Gli autori desiderano ringraziare Damien Gaillard per vaccinazioni e il follow-up di esperimenti sugli animali. Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto da ANSES (Agenzia francese per l&#39;Alimentazione, Ambiente e Salute e Sicurezza), e da una sovvenzione della Fondazione Parkinson Francia.

Tutte le procedure ei protocolli che coinvolgono animali sono conformi alla direttiva 86/609 / CEE e ratificata da Cometh, il comitato nazionale francese per l&#39;esame di etica nella sperimentazione animale (protocollo 11-0043), CE. Gli animali sono stati alloggiati e curati in Anses di impianti autorizzati sperimentali a Lione (approvazione B 69387 0801). 1. Preparazione di topi <ol><li> Euthanize topi da una iniezione intraperitoneale di dose letale di pentobarbital sodico. </li><li> Recuperare l&#39;intero cervello dal cranio del mouse e mettetelo in una capsula di Petri di plastica 35 millimetri in ghiaccio fino all&#39;estrazione. </li><li> Estrarre il midollo spinale cervicale. NOTA: αS Estratto sia da una delle due metà del cervello dopo sezionamento sagittale o dal cervello dei topi sezionati, disponibile dopo gli esperimenti elencati nella tabella 1. </li></ol><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td> Sperit </td><td> Mice Inoculo (equivalente cervello) </td><td> Periodo di sopravvivenza (Dpi) </td><td> Mediana / sopravvivenza massima (giorni) </td><td> αS d individuazione da ELISA / WB / IHC </td></tr><tr><td> 1 </td><td> Topo inoculato </td><td> 441 ± 166 </td><td> 419/736 </td><td> 8/8 </td></tr><tr><td> 2 </td><td> Topi inoculati (0,2 mg) </td><td> 150 ± 52 </td><td> 140/241 </td><td> 9/9 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabella 1. Elenco degli esperimenti condotti sui topi M83. Vaccinazioni sono state eseguite a 6 settimane per l&#39;esperimento 2 nella zona striato-corticale con 20 ml di un omogenato cervello di un topo malato (1% peso / volume in glucosata al 5%), dopo anestesia di sei settimane topi M83 omozigoti del 3% inalazione isoflurano. dpi: giorni dopo inoculzione. 2. αS estrazione da Brain Metà <ol><li> Sagittalmente tagliare il cervello per ottenere due metà. Pesare ogni metà in una provetta contenente ribolysis sfere di macinazione. </li><li> Preparare sale elevato (HS) tampone contenente 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 750 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 1% fosfatasi e inibitori della proteasi cocktail. Aggiungere tampone Alta Sale le metà del cervello per ottenere il 20% (peso / volume) omogenati. </li><li> Preparare campioni delle due metà del cervello con un omogeneizzatore meccanico a 6,0 m / s per 23 secondi per due volte. Dopo i primi 23 sec omogeneizzazione, posizionare i tubi contenenti i omogenati in ghiaccio per 2 minuti prima del secondo ciclo di 23 sec. </li><li> Centrifugare i campioni a 1000 xg per 5 minuti per eliminare i frammenti cerebrali unground. Recuperare i supernatanti, dividerli in 200 microlitri aliquote e tenerli a -80 ° C per la successiva analisi ELISA. </li></ol> 3. αS Estrazione da sezionato regioni cerebrali <ol><li> Sezionare unintero cervello in un piatto di plastica Petri 35 millimetri sul ghiaccio con una lente d&#39;ingrandimento a bassa potenza (8X ingrandimento) utilizzando due forcipes cui estremità sono tenuti insieme, tranne quando sezionare l&#39;ippocampo. Non superare 10 minuti per preservare l&#39;integrità del cervello. Posizionare il cervello destro rivolto verso l&#39;alto e recuperare i seguenti