embriyonik Fibroblastlar Sinyal Molekülleri Adenovirüs aracılı Genetik Kaldırma

The ability to genetically remove specific components of various cell signalling cascades has been an integral tool in modern signal transduction ...

DNA Extraction from Paraffin Embedded Material for Genetic and Epigenetic Analyses

Disease development and progression are characterized by frequent genetic and epigenetic aberrations including chromosomal rearrangements, copy number gains and losses and DNA methylation. Advances in high-throughput, genome-wide profiling technologies, such as microarrays, have significantly improved our ability to identify and detect these specific alterations. However as technology continues to improve, a limiting factor remains sample quality and availability. Furthermore, follow-up clinical information and disease outcome are often collected years after the initial specimen collection. Specimens, typically formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE), are stored in hospital archives for years to decades. DNA can be efficiently and effectively recovered from paraffin-embedded specimens if the appropriate method of extraction is applied. High quality DNA extracted from properly preserved and stored specimens can support quantitative assays for comparisons of normal and diseased tissues and generation of genetic and epigenetic signatures 1. To extract DNA from paraffin-embedded samples, tissue cores or microdissected tissue are subjected to xylene treatment, which dissolves the paraffin from the tissue, and then rehydrated using a series of ethanol washes. Proteins and harmful enzymes such as nucleases are subsequently digested by proteinase K. The addition of lysis buffer, which contains denaturing agents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), facilitates digestion 2. Nucleic acids are purified from the tissue lysate using buffer-saturated phenol and high speed centrifugation which generates a biphasic solution. DNA and RNA remain in the upper aqueous phase, while proteins, lipids and polysaccharides are sequestered in the inter- and organic-phases respectively. Retention of the aqueous phase and repeated phenol extractions generates a clean sample. Following phenol extractions, RNase A is added to eliminate contaminating RNA. Additional phenol extractions following incubation with RNase A are used to remove any remaining enzyme. The addition of sodium acetate and isopropanol precipitates DNA, and high speed centrifugation is used to pellet the DNA and facilitate isopropanol removal. Excess salts carried over from precipitation can interfere with subsequent enzymatic assays, but can be removed from the DNA by washing with 70% ethanol, followed by centrifugation to re-pellet the DNA 3. DNA is re-suspended in distilled water or the buffer of choice, quantified and stored at -20&deg;C. Purified DNA can subsequently be used in downstream applications which include, but are not limited to, PCR, array comparative genomic hybridization 4 (array CGH), methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) and sequencing, allowing for an integrative analysis of tissue/tumor samples.

This video demonstrates the protocol for DNA extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material. This is a multi-day procedure in which tissue sections are deparaffinized with xylene, rehydrated with ethanol and treated with proteinase K to purify and isolate DNA for subsequent gene-specific or genome-wide analysis.

Genetik ve epigenetik Analizleri Parafin Gömülü Malzeme DNA Ekstraksiyon

Disease development and progression are characterized by frequent genetic and epigenetic aberrations including chromosomal rearrangements, copy number ...

Determining Genetic Expression Profiles in C. elegans Using Microarray and Real-time PCR

Synapses are composed of a presynaptic active zone in the signaling cell and a postsynaptic terminal in the target cell. In the case of chemical synapses, messages are carried by neurotransmitters released from presynaptic terminals and received by receptors on postsynaptic cells. Our previous research in Caenorhabditis elegans has shown that VSM-1 negatively regulates exocytosis. Additionally, analysis of synapses in vsm-1 mutants showed that animals lacking a fully functional VSM-1 have increased synaptic connectivity. Based on these preliminary findings, we hypothesized that C. elegans VSM-1 may play a crucial role in synaptogenesis. To test this hypothesis, double-labeled microarray analysis was performed, and gene expression profiles were determined. First, total RNA was isolated, reversely transcribed to cDNA, and hybridized to the DNA microarrays. Then, in-silico analysis of fluorescent probe hybridization revealed significant induction of many genes coding for members of the major sperm protein family (MSP) in mutants with enhanced synaptogenesis. MSPs are the major component of sperm in C. elegans and appear to signal nematode oocyte maturation and ovulation . In fruit flies, Chai and colleagues 1 demonstrated that MSP-like molecules regulate presynaptic bouton number and size at the neuromuscular junction. Moreover, analysis performed by Tsuda and coworkers 2 suggested that MSPs may act as ligands for Eph receptors and trigger receptor tyrosine kinase signaling cascades. Lastly, real time PCR analysis corroborated that the gene coding for MSP-32 is induced in vsm-1(ok1468) mutants. Taken together, research performed by our laboratory has shown that vsm-1 mutants have a significant increase in synaptic density, which could be mediated by MSP-32 signaling.

