Name: protein kinase c-delta inhibitor peptide formulation using gold nanoparticles
Uploaded: 2019-03-09T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protein Kinase C-delta Inhibitor Peptide Formulation using Gold Nanoparticles at JoVE.com

This work is supported by research grants from Canadian Institutes of Health Research (PJT-148847), Ministry of Research and Innovation of Ontario (RE-08-029), and Canada First Research of Excellence Program, Medicine by Design at University of Toronto. Dr. Mingyao Liu is James and Mary Davie Chair in Lung Injury, Repair, and Regeneration.

1. Preparation of Peptide Solutions
<ol>
	<li>Retrieve the peptides (P2: CAAAAE, P4: CAAAAW, PKC&#948;i: CSFNSYELGSL) from the -20 &#176;C freezer and thaw at room temperature (RT). 
	NOTE: Keep the bottle closed to prevent moisture from condensing on the peptides.</li>
	<li>Weigh 0.01 g of each peptide on a microscale. Put each peptide into a separate 50 mL conical tube.</li>
	<li>Add 18.74 mL of deionized (DI) water to the P2 tube.</li>
	<li>Add 16.93 mL of DI water to the P4 tube.</li>
	<li>Add 8.21 mL of 50% a...

<ol>
	<li>Yusen, R. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+registry+of+the+International+Society+for+Heart+and+Lung+Transplantation:+thirty-first+adult+lung+and+heart-lung+transplant+report--2014;+focus+theme:+retransplantation.">The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: thirty-first adult lung and heart-lung transplant report--2014; focus theme: retransplantation.</a> The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 33 (10), 1009-1024 (2014).</li><li>Lee, J. C., Christie, J. D., Keshavjee, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+graft+dysfunction:+definition,+risk+factors,+short-+and+long-term+outcomes.">Primary graft dysfunction: definition, risk factors, short- and long-term outcomes.</a> Seminars in Respiratory and Critical. 31 (2), 161-171 (2010).</li><li>Chatterjee, S., Nieman, G. F., Christie, J. D., Fisher, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shear+stress-related+mechanosignaling+with+lung+ischemia:+lessons+from+basic+research+can+inform+lung+transplantation.">Shear stress-related mechanosignaling with lung ischemia: lessons from basic research can inform lung transplantation.</a> American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 307 (9), 668-680 (2014).</li><li>Inagaki, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+delta-protein+kinase+C+protects+against+reperfusion+injury+of+the+ischemic+heart+in+vivo.">Inhibition of delta-protein kinase C protects against reperfusion injury of the ischemic heart in vivo.</a> Circulation. 108 (19), 2304-2307 (2003).</li><li>Lincoff, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+delta-protein+kinase+C+by+delcasertib+as+an+adjunct+to+primary+percutaneous+coronary+intervention+for+acute+anterior+ST-segment+elevation+myocardial+infarction:+results+of+the+PROTECTION+AMI+Randomized+Controlled+Trial.">Inhibition of delta-protein kinase C by delcasertib as an adjunct to primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: results of the PROTECTION AMI Randomized Controlled Trial.</a> European Heart Journal. 35 (37), 2516-2523 (2014).</li><li>Kim, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=deltaV1-1+Reduces+Pulmonary+Ischemia+Reperfusion-Induced+Lung+Injury+by+Inhibiting+Necrosis+and+Mitochondrial+Localization+of+PKCdelta+and+p53.">deltaV1-1 Reduces Pulmonary Ischemia Reperfusion-Induced Lung Injury by Inhibiting Necrosis and Mitochondrial Localization of PKCdelta and p53.</a> American Journal of Transplantation. 16 (1), 83-98 (2016).</li><li>Lin, H. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Derangements+of+post-ischemic+cerebral+blood+flow+by+protein+kinase+C+delta.">Derangements of post-ischemic cerebral blood flow by protein kinase C delta.</a> Neuroscience. 171 (2), 566-576 (2010).</li><li>Lin, H. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+kinase+C+delta+modulates+endothelial+nitric+oxide+synthase+after+cardiac+arrest.">Protein kinase C delta modulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase after cardiac arrest.</a> Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism. 34 (4), 613-620 (2014).</li><li>Albini, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-tat+protein+is+a+heparin-binding+angiogenic+growth+factor.">HIV-tat protein is a heparin-binding angiogenic growth factor.</a> Oncogene. 12 (2), 289-297 (1996).</li><li>Kim, H., Moodley, S., Liu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TAT+cell-penetrating+peptide+modulates+inflammatory+response+and+apoptosis+in+human+lung+epithelial+cells.">TAT cell-penetrating peptide modulates inflammatory response and apoptosis in human lung epithelial cells.</a> Drug Delivery and Translational Research. 5 (3), 275-278 (2015).</li><li>Lee, D., Pacheco, S., Liu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+effects+of+Tat+cell-penetrating+peptide:+a+multifunctional+Trojan+horse.">Biological effects of Tat cell-penetrating peptide: a multifunctional Trojan horse.</a> Nanomedicine (Lond). 9 (1), 5-7 (2014).</li><li>Auffan, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+a+definition+of+inorganic+nanoparticles+from+an+environmental,+health+and+safety+perspective.">Towards a definition of inorganic nanoparticles from an environmental, health and safety perspective.</a> Nature Nanotechnology. 4 (10), 634-641 (2009).