Name: testing for odor discrimination and habituation in mice
Uploaded: 2015-05-05T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 41 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice at JoVE.com

This work is supported by a Baylor University Research Council grant and by a research grant from the Epilepsy Foundation.

I topi maschi adulti utilizzati per la seguente esperimento sono stati generati e ospitati presso la Baylor University ad una temperatura ambiente di 22 ° C, con una luce 14 ore e 10 ore scuro (20:00-6:00 h) ciclo diurno. I topi sono stati dati ad libitum l&#39;accesso al cibo e all&#39;acqua. Tutte le procedure per i topi erano in conformità con il National Institutes of linee guida sanitarie per la cura e l&#39;uso di animali da laboratorio e il protocollo di origine animale è stato approvato dal Baylor University Animal Care and Use Committee. I topi sono stati testati nella tarda mattinata / primo pomeriggio. Per tutte le procedure sotto l&#39;investigatore deve indossare i guanti per eliminare gli odori e prevenire la contaminazione. 1. Preparazione di odori Non-sociali <ol><li> Preparare gli odori non sociali freschi ogni giorno di test. Nota: L&#39;investigatore dovrebbe usare i guanti per preparare gli odori. <ol><li> Riempire 3 tubi da centrifuga con 10 ml di acqua ciascuno. </li><li> Dispensare 100 ml di estratto di banana in un 15 ml &amp; #160; tubo conico e 100 ml di estratto di mandorle in un secondo tubo da 15 ml di una diluizione 1: 100. Nota: Il terzo tubo 15 ml contiene solo acqua. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Preparazione di odori sociali <ol><li> Preparare gli odori sociali fresche sul avverrà il test mattina. Ottenere odori sociali da due gabbie che non sono stati puliti per almeno tre giorni e contengono numeri uguali di topi. Ottenere odori sociali da topi dello stesso sesso come cavia. Nota: questi devono essere conservati a temperatura ambiente e deve essere utilizzato entro 4-6 ore per mantenere l&#39;odore forte e coerente. <ol><li> Determinare quanti odore sociale tamponi di cotone devono essere creati: ogni topo in fase di test si presenterà con tre tamponi da odori sociali 1, e tre da odori sociali 2. </li><li> Preparare gli odori sociali strofinando un tampone di cotone in un zig-zag attraverso il fondo di una gabbia sporca. Scrollarsi di dosso qualsiasi biancheria da letto in eccesso aggrappato alla punta. </li><li> Conservare tamponi in grandi vasi di vetro con coperchi o in bicchieri coperto con parafilm. Designare un contenitore per l&#39;odore sociale 1 e un secondo per l&#39;odore sociali 2. </li></ol></li><li> Mantenere gabbie fonte dell&#39;odore al di fuori della sala prove sperimentali. </li></ol> 3. acclimatazione del mouse test <ol><li> Indossare guanti e pesare il mouse per essere testato e posizionare singolarmente in una gabbia pulita con un coperchio filo sulla parte superiore e la bottiglia d&#39;acqua rimossa. </li><li> Lasciare che il mouse si adatti alla nuova gabbia per 45 minuti in una stanza diversa da quella sala prove. Verificare che non vi siano odori insoliti o rumori nella stanza. </li><li> Come test dura circa 45 minuti, scaglionare i tempi di acclimatazione mettendo il prossimo mouse per essere testato in una gabbia pulita di acclimatare destra prima di testare il mouse corrente. </li></ol> 4. Preparazione della camera Testing <ol><li> Posizionare tamponi freschi di cotone, nastro di laboratorio, le bottiglie contenenti tamponi odore sociali, i tubi di non-sociali odori, una micropipetta, due timer, e una bottiglia di rifiuti con un coperchio in sala prove. </li><li> Assicurarsi che la sala prove è ragionevolmente privo di odori, rumori forti, e la luce brillante. Non indossare colonia profumate o lozioni. Nota: L&#39;osservatore non deve essere gomme da masticare o caramelle durante il periodo di prova e dovrebbe cercare di limitare la loro esposizione a forti alimenti odori. </li></ol> 5. Procedura di test <ol><li> Portare il mouse acclimatati nella sua gabbia nella stanza di prova e posizionare la gabbia sul banco ad una altezza che è comodo per la visualizzazione da seduti. </li><li> Presentare ogni odore 3 volte di fila per 2 minuti ogni volta. Utilizzare l&#39;ordine di presentazione che si può trovare nella tabella 1. <ol><li> Pipettare 50 ml di odorizzante nel profumo, da sottoporre alla punta del tampone di cotone e tappare la fonte dell&#39;odore. Sollevare la parte superiore del filo della gabbia e inserire il inodore, fine di legno del tampone nell&#39;apertura bottiglia d&#39;acqua, pushing lunghezza attraverso dalla parte inferiore del filo verso l&#39;alto. Evitare di toccare la punta di cotone per qualsiasi cosa, anche le dita, in modo che la contaminazione odore è evitata. </li><li> Continuare a disegnare il tampone attraverso l&#39;apertura della bottiglia di acqua fino a circa 1 pollice di fine cotone pende nella gabbia. Fissare la fine di legno del tampone a lato della gabbia con del nastro laboratorio. Nota: Fare attenzione a non lasciare che il coperchio ricadere sulla gabbia, provocando un forte rumore che possa disturbare il mouse test. </li><li> Iniziare immediatamente la sincronizzazione per 2 min. Utilizzare uno timer per cronometrare il 2 min presentazione. Registrare il tempo totale trascorso ad annusare l&#39;odore durante il processo 2 min. Contare il comportamento sniffing dell&#39;animale utilizzando un cronometro separato. Sniffing attivo viene definita quando il naso dell&#39;animale è orientata verso la punta di cotone con il suo naso ~ 2 cm più vicino alla punta. </li><li> Dopo il completamento di ogni prova, sollevare il coperchio filo e rimuovere il tampone di cotone tirandolo verso il basso attraverso l&#39;ONUderside del coperchio (questo evita la contaminazione odore impedendo la punta di cotone di toccare il filo). Sigillare il tampone utilizzato in bottiglia rifiuti una da 500 ml. </li><li> Preparare e inserire il successivo tampone e iniziare il cronometraggio. Lasciare circa 1 minuto tra ogni intervallo inter-trial. Continuare fino a quando ogni profumo è stato presentato per tre volte di fila, per 2 minuti ogni volta. </li></ol></li><li> Una volta che il mouse ha completato tutte le prove, svuotare il flacone rifiuti contenenti i tamponi di cotone usati in un cestino al di fuori della sala prove. Ritorna il mouse per sua gabbia casa. </li></ol> 6. Analisi <ol><li> Analizzare i dati per ogni gruppo per condizione odore utilizzando due ANOVA seguito da Newman-Keuls o un test simile post hoc per determinare significativi assuefazione (meno tempo sniffing stessi odori successivi), e dishabitutation (più tempo annusando un odore nuovo). </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