Determining Genetic Expression Profiles in C. elegans Using Microarray and Real-time PCR

Microarray analysis was conducted to determine genetic expression profiles in C. elegans, and real-time PCR was used to validate and quantify microarray data.

Genetik İfade Profilleri Belirlenmesi C. elegans Mikroarray ve Real-time PCR

Synapses are composed of a presynaptic active zone in the signaling cell and a postsynaptic terminal in the target cell. In the case of chemical synapses, ...

Combining Single-molecule Manipulation and Imaging for the Study of Protein-DNA Interactions

The paper describes the combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence detection for the study of protein-DNA interaction. The method offers the opportunity of investigating interactions occurring in solution (thus avoiding problems due to closeby surfaces as in other single molecule methods), controlling the DNA extension and tracking interaction dynamics as a function of both mechanical parameters and DNA sequence. The methods for establishing successful optical trapping and nanometer localization of single molecules are illustrated. We illustrate the experimental conditions allowing the study of interaction of lactose repressor (lacI), labeled with Atto532, with a DNA molecule containing specific target sequences (operators) for LacI binding. The method allows the observation of specific interactions at the operators, as well as one-dimensional diffusion of the protein during the process of target search. The method is broadly applicable to the study of protein-DNA interactions but also to molecular motors, where control of the tension applied to the partner track polymer (for example actin or microtubules) is desirable.

Here we describe the instrumentation and methods for detecting single fluorescently-labeled protein molecules interacting with a single DNA molecule suspended between two optically trapped microspheres.

Protein-DNA Etkileşiminin Çalışmaları Tek molekül Manipülasyon ve Görüntüleme birleştiren

The paper describes the combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence detection for the study of protein-DNA interaction. The method ...

DNA Electroporation, Isolation and Imaging of Myofibers

Mature muscle has a unique structure that is amenable to live cell imaging. Herein, we describe the experimental protocol for expressing fluorescently labeled proteins in the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscle. Conditions have been optimized to provide a large number of high quality myofibers expressing the electroporated plasmid while minimizing muscle damage. The method employs fluorescent tags on various proteins. Combining this expression method with high resolution confocal microscopy permits live cell imaging, including imaging after laser-induced damage. Fluorescent dyes combined with imaging of fluorescently-tagged proteins provides information regarding the basic structure of muscle and its response to stimuli.

This protocol utilizes electroporation to introduce and express fluorescently labeled proteins in mouse muscle fibers. Following recovery after electroporation, fibers are isolated. Individual fibers are then imaged using high resolution confocal microscopy to visualize muscle structure.

DNA Elektroporasyon, Myofibers İzolasyon ve Görüntüleme

Mature muscle has a unique structure that is amenable to live cell imaging. Herein, we describe the experimental protocol for expressing fluorescently ...

In Vivo Alkaline Comet Assay and Enzyme-modified Alkaline Comet Assay for Measuring DNA Strand Breaks and Oxidative DNA Damage in Rat Liver

Unrepaired DNA damage can lead to genetic instability, which in turn may enhance cancer development. Therefore, identifying potential DNA damaging agents is important for protecting public health. The in vivo alkaline comet assay, which detects DNA damage as strand breaks, is especially relevant for assessing the genotoxic hazards of xenobiotics, as its responses reflect the in vivo absorption, tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of chemicals, as well as DNA repair process. Compared to other in vivo DNA damage assays, the assay is rapid, sensitive, visual and inexpensive, and, by converting oxidative DNA damage into strand breaks using specific repair enzymes, the assay can measure oxidative DNA damage in an efficient and relatively artifact-free manner. Measurement of DNA damage with the comet assay can be performed using both acute and subchronic toxicology study designs, and by integrating the comet assay with other toxicological assessments, the assay addresses animal welfare requirements by making maximum use of animal resources. Another major advantage of the assays is that they only require a small amount of cells, and the cells do not have to be derived from proliferating cell populations. The assays also can be performed with a variety of human samples obtained from clinically or occupationally exposed individuals.