regioni del cervello in questo ordine: <ol><li> Separate uno dei due bulbi olfattivi con pinze poste appena dietro la lampadina. Staccarlo dal cervello con un movimento verso il basso. Ripetere questa operazione per la seconda lampadina. </li><li> Cuneo delicatamente la pinza tra le due cortecce e spostarlo in avanti per facilitare dissociazione delle due cortecce. Mantenere il cervello in posizione con una pinza, utilizzare un altro per separare corteccia dal ippocampo. </li><li> Posizionare le pinze 2 millimetri al di sotto della corteccia. Mantenere una leggera pressione sulle pinze fino all&#39;inizio della ippocampo è visibile. Rimuovere la prima parte della corteccia, e ripetere con la seconda parte. Utilizzare le pinze per separare le due corteccepartendo nell&#39;ippocampo e procedendo verso la parte anteriore del cervello. </li><li> Posizionare le pinze aperte intorno uno dei ippocampi. Chiudere la pinza sul fondo dell&#39;ippocampo quindi rimuoverla, recuperando il più possibile. Ripetere la procedura per il secondo ippocampo. </li><li> Posizionare le pinze aperte sotto uno dei striata e separare delicatamente dal cervello. Utilizzare le pinze per rimuovere ogni residuo corteccia dallo striato. Ripetere questa procedura per il secondo striato. </li><li> Utilizzare le pinze per deprimere delicatamente da 2 mm, il contorno del cervelletto per facilitare la separazione del cervelletto dal cervello. Posizionare le pinze appena dietro il cervelletto e toglierlo muovendo la pinza in avanti. </li><li> Utilizzare l&#39;ampia parte della pinza per sollevare il mesencefalo per vedere chiaramente dove si unisce al tronco cerebrale. Effettuare una incisione verticale all&#39;incrocio quindi rimuovere il tronco cerebrale. </li><li> Posizionare le pinze dietro il mesencefalo, che hos composta da quattro strutture arrotondati. Incidere verticalmente fino mesencefalo è stato completamente separato dal cervello rimanente. </li></ol></li><li> Preparare omogenati di variabile% (peso / volume) in tampone HS, a seconda della quantità di tessuti disponibili, cioè, 5% omogenato per un peso compreso tra 10 e 30 mg, 10% per un peso compreso tra 30 e 80 mg, e 20% per un peso superiore a 80 mg. <ol><li> Aggiungere un volume adeguato di tampone HS alle regioni del cervello sezionati per ottenere l&#39;atteso% dell&#39;omogeneizzato. </li><li> Vortex e controllare che i tessuti sono completamente immersi nel buffer HS. </li><li> Omogeneizzare campioni preparati dalle regioni cerebrali sezionati o del midollo spinale cervicale con una smerigliatrice tessuto composto da un tubo di vetro borosilicato e due pestelli, A e B. </li><li> Versare ciascuna regione del cervello di essere schiacciato direttamente nel tubo. Inserire pestello A nella provetta e ritrarlo. Ripetere il movimento circa dieci volte di dissociare il tessuto. Quindi utilizzare pestello B a continue molatura il tessuto con altri 20 movimenti. Trasferire le omogenati in una provetta da 1,5 ml con una pipetta 1 ml. </li></ol></li><li> Centrifugare i campioni a 1000 xg per 5 minuti a 4 ° C per eliminare eventuali frammenti cerebrali unground. Recuperare i supernatanti, li suddividere in 200 microlitri aliquote e tenerli a -80 ° C per la successiva analisi ELISA. </li></ol> 4. Individuazione di αS con metodo ELISA <ol><li> Diluire anticorpi di copertura di 0,01 ng / ml. Utilizzare policlonale di coniglio anti-αS o monoclonale clone 42 anticorpo in 50 mM Na 2 CO 3 / NaHCO3 tampone (pH 9,6). </li><li> Rivestire la 96 pozzetti