</li><li>Ghosh, P., Han, G., De, M., Kim, C. K., Rotello, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gold+nanoparticles+in+delivery+applications.">Gold nanoparticles in delivery applications.</a> Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 60 (11), 1307-1315 (2008).</li><li>Yang, H., Fung, S. Y., Liu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Programming+the+cellular+uptake+of+physiologically+stable+peptide-gold+nanoparticle+hybrids+with+single+amino+acids.">Programming the cellular uptake of physiologically stable peptide-gold nanoparticle hybrids with single amino acids.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 50 (41), 9643-9646 (2011).</li><li>Lee, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+delivery+of+a+rationally+designed+intracellular+peptide+drug+with+gold+nanoparticle-peptide+hybrids.">Effective delivery of a rationally designed intracellular peptide drug with gold nanoparticle-peptide hybrids.</a> Nanoscale. 7 (29), 12356-12360 (2015).</li><li>Cheng, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanotechnologies+for+biomolecular+detection+and+medical+diagnostics.">Nanotechnologies for biomolecular detection and medical diagnostics.</a> Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 10 (1), 11-19 (2006).</li><li>Rosi, N. L., Mirkin, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanostructures+in+biodiagnostics.">Nanostructures in biodiagnostics.</a> Chemical Reviews. 105 (4), 1547-1562 (2005).</li><li>Saha, K., Agasti, S. S., Kim, C., Li, X., Rotello, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gold+nanoparticles+in+chemical+and+biological+sensing.">Gold nanoparticles in chemical and biological sensing.</a> Chemical Reviews. 112 (5), 2739-2779 (2012).</li><li>Boisselier, E., Astruc, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gold+nanoparticles+in+nanomedicine:+preparations,+imaging,+diagnostics,+therapies+and+toxicity.">Gold nanoparticles in nanomedicine: preparations, imaging, diagnostics, therapies and toxicity.</a> Chemical Society Reviews. 38 (6), 1759-1782 (2009).</li><li>Yang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amino+Acid-Dependent+Attenuation+of+Toll-like+Receptor+Signaling+by+Peptide-Gold+Nanoparticle+Hybrids.">Amino Acid-Dependent Attenuation of Toll-like Receptor Signaling by Peptide-Gold Nanoparticle Hybrids.</a> ACS Nano. 9 (7), 6774-6784 (2015).</li><li>Yang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endosomal+pH+modulation+by+peptide-gold+nanoparticle+hybrids+enables+potent+anti-inflammatory+activity+in+phagocytic+immune+cells.">Endosomal pH modulation by peptide-gold nanoparticle hybrids enables potent anti-inflammatory activity in phagocytic immune cells.</a> Biomaterials. 111, 90-102 (2016).</li><li>Yang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amino+Acid+Structure+Determines+the+Immune+Responses+Generated+by+Peptide-Gold+Nanoparticle+Hybrids.">Amino Acid Structure Determines the Immune Responses Generated by Peptide-Gold Nanoparticle Hybrids.</a> Particle &amp; Particle Systems Characterization. 30 (12), 1039-1043 (2013).</li><li>Pamies, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aggregation+behaviour+of+gold+nanoparticles+in+saline+aqueous+media.">Aggregation behaviour of gold nanoparticles in saline aqueous media.</a> Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 16 (4), (2014).</li><li>Perrault, S. D., Walkey, C., Jennings, T., Fischer, H. C., Chan, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mediating+tumor+targeting+efficiency+of+nanoparticles+through+design.">Mediating tumor targeting efficiency of nanoparticles through design.</a> Nano Letters. 9 (5), 1909-1915 (2009).</li><li>Connor, E. E., Mwamuka, J., Gole, A., Murphy, C. J., Wyatt, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gold+nanoparticles+are+taken+up+by+human+cells+but+do+not+cause+acute+cytotoxicity.">Gold nanoparticles are taken up by human cells but do not cause acute cytotoxicity.</a> Small. 1 (3), 325-327 (2005).</li><li>Kim, C. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entrapment+of+Hydrophobic+Drugs+in+Nanoparticle+Monolayers+with+Efficient+Release+into+Cancer+Cells.">Entrapment of Hydrophobic Drugs in Nanoparticle Monolayers with Efficient Release into Cancer Cells.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131 (4), 1360 (2009).</li><li>Sonavane, G., Tomoda, K., Makino, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biodistribution+of+colloidal+gold+nanoparticles+after+intravenous+administration:+Effect+of+particle+size.">Biodistribution of colloidal gold nanoparticles after intravenous administration: Effect of particle size.</a> Colloids and Surfaces B-Biointerfaces. 66 (2), 274-280 (2008).</li><li>Balasubramanian, S. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biodistribution+of+gold+nanoparticles+and+gene+expression+changes+in+the+liver+and+spleen+after+intravenous+administration+in+rats.">Biodistribution of gold nanoparticles and gene expression changes in the liver and spleen after intravenous administration in rats.</a> Biomaterials. 31 (8), 2034-2042 (2010).</li><li>Lipka, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biodistribution+of+PEG-modified+gold+nanoparticles+following+intratracheal+instillation+and+intravenous+injection.">Biodistribution of PEG-modified gold nanoparticles following intratracheal instillation and intravenous injection.</a> Biomaterials. 31 (25), 6574-6581 (2010).</li></ol>