I risultati forniti nel presente documento sono ottimali per i topi. I topi dimostrano una forte risposta ad un romanzo odore, quindi abituare rapidamente. Una delle fasi principali di questo metodo è la preparazione degli odori. L&#39;investigatore deve fare molta attenzione per isolare gli odori gli uni dagli altri per evitare contaminazioni. Un altro aspetto fondamentale è la presentazione del tampone di cotone. L&#39;investigatore deve risolvere la migliore posizione della punta di cotone in modo che il mouse può...

I topi sono dipendenti olfatto per la navigazione nuovi ambienti, trovare cibo, per riconoscere gli altri individui, e il comportamento sessuale 1-3. È essenziale che gli investigatori stabilire se animali da esperimento hanno un senso dell&#39;olfatto funzionamento prima di somministrare test comportamentali che coinvolgono il cibo, interazione sociale, o eventuali odori destinati a provocare una risposta dal mouse. Anosmia o l&#39;incapacità di distinguere tra diversi odori, potrebbe causare falsi positivi o negativi in ​​una vasta gamma di paradigmi comportamentali, quindi la capacità di un mouse per rilevare e distinguere gli odori devono essere stabiliti prima che vengano eseguiti altri tipi di test comportamentali. Il test assuefazione / Dishabituation olfattivo è stato descritto nel 1980 4. Il test è stato adattato per l&#39;uso nei topi da DRS. Mu Yang e Jacqueline Crawley 5. Questo è un test semplice ed economico che permette al ricercatore di estáblish che un mouse in grado di rilevare e distinguere tra gli odori. Oltre ai test olfattivo, questo test permette al ricercatore di osservare il comportamento generale del mouse e dovrebbe avvenire precocemente in un regime di test. Osservazioni qualitative riguardanti la locomozione del topo, segni di ansia, livello di attività, e la risposta agli odori sociali contro gli odori degli alimenti possono segnalare nuovi settori in cui il test potrebbe essere effettuata. In questo test, tamponi di cotone immerso in vari odori sono presentati a un mouse per tre volte consecutive. Con ogni presentazione ripetuta di un odore, il mouse abituarsi al tampone di cotone, spendendo meno tempo indagando con ogni presentazione successiva. Quando un nuovo odore è presentata, Dishabituation si verifica, e un tipico mouse trascorrere più tempo indagando il tampone, indicando che può discriminare tra gli odori attuali e precedenti 5. Questa prova viene somministrato a un topo alla volta e comprende un 45 min accperiodo limation seguita da 45 minuti di prove. Anche se questo test è di facile esecuzione può essere usato per studiare domande sofisticate sul sistema del mouse olfattivo. Altri test popolari dell&#39;olfatto, come il test di cibo sepolto, semplicemente stabilire la presenza o l&#39;assenza di anosmia. Tuttavia, la discriminazione e assuefazione prova olfattiva permette al ricercatore di determinare che un mouse ha non solo la capacità di rilevare gli odori ma può discriminare tra differenti odori. Il modello di assuefazione e Dishabituation è stato utilizzato per stabilire che i nuovi mutanti possono discriminare tra odori 6,7. In uno studio sorprendente, Fadool e colleghi hanno usato miscele complesse di odori per dimostrare che i topi con delezione del gene targeting del canale Kv1.3 sono &quot;super smellers&quot; che possono discriminare gli odori molto simili meglio di topi normali 8. Nell&#39;esaminare un nuovo modello di topo knockout è utile establish presenza di un comportamento normale per compiti sensoriali di base. Una volta fatto presto in un regime di test, la discriminazione odore e prova assuefazione dà un investigatore la possibilità di osservare eventuali comportamenti insoliti. Queste osservazioni potrebbero prevenire risultati falsi positivi o negativi in ​​prove successive che sono attribuibili a confondere caratteristiche del mutante. Come i ricercatori continuano a studiare il comportamento sociale la necessità di verificare la funzione olfattiva di base diventa sempre più importante. Oltre a esaminare l&#39;olfatto in linee mutanti, questo test può essere utilizzato per affrontare questioni specifiche, come se un trattamento farmacologico specifico aumenta la risposta di un animale a stimoli sociali odore o se i loro aumenti di risposta a tutti gli stimoli odore.