con 100 pl per pozzetto di questa soluzione di rivestimento, e lasciare a 4 ° CO / N. Utilizzare l&#39;anticorpo policlonale di coniglio anti-αS nella soluzione di rivestimento per l&#39;ELISA utilizzando anticorpi di rilevamento syn514, clonare 42, LB509, AS11, 4D6 e 8a5. Usare l&#39;anti-αS anticorpo monoclonale clone 42 come una soluzione di rivestimentoin combinazione con anticorpo di rilevazione anti-pSer129 αS. NOTA: Se necessario, le piastre possono essere conservati a 4 ° C per una settimana prima della ELISA viene eseguita. </li><li> Utilizzare una rondella piatto per lavare i piatti per cinque volte con 300 ml di PBS con 0,05% di Tween 20 (PBST) per pozzetto. Da questo punto in poi, l&#39;incubazione è a RT. </li><li> Aggiungere 200 ml di T20 PBS tampone di bloccaggio per pozzetto. Agitare per 1 ora a 150 rpm. Lavare le piastre per cinque volte con PBST. </li><li> Diluire le omogenati di cervello (diluizione 1: 100 del omogenati 20%, 1:50 del 10% omogenati e 1:25 delle omogenati 5% in PBST BSA 1%), e aggiungere 100 ml di ogni bene. Poi incubare per 2 ore agitando a 150 rpm. Lavare le piastre per cinque volte con PBST. </li><li> Aggiungere i diversi anticorpi di rilevamento αS in PBST con BSA 1% alle diluizioni indicate nella lista dei materiali. Incubare per 1 ora a 150 rpm. Lavare le piastre per cinque volte con PBST. </li><li> Aggiungi sia contro-mouse o anti-coniglio coniugati IgG HRP diluito 1: 8.000 in PBST integrato con BSA 1% per 1 ora agitando a 150 rpm. Lavare le piastre per cinque volte con PBST. </li><li> Aggiungere 100 ml di 3,3 &#39;, soluzione 5,5&#39;-tetrametilbenzidina (TMB) in ogni pozzetto e incubare per 15 minuti al buio agitando a 150 rpm. </li><li> Arrestare la reazione aggiungendo 100 ml di HC1 per bene poi misurare l&#39;assorbanza a 450 nm con il lettore per micropiastre. </li><li> Per l&#39;analisi dei dati, sottrarre il valore di assorbanza ottenuto in un pozzo con tutti i reagenti tranne i campioni di cervello di topo (Bianco) dai valori OD misurati per ciascuno dei campioni analizzati. </li></ol> 5. epitopi Mapping <ol><li> Eseguire la mappatura epitopi secondo il metodo descritto da Osman 16. In breve, i peptidi del punto della sequenza α-sinucleina umana contenente 12 aminoacidi su nitrocellulosa con 10 amminoacidi che si sovrappongono. </li><li> Blocco con 50 mM Tris / NaCl 150 mM tampone pH 10 contenente 0,05% di Tween 20 e 5% di latte in polvere. Incubare l&#39;anticorpo nel bloccare soluzione ad una concentrazione di 2 mg per ml dell&#39;anticorpo a 2-10 ° CO / N. </li><li> Lavare la membrana tre volte con 50 mM Tris / 150 NaCl mM tampone pH 10 contenente lo 0,05% di Tween 20. Incubare con la capra coniugato anti-topo IgG HRP. Lavare la membrana altre cinque volte usando lo stesso tampone poi macchia con un kit di colorazione macchia TMB occidentale. </li></ol> 6. Analisi statistica <ol><li> Utilizzare il pacchetto software R e nlme effettuare effetti misti regressioni per modellare OD. Per ogni confronto, eseguire un modello di regressione effetto misto. Utilizzare un effetto fisso per distinguere sintomatica da gruppi asintomatici. </li><li> Utilizzare un effetto casuale per riflettere le variazioni di ripetizioni per un dato mouse. Controllare omoschedasticità esaminando i residui e, se necessario, utilizzare le funzioni di varianza per modellare la struttura della varianza degli errori all&#39;interno del gruppo in linea con Pinheiro e Bates 1Impostare 0,05 come soglia di significatività P. 7. </li></ol>