In Vivo Alkaline Comet Assay and Enzyme-modified Alkaline Comet Assay for Measuring DNA Strand Breaks and Oxidative DNA Damage in Rat Liver

The alkaline comet assay measures DNA strand breaks in eukaryotic cells. By adding an Endonuclease III or human 8-oxoguanine-DNA-N-glycosylase digestion step, the assay can efficiently detect oxidative DNA damage. We describe methods for using these assays to detect DNA damage in rat liver.

Sıçan Karaciğer DNA Strand Breaks ve Oksidatif DNA Hasar Ölçüm Vivo Alkali Comet Assay ve Enzim-modifiye Alkali Comet Tahlili

Unrepaired DNA damage can lead to genetic instability, which in turn may enhance cancer development. Therefore, identifying potential DNA damaging agents ...

Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites

Retroviruses exhibit signature integration preferences on both the local and global scales. Here, we present a detailed protocol for (1) generation of diverse libraries of retroviral integration sites using ligation-mediated PCR (LM-PCR) amplification and next-generation sequencing (NGS), (2) mapping the genomic location of each virus-host junction using BEDTools, and (3) analyzing the data for statistical relevance. Genomic DNA extracted from infected cells is fragmented by digestion with restriction enzymes or by sonication. After suitable DNA end-repair, double-stranded linkers are ligated onto the DNA ends, and semi-nested PCR is conducted using primers complementary to both the long terminal repeat (LTR) end of the virus and the ligated linker DNA. The PCR primers carry sequences required for DNA clustering during NGS, negating the requirement for separate adapter ligation. Quality control (QC) is conducted to assess DNA fragment size distribution and adapter DNA incorporation prior to NGS. Sequence output files are filtered for LTR-containing reads, and the sequences defining the LTR and the linker are cropped away. Trimmed host cell sequences are mapped to a reference genome using BLAT and are filtered for minimally 97% identity to a unique point in the reference genome. Unique integration sites are scrutinized for adjacent nucleotide (nt) sequence and distribution relative to various genomic features. Using this protocol, integration site libraries of high complexity can be constructed from genomic DNA in three days. The entire protocol that encompasses exogenous viral infection of susceptible tissue culture cells to integration site analysis can therefore be conducted in approximately one to two weeks. Recent applications of this technology pertain to longitudinal analysis of integration sites from HIV-infected patients.

We describe a protocol for amplifying retroviral integration sites from the genomic DNA of infected cells, sequencing the amplified virus-host junctions, and then mapping these sequences to a reference genome. We also describe techniques to quantify the distribution of integration sites relative to various genomic annotations using BEDTools.

Retroviral Entegrasyon Siteleri Amplifikasyon, Yeni Nesil Sıralama ve Genomik DNA Haritalama

Retroviruses exhibit signature integration preferences on both the local and global scales. Here, we present a detailed protocol for (1) generation of ...

Characterization of MLKL-mediated Plasma Membrane Rupture in Necroptosis

Necroptosis is a programmed cell death pathway triggered by activation of receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), which phosphorylates and activates the mixed lineage kinase-like domain pseudokinase, MLKL, to rupture or permeabilize the plasma membrane. Necroptosis is an inflammatory pathway associated with multiple pathologies including autoimmunity, infectious and cardiovascular diseases, stroke, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Here, we describe protocols that can be used to characterize MLKL as the executioner of plasma membrane rupture in necroptosis. We visualize the process of necroptosis in cells using live-cell imaging with conventional and confocal fluorescence&#160;microscopy, and in fixed cells using electron microscopy, which together revealed the redistribution of MLKL from the cytosol to the plasma membrane prior to induction of large holes in the plasma membrane. We present in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis using lipids to identify putative modulators of MLKL-mediated necroptosis. Based on this method, we identified quantitative lipid-binding preferences and phosphatidyl-inositol phosphates (PIPs) as critical binders of MLKL that are required for plasma membrane targeting and permeabilization in necroptosis.

We report methods for characterization of MLKL-mediated plasma membrane rupture in necroptosis including conventional and confocal live-cell microscopy imaging, scanning electron microscopy, and NMR-based lipid binding.