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Mouse cage</td><td>Allentown</td><td>Standard mouse cage</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wire lid</td><td>Allentown</td><td>BCU Mouse WBL 2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bedding</td><td>Harlan</td><td>7090 Sani-Chips</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cotton swabs</td><td>VWR</td><td>89031-270</td><td>6&amp;rdquo; wooden handle</td></tr><tr><td>Banana extract</td><td>McCormick</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Almond extract</td><td>McCormick</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laboratory tape</td><td>VWR</td><td>89098-062</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stop watch</td><td>VWR</td><td>62374-000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitrile gloves</td><td>VWR</td><td>82026</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Timing device</td><td>VWR</td><td>61161-350</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 ml conical tubes</td><td>VWR</td><td>89003-294</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 L beakers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Pyrex</td><td>1003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm</td><td>Parafilm</td><td>PM-992</td><td>4&amp;rdquo; x 250&amp;rsquo;</td></tr><tr><td>1 L bottle with cap</td><td>VWR</td><td>89000-240</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

testing for odor discrimination and habituation in mice

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the mouse can discriminate between non-social odors and social odors, whether the mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor, and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented with a novel odor. Since many social behavior tests measure the experimental animal&#8217;s response to a familiar or novel mouse, false positives can be avoided by establishing that the animals can detect and discriminate between social odors. There are similar considerations in learning tests such as fear conditioning that use odor to create a novel environment or olfactory cues as an associative stimulus. Deficits in the olfactory system would impair the ability to distinguish between contexts and to form an association with an olfactory cue during fear conditioning. 
In the odor habitation/dishabituation test, the mouse is repeatedly presented with several odors. Each odor is presented three times for two minutes. The investigator records the sniffing time directed towards the odor as the measurement of olfactory responsiveness. A typical mouse shows a decrease in response to the odor over repeated presentations (habituation). The experimenter then presents a novel odor that elicits increased sniffing towards the new odor (dishabituation). After repeated presentation of the novel odor the animal again shows habituation. This protocol involves the presentation of water, two or more non-social odors, and two social odors. In addition to reducing experimental confounds, this test can provide information on the function of the olfactory systems of new knockout, knock-in, and conditional knockout mouse lines.

Seguendo il protocollo descritto, i risultati sono stati registrati usando dieci adulti (giorno postnatale 90-120) maschi C57BL / 6J e otto FVB misto sfondo ceppo maschio (giorno postnatale 50-70). Il test è stato effettuato da un singolo operatore su più giorni. Ogni punto sui grafici rappresenta il tempo medio trascorso investigare un odore. Quando viene introdotto il tampone di cotone imbevuto di acqua, i topi trascorrono gran parte del tempo a studiare questo nuovo oggetto (Fig...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice at JoVE.com

Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice

This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor.