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The authors have no competing interests to disclose.

L&#39;uso di un ELISA è stato dimostrato per rilevare specificamente αS D direttamente da omogenati di cervello mouse durante la malattia nel modello di topo transgenico M83. In effetti, questo ELISA potrebbe facilmente distinguere malati topi M83 da topi sani M83 utilizzando solo intere omogenati di cervello in tampone alta Salt. Le fasi più critiche per ottenere risultati di successo che utilizzano questo ELISA sono: dissezione correttamente le diverse regioni del cervello di...

Most current methods for detecting disease-associated &#945;-synuclein (&#945;SD) in experimental models of Parkinson's disease (PD), such as immunohistochemistry or Western blot, are time-consuming and not quantitative. This neurodegenerative disease is characterized by alpha-synuclein aggregation mainly in the form of inclusions containing an aggregated form of the normally soluble presynaptic protein &#945;S1,2 (Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites). Normally only marginally phosphorylated, &#945;S is hyperphosphorylated at its serine 129 residue in these inclusions3 and can be monitored by antibodies specifically directed against Ser129 phosphorylated &#945;S, thus providing a reliable marker of the pathology. 
Recent research suggests that a &#8220;prion-like&#8221; mechanism could be involved in the propagation of &#945;S aggregation within the nervous system of an affected patient4,5. These studies reported the acceleration of a synucleinopathy by inoculating brain extracts containing &#945;SD into a transgenic mouse model (M83) expressing an A53T mutated human &#945;S protein associated with a severe motor impairment occurring as the mice age6. In the same manner, intra-cerebral inoculation of aggregated recombinant &#945;S in the same M83 mouse model confirmed the acceleration of aggregation5. The induction of deposits of phosphorylated &#945;S has also been reported after inoculation of C57Bl/6 wild-type mice with either fibrillar recombinant &#945;S or brain extracts from human DLB patients7,8. Sacino et al.9 recently pointed out that after injection of fibrillar human &#945;S, a widespread and progressive cerebral &#945;S inclusion formation could be induced in M83 mice, but not in E46K transgenic mice or non-transgenic mice in which induced &#945;S inclusions were transient, and mainly restricted to the site of injection. Recent studies on monkeys confirmed propagation of &#945;S aggregates after inoculation of PD-derived extracts in species closer to humans10.
The link between &#945;S alterations and Parkinson&#8217;s disease suggest that &#945;SD is a potential biomarker for Parkinson&#8217;s disease11. A recent study showed the detection of oligomeric soluble aggregates of &#945;-synuclein in human cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) and plasma as a potential biomarker for Parkinson&#8217;s disease based on a conventional sandwich system ELISA using the same antibody to capture and detect &#945;S12. Based on the same method, multimeric proteins were recognized in biological samples, including the brain, because there are multiple copies of epitopes present in the assembled forms13. Very recently, pathological &#945;S in the CSF of patients with a proven Lewy body pathology was detected using both an ELISA kit with a highly specific antibody against &#945;SD (5G4) and an immunoprecipitation assay14. These methods could differentiate patients with PD/DLB from other types of dementia.
The &#8220;prion-like&#8221; propagation of &#945;S aggregation was further studied in transgenic mouse model M83 using an ELISA approach that was designed to specifically identify &#945;SD15. In this study, we report the detailed ELISA protocol used to quantitatively detect &#945;SD in sick mice (whether or not inoculated with &#945;SD from sick M83 mice) and more especially in the brain regions specifically targeted by the pathological process in this M83 transgenic mouse model4.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<colgroup>
		<col span="2" />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>LB509&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>&#160;ab27766</td>
			<td>Detection antibody 1/2000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AS11</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Produced at Anses</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Detection antibody 1/1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4D6&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Abcam&#160;</td>
			<td>ab1903</td>
			<td>Detection antibody 1/2000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PSer129&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Abcam&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;ab59264</td>
			<td>Detection antibody 1/3000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PSer129&#160;EP1536Y</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Abcam&#160;</td>
			<td>ab51253</td>
			<td>Detection antibody 1/1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>syn514&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Abcam&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;ab24717</td>
			<td>Detection antibody 1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>clone 42</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>BD Biosciences&#160;</td>
			<td>610787</td>
			<td>Coating and detection antibody (1/2000)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8A5&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Provided by Dr. Anderson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Detection antibody 1/2000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polyclonal anti-&#945;syn antibody</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>&#160;AB5038P</td>
			<td>Coating&#160; antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse&#160; IgG HRP conjugate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Southern Biotech</td>
			<td>1010-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Anti-rabbit IgG HRP conjugate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Southern Biotech</td>
			<td>4010-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-mouse&#160; IgG HRP conjugate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dianova</td>
			<td>115-035-164</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="4">HS buffer</td>
			<td>Tris-HCl 50 mM&#160;</td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>26-128-3094-B</td>
			<td rowspan="4">Adjust at pH 7.5 and keep at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl 750 mM&#160;</td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>1112-A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA 5 mM&#160;</td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>EU0007-B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DTT 1 mM&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>43815</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="4">PBS</td>
			<td>Na2HPO4 1 mM</td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>1309</td>
			<td rowspan="4">Adjust at pH 7.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4 1,5 mM</td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>2018</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl&#160; 137 mM</td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>1112-A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl 2,7 mM</td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>P017</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>2001-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DTT 1 mM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>43815</td>
			<td>stock solution 100 mM, toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1% phosphatase cocktail</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>78428</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1% protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>04&#160;693&#160;132&#160;001</td>
			<td>50 X concentrated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate MaxiSorpTM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>442404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Tampon carbonate 50 mM pH 9.6&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;Na2CO3, 10H2O&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>71360</td>
			<td>2.86 g/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;NaHCO3&#160;</td>
			<td>Merk</td>
			<td>6329</td>
			<td>3.36 g/L, pH9.6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superblock T20 PBS blocking buffer&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>E6423H</td>
			<td>10 X concentrated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMB&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T0440</td>
			<td>Used for ELISA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMB&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Analytik Jena AG</td>
			<td>847-0104200302</td>
			<td>Used for epitope mapping</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCl 1N&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Chimie plus</td>
			<td>40030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ribolyser</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>Fast prep FP120</td>
			<td>keep on ice at this step</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grinding tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>355-1197</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate washer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Tecan</td>
			<td>Columbus Pro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate reader</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>Model 680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low power magnifier&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>630-1062</td>
			<td>X8 magnification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps Dumont#7</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>14097</td>
			<td>For dissection steps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer pipette 1ml Samso</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Samso</td>
			<td>043231</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,5 ml tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>033290</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detection of disease-associated &#945;-synuclein by enhanced elisa in the brain of transgenic mice overexpressing human a53t mutated &#945;-synuclein