Test per Odore Discriminazione e assuefazione nei topi

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the ...

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Behavior

17.6K Views.  Baylor University. This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor. 

Video: Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

La Task attenzionale Set Shifting: una certa flessibilità cognitiva nei topi

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

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Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected with aging and is a strong predictor of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, olfaction testing is used as a non-invasive diagnostic method to detect neurological deficits early on. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying olfactory network susceptibility, olfactory research in rodents has gained momentum in the past decade.
Here, we present a very simple, time efficient and reproducible olfactory testing method of innate odor perception and sensitivity in mice without the need of any prior food or water restriction. The tests are performed in a familiar environment to the mice, require only the scents and a 2 min session of odorant exposure. The analysis is performed, post-hoc, using computer-assisted commands on ImageJ and can be, therefore, carried out from start to end by one researcher.
This protocol does not require any special hardware or setup and is indicated for any laboratory interested in testing olfactory perception and sensitivity.

We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing.

Semplice e assistita da computer Olfattivo Test per Mice

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected ...

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric diseases. The most widely used neuropsychological tests for the evaluation of attentional set-shifting in human subjects are the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the CANTAB Intra-/Extra-dimensional set shift task (ID/ED). These tasks have proven clinical relevance and have been modified and successfully adapted for research in animal models. However, currently available tasks for rodents present several limitations, mainly due to their manual-based testing procedures, which are hampering translational advances in psychiatric medicine. To overcome these limitations and to better mimic the original version in primates, we present the development of a novel operant-based two-chamber ID/ED "Operon" task for rodents. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this novel task to measure different facets of cognitive flexibility in mice including attentional set formation and shifting, and reversal learning. Moreover, we show the high flexibility of this task in which three different perceptual dimensions can be manipulated with a high number of stimuli cues for each dimension. This novel ID/ED Operon task can be an effective preclinical tool for drug testing and/or large genetic screening relevant to the study of executive dysfunction and cognitive symptoms found in psychiatric disorders.

Attentional set-shifting cognitive abnormalities are a core feature of many psychiatric diseases. Here, we present the development of a novel automatic system for the effective study of attentional set-shifting abilities, executive functions and other cognitive abilities in mice with high translational validity to human studies.

Un operante intra / extra-dimensionale Set-shift attività per Mice

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric ...

Olfactory Behavioral Testing in the Adult Mouse

The rodent olfactory system is of increasing interest to scientists, studied, in part, in systems biology because of its stereotyped, yet accessible circuitry. In addition, this area's unique ability to generate new neurons throughout an organism's lifetime makes it an attractive system for developmental and regenerative biologists alike. Such interest necessitates a means for a quick, yet reliable assessment of olfactory function. Many tests of olfactory ability are complex, variable or not specifically designed for mice. Also, some tests are sensitive to memory deficits as well as defects in olfactory abilities, confounding obtained results.
Here, we describe a simple battery of tests designed to identify defects in olfactory sensitivity and preference. First, an initial general health assessment allows for the identification of animals suitable for further testing. Second, mice are exposed to various dilutions of scents to ascertain whether there is a threshold difference. Third, mice are presented with various scents, both attractive and aversive, that allow for the assessment of olfactory preference. These simple studies should make the initial characterization of olfactory behavior accessible for labs of varied resources and expertise.

Fundamental, yet unique properties of the rodent olfactory system have led to its increasing study among biologists. A relatively simple assessment of its function is then also needed. Here we describe sensitive tests for the characterization of mouse olfactory sensitivity and preference.

Olfattivo test comportamentali nel topo adulto

The rodent olfactory system is of increasing interest to scientists, studied, in part, in systems biology because of its stereotyped, yet accessible ...

Biologia

A Low-Cost, Odor-Reward Association Task for Tests of Learning and Memory

Robust and simple behavioral paradigms of appetitive, associative memory are crucial for researchers interested in cellular and molecular mechanisms of memory. In this paper, an effective and low-cost mouse behavioral protocol is described for examining the effects of physiological manipulation (such as the infusion of pharmacological agents) on the learning rate and duration of odor-reward memory. Representative results are provided from a study examining the differential role of tyrosine kinase receptor activity in short-term (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Male mice were conditioned to associate a reward (sugar pellet) with one of the two odors, and their memory for the association was tested 2 or 48 h later. Immediately prior to the training, a tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptor inhibitor or vehicle infusions were delivered into the olfactory bulb (OB). Although there was no effect of the infusion on the learning rate, blockade of the Trk receptors in the OB selectively impaired LTM (48 h), and not short-term memory (STM; 2 h). The LTM impairment was attributed to the diminished odor selectivity as measured by the length of the digging time. The culmination of the results of this experiment showed that Trk receptor activation in the OB is the key in olfactory memory consolidation.