Oltre ai metodi affermati come Western blot, sono necessari nuovi metodi per quantificare rapidamente e facilmente malattia associata α-sinucleina (αS D) in modelli sperimentali di synucleopathies. Una linea di topi transgenici (M83) che sovra-esprimono i αS A53T umani e sviluppare spontaneamente una drammatica fenotipo clinico tra gli otto ei 22 mesi di età, caratterizzata da sintomi quali la perdita di peso, prostrazione e disabilità motoria grave, è stato utilizzato in questo studio. Per le analisi molecolari di αS D (αS associata a malattia) in questi topi, un test ELISA è stato progettato per quantificare specificamente αS D nei topi malati. Analisi del sistema nervoso centrale in questo modello di topo ha mostrato la presenza di αS D principalmente nelle regioni del cervello caudale e il midollo spinale. Non ci sono state differenze nella distribuzione αS D tra diverse condizioni sperimentali che portano alla malattia clinica, vale a dire, in uninoculated e normalmente invecchiamento topi transgenici e in topi inoculati con estratti di cervello di topi malati. La rilevazione specifica di αS D immunoreactivity utilizzando un anticorpo contro Ser129 fosforilata αS di ELISA essenzialmente correlati con quello ottenuto da Western Blot e immunoistochimica. Inaspettatamente, risultati simili sono stati osservati con diversi altri anticorpi contro la parte C-terminale di αS. La propagazione di αS D, suggerendo il coinvolgimento di un meccanismo di &quot;prioni-like&quot;, può quindi essere facilmente monitorato e quantificata in questo modello murino utilizzando un approccio ELISA.

In questo studio, i test ELISA utilizzate specificatamente identificati associata a malattia αS (αS D) in omogenati di cervello preparate in un buffer Alta sale da malati topi M83. Utilizzando un anticorpo che riconosce specificamente pSer129 αS (p = 0,0074), ELISA distingue facilmente vecchi, topi malati (&gt; 8 mesi) da giovani (2-5 mesi), i topi sani M83 (Figura 1). Molti altri anticorpi hanno mostrato segnali altrettanto elevati (&gt; 0,6 OD) solo in omogenati di cervello di topi malat...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of Disease-associated Î±-synuclein by Enhanced ELISA in the Brain of Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Human A53T Mutated Î±-synuclein at JoVE.com

Detection of Disease-associated &amp;#945;-synuclein by Enhanced ELISA in the Brain of Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Human A53T Mutated &amp;#945;-synuclein

An ELISA offering a novel quantitative approach is described. It specifically detects disease-associated &#945;-synuclein (&#945;SD) in a transgenic mouse model (M83) of synucleinopathy using several antibodies against either the Ser129 phosphorylated &#945;S form or the C-terminal part of the protein.