An odor-reward, associative learning task was used to investigate the differential effects of physiological manipulation on long-term and short-term memory.

Robust and simple behavioral paradigms of appetitive, associative memory are crucial for researchers interested in cellular and molecular mechanisms of ...

Valutazione della compromissione olfattiva nei topi a causa di inquinanti ambientali inalati

Studying the Effects of Inhaled Environmental Pollutants on Olfactory Function in Mice

Olfactory impairment is a significant public health problem and independently predicts the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Inhaled environmental pollutants exposure may impair olfaction; thereby, there is an urgent need for methods to evaluate the effects of inhaled environmental pollutants exposure on olfaction. Mice are ideal models for olfactory experiments because of their highly developed olfactory system and behavioral characteristics. To assess the effects of inhaled environmental pollutants exposure on olfactory function in mice, a detailed buried food test and social odor discrimination experiment is provided, including the experiment preparation, the selection and construction of experimental facilities, the testing process, and indexes of time. Meanwhile, timekeeping equipment, operational details, and the experimental environment are discussed to ensure the success of the assay. Zinc sulfate is used as the treatment to demonstrate the feasibility of the experimental approach. The protocol provides a simple and clear operational process for assessing the effects of inhaled environmental pollutants on olfactory function in mice.

Autore in primo piano: Valutazione degli effetti olfattivi degli inquinanti atmosferici - Alimenti sepolti e test degli odori sociali

This paper provides a detailed description of the buried food test and social odor discrimination experiment to assess the effects of inhaled environmental pollutants exposure on olfactory function in mice.

Studio degli effetti degli inquinanti ambientali inalati sulla funzione olfattiva nei topi

Olfactory impairment is a significant public health problem and independently predicts the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Inhaled environmental ...

Ambiente

Assessment of Mouse Judgment Bias through an Olfactory Digging Task

Judgment biases (JB) are differences in the way that individuals in positive and negative affective/emotional states interpret ambiguous information. This phenomenon has long been observed in humans, with individuals in positive states responding to ambiguity 'optimistically' and those in negative states instead showing 'pessimism'. Researchers aiming to assess animal affect have taken advantage of these differential responses, developing tasks to assess judgment bias as an indicator of affective state. These tasks are becoming increasingly popular across diverse species and fields of research. However, for laboratory mice, the most widely used vertebrates in research and a species heavily relied upon to model affective disorders, only one JB task has been successfully validated as sensitive to changes in affective state. Here, we provide a detailed description of this novel murine JB task, and evidence of its sensitivity to mouse affect. Though refinements are still necessary, assessment of mouse JB opens the door for answering both practical questions regarding mouse welfare, and fundamental questions about the impact of affective state in translational research.

This article provides a detailed description of a novel mouse judgment bias protocol. Evidence of this olfactory digging task's sensitivity to affective state is also demonstrated and its utility across diverse research fields is discussed.

Valutazione del pregiudizio del giudizio del topo attraverso un'attività di scavo olfattivo

Judgment biases (JB) are differences in the way that individuals in positive and negative affective/emotional states interpret ambiguous information. This ...

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease process and may be a useful behavioral marker for early detection. Earlier detection in neurodegenerative disease is a major goal in the field because this is when neuroprotective therapies have the best potential to be effective. Therefore, in preclinical studies testing novel neuroprotective strategies in rodent models of neurodegenerative disease, olfactory assessment could be highly useful in determining therapeutic potential of compounds and translation to the clinic. In the present study we describe a battery of olfactory assays that are useful in measuring olfactory function in mice. The tests presented in this study were chosen because they measure olfaction abilities in mice related to food odors, social odors, and non-social odors. These tests have proven useful in characterizing novel genetic mouse models of Parkinson&#8217;s disease as well as in testing potential disease-modifying therapies.

Impairment in olfactory function is a common feature in many neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson, Alzheimer, and Huntington diseases. In the present article, we describe a set of tests for assessing olfaction discrimination and detection in mice that can be used to measure olfactory abilities in mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Saggi olfattive per modelli murini di malattia di Neurodegenerative

In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease process ...

Test per Odore Discriminazione e assuefazione nei topi

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