Il rilevamento della malattia associata α-sinucleina da avanzato ELISA nel cervello di topi transgenici A53T umano Mutato α-sinucleina

In addition to established methods like Western blot, new methods are needed to quickly and easily quantify disease-associated &#945;-synuclein (&#945;SD) ...

detection-disease-associated-synuclein-enhanced-elisa-brain

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Detection of Disease-associated &#945;-synuclein by Enhanced ELISA in the Brain of Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Human A53T Mutated &#945;-synuclein

10.6K Views.  ANSES - French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety. An ELISA offering a novel quantitative approach is described. It specifically detects disease-associated α-synuclein (αSD) in a transgenic mouse model (M83) of synucleinopathy using several antibodies against either the Ser129 phosphorylated αS form or the C-terminal part of the protein.

Video: Detection of Disease-associated &#945;-synuclein by Enhanced ELISA in the Brain of Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Human A53T Mutated &#945;-synuclein

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is the most important risk factor, cases of PD will increase during the next decades 2. Next to pathological protein folding and impaired protein degradation pathways, alterations of mitochondrial function and morphology were pointed out as further hallmark of neurodegeneration in PD 3-11.
After years of research in murine and human cancer cells as in vitro models to dissect molecular pathways of Parkinsonism, the use of human fibroblasts from patients and appropriate controls as ex vivo models has become a valuable research tool, if potential caveats are considered. Other than immortalized, rather artificial cell models, primary fibroblasts from patients carrying disease-associated mutations apparently reflect important pathological features of the human disease.
Here we delineate the procedure of taking skin biopsies, culturing human fibroblasts and using detailed protocols for essential microscopic techniques to define mitochondrial phenotypes. These were used to investigate different features associated with PD that are relevant to mitochondrial function and dynamics. Ex vivo, mitochondria can be analyzed in terms of their function, morphology, colocalization with lysosomes (the organelles degrading dysfunctional mitochondria) and degradation via the lysosomal pathway. These phenotypes are highly relevant for the identification of early signs of PD and may precede clinical motor symptoms in human disease-gene carriers. Hence, the assays presented here can be utilized as valuable tools to identify pathological features of neurodegeneration and help to define new therapeutic strategies in PD.

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

Fibroblasts from patients carrying mutations in Parkinson's disease-causing genes represent an easily accessible ex vivo model to study disease-associated phenotypes. Live cell imaging gives the opportunity to study morphological and functional parameters in living cells. Here we describe the preparation of human fibroblasts and subsequent monitoring of mitochondrial phenotypes.

L&#39;uso di fibroblasti umani primari per il monitoraggio fenotipi mitocondriali nel campo della malattia di Parkinson

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most  common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is  the most important ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice:  A Model for Immunotherapy Development

A preclinical model of invasive bladder cancer was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice for the purpose of evaluating immunotherapy and/or cytotoxic chemotherapy. To induce bladder cancer, C57BL/6 mice (MUC1.Tg and wild type) were treated orally with the carcinogen N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN) at 3.0 mg/day, 5 days/week for 12 weeks. To assess the effects of OH-BBN on serum cytokine profile during tumor development, whole blood was collected via submandibular bleeds prior to treatment and every four weeks. In addition, a MUC1-targeted peptide vaccine and placebo were administered to groups of mice weekly for eight weeks. Multiplex fluorometric microbead immunoanalyses of serum cytokines during tumor development and following vaccination were performed. At termination, interferon gamma (IFN-&#947;)/interleukin-4 (IL-4) ELISpot analysis for MUC1 specific T-cell immune response and histopathological evaluations of tumor type and grade were performed. The results showed that: (1) the incidence of bladder cancer in both MUC1.Tg and wild type mice was 67%; (2) transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) developed at a 2:1 ratio compared to squamous cell carcinomas (SCC); (3) inflammatory cytokines increased with time during tumor development; and (4) administration of the peptide vaccine induces a Th1-polarized serum cytokine profile and a MUC1 specific T-cell response. All tumors in MUC1.Tg mice were positive for MUC1 expression, and half of all tumors in MUC1.Tg and wild type mice were invasive. In conclusion, using a team approach through the coordination of the efforts of pharmacologists, immunologists, pathologists and molecular biologists, we have developed an immune intact transgenic mouse model of bladder cancer that expresses hMUC1.

An N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced bladder cancer model was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic mice for the purpose of testing MUC1-directed immunotherapy. After administering a MUC1-targeted peptide vaccine, a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to MUC1 was confirmed by measuring serum cytokine levels and T-cell specific activity.

Induzione di Invasive Transitional cellulare Bladder Carcinoma in immunitario intatto umani MUC1 topi transgenici: un modello di sviluppo Immunoterapia

A preclinical model of invasive bladder cancer was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice for the purpose of evaluating immunotherapy ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

Eccitotossica stimolazione del cervello Microslices come<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Modello di Corsa

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

Image-guided Convection-enhanced Delivery into Agarose Gel Models of the Brain

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) has been proposed as a treatment option for a wide range of neurological diseases. Neuroinfusion catheter CED allows for positive pressure bulk flow to deliver greater quantities of therapeutics to an intracranial target than traditional drug delivery methods. The clinical utility of real time MRI guided CED (rCED) lies in the ability to accurately target, monitor therapy, and identify complications. With training, rCED is efficient and complications may be minimized. The agarose gel model of the brain provides an accessible tool for CED testing, research, and training. Simulated brain rCED allows practice of the mock surgery while also providing visual feedback of the infusion. Analysis of infusion allows for calculation of the distribution fraction (Vd/Vi) allowing the trainee to verify the similarity of the model as compared to human brain tissue. This article describes our agarose gel brain phantom and outlines important metrics during a CED infusion and analysis protocols while addressing common pitfalls faced during CED infusion for the treatment of neurological disease.

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) has been proposed as a treatment option for a wide range of neurological diseases. In order to prepare health care professionals for adoption of CED, accessible training models are needed. We describe the use of agarose gel as such a model of the human brain for testing, research, and training.

Immagine-guida di consegna convezione-enhanced in gel di agarosio Modelli del cervello

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) has been proposed as a treatment option for a wide range of neurological diseases. Neuroinfusion catheter CED allows ...

Acute Brain Trauma in Mice Followed By Longitudinal Two-photon Imaging

Although acute brain trauma often results from head damage in different accidents and affects a substantial fraction of the population, there is no effective treatment for it yet. Limitations of currently used animal models impede understanding of the pathology mechanism. Multiphoton microscopy allows studying cells and tissues within intact animal brains longitudinally under physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we describe two models of acute brain injury studied by means of two-photon imaging of brain cell behavior under posttraumatic conditions. A selected brain region is injured with a sharp needle to produce a trauma of a controlled width and depth in the brain parenchyma. Our method uses stereotaxic prick with a syringe needle, which can be combined with simultaneous drug application. We propose that this method can be used as an advanced tool to study cellular mechanisms of pathophysiological consequences of acute trauma in mammalian brain in vivo. In this video, we combine acute brain injury with two preparations: cranial window and skull thinning. We also discuss advantages and limitations of both preparations for multisession imaging of brain regeneration after trauma.

Acute brain trauma is a severe injury that has no adequate treatment to date. Multiphoton microscopy allows studying longitudinally the process of acute brain trauma development and probing therapeutical strategies in rodents. Two models of acute brain trauma studied with in vivo two-photon imaging of brain are demonstrated in this protocol.

Acuta cerebrale Trauma nei topi Seguito By longitudinale a due fotoni di imaging

Although acute brain trauma often results from head damage in different accidents and affects a substantial fraction of the population, there is no ...

Minimal Invasive Surgical Procedure of Inducing Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Myocardial infarction still remains the main cause of death in western countries, despite considerable progress in the stent development area in the last decades. For clarification of the underlying mechanisms and the development of new therapeutic strategies, the availability of valid animal models are mandatory. Since we need new insights into pathomechanisms of cardiovascular diseases under in vivo conditions to combat myocardial infarction, the validity of the animal model is a crucial aspect. However, protection of animals are highly relevant in this context. Therefore, we establish a minimally invasive and simple model of myocardial infarction in mice, which assures a high reproducibility and survival rate of animals. Thus, this models fulfils the requirements of the 3R principle (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction) for animal experiments and assure the scientific information needed for further developing of therapeutical strategies for cardiovascular diseases.

A highly reproducible model for myocardial infarction in mice with minimal invasive manipulations is described. The model can be easily performed, resulting in a high reproducibility and survival rate. Thus, the described model will reduce the number of required animals as requested by the 3R principle (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction).

Minimal procedura chirurgica invasiva di indurre infarto miocardico nei topi

Myocardial infarction still remains the main cause of death in western countries, despite considerable progress in the stent development area in the last ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The &quot;Wire-Injury&quot; Model

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

Induzione di aterosclerosi accelerata nei topi: il modello "Wire-Injury"

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells and produce cellular energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to biological aging and a wide variety of disorders including metabolic diseases, premature aging syndromes, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Maintenance of mitochondrial health depends on mitochondrial biogenesis and the efficient clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria through mitophagy. Experimental methods to accurately detect autophagy/mitophagy, especially in animal models, have been challenging to develop. Recent progress towards the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy has enabled the development of novel mitophagy detection techniques. Here, we introduce several versatile techniques to monitor mitophagy in human cells, Caenorhabditis elegans (e.g., Rosella and DCT-1/ LGG-1 strains), and mice (mt-Keima). A combination of these mitophagy detection techniques, including cross-species evaluation, will improve the accuracy of mitophagy measurements and lead to a better understanding of the role of mitophagy in health and disease.

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

Mitophagy, the process of clearing damaged mitochondria, is necessary for mitochondrial homeostasis and health maintenance. This article presents some of the latest mitophagy detection methods in human cells, Caenorhabditis elegans, and mice.

In Vitro e In Vivo rilevamento di Mitophagy in cellule umane, C. Eleganse topi

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells and produce cellular energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to biological aging and a ...

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Obesity represents the most important single risk factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, a disease which is characterized by a resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and a gross decompensation of systemic glucose metabolism. Despite considerable progress in the understanding of glucose metabolism, the molecular mechanisms of its regulation in health and disease remain under-investigated, while novel approaches to prevent and treat diabetes are urgently needed. Diet derived glucose stimulates the pancreatic secretion of insulin, which serves as the principal regulator of cellular anabolic processes during the fed-state and thus balances blood glucose levels to maintain systemic energy status. Chronic overfeeding triggers meta-inflammation, which leads to alterations in peripheral insulin receptor-associated signaling and thus reduces the sensitivity to insulin-mediated glucose disposal. These events ultimately result in elevated fasting glucose and insulin levels as well as a reduction in glucose tolerance, which in turn serve as important indicators of insulin resistance. Here, we present a protocol for the generation and metabolic characterization of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice as a frequently used model of diet-induced insulin resistance. We illustrate in detail the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), which monitors the peripheral disposal of an orally administered glucose load and insulin secretion over time. Additionally, we present a protocol for the insulin tolerance test (ITT) to monitor whole-body insulin action. Together, these methods and their downstream applications represent powerful tools to characterize the general metabolic phenotype of mice as well as to specifically assess alterations in glucose metabolism. They may be especially useful in the broad research field of insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity to provide a better understanding of pathogenesis as well as to test the effects of therapeutic interventions.

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT

The current article describes the generation and metabolic characterization of high-fat diet-fed mice as a model of diet-induced insulin resistance and obesity. It further features detailed protocols to perform the oral glucose tolerance test and the insulin tolerance test, monitoring whole-body alterations of glucose metabolism in vivo.

Studio In Vivo del metabolismo del glucosio nei topi di dieta-federazione di grassi utilizzando Test di tolleranza al glucosio orale (OGTT) e Test di tolleranza dell'insulina (ITT)

Obesity represents the most important single risk factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, a disease which is characterized by a resistance to ...

Induction of Atherosclerotic Plaques Through Activation of Mineralocorticoid Receptors in Apolipoprotein E-deficient Mice

Atherosclerosis is due to a chronic inflammatory response affecting vascular endothelium and is promoted by several factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. To date, there is evidence to support a role for circulating aldosterone as a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Transgenic mouse models have been generated to study cellular and molecular processes leading to atherosclerosis. In this manuscript, we describe a protocol that takes advantage of continuous infusion of aldosterone in ApoE-/- mice and generates atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic root after 4 weeks of treatment. We, therefore, illustrate a method for quantification and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions at the aortic root level. The added value of aldosterone infusion is represented by the generation of atherosclerotic lesions rich in lipid and inflammatory cells after 4 weeks of treatment. We describe in detail the staining procedures to quantify lipid and macrophage content within the plaque. Notably, in this protocol, we perform heart tissue-embedding in OCT in order to preserve the antigenicity of cardiac tissue and facilitate detectability of antigens of interest. Analysis of the plaque phenotype represents a valid approach to study the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis development and to identify novel pharmacological targets for the development of anti-atherogenic drugs.

We describe a protocol to induce atherosclerosis in the aortic root of ApoE-/- mice fed with an atherogenic diet, through a continuous release of aldosterone. Methods to characterize plaque composition are also described.