To ensure proper formulation, it is crucial that the &#948;PKCi solution undergoes the sonication step outlined in 1.6. &#948;PKCi peptide sequence contains hydrophobic moieties, so a sonicator assists in dissolving PKCi in the 50% acetonitrile solution. In addition, it is very important to mix the solvent meticulously, as outlined in step 2.7.&#160; The GNP/PKCi hybrid will not be well formulated if these steps are not done properly, due to the aggregation of the &#948;PKCi peptide23.&#160; ...

Lung transplantation saves patients with end-stage lung disease1. However, serious complications after lung transplantation remain an obstacle. In the early stages following lung transplantation, primary graft dysfunction is the most harmful complication1, and its primary cause is ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced acute lung injury2.
Under cold preservation, metabolism in a donor lung is restricted to a very low level. However, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide synthesis are activated due to the cessation of blood flow3. After transplantation, blood circulation is restored, and reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide generated during cold ischemia enhance inflammation and cell death, resulting in tissue injury.
To prevent IR injury, a protein kinase C&#948; inhibitor (PKC&#948;i) has been used in the heart, brain and lung4,5,6,7,8. These studies showed that PKC&#948;i decreased inflammation and apoptosis during reperfusion. It has also prevented pulmonary IR injury in rats and in a lung transplant model6. PKC&#948;i is usually conjugated with a cell-penetrating peptide, TAT, for intracellular delivery. However, it has been shown that the TAT peptide alone has non-specific biological effects, including promotion of angiogenesis, apoptosis, and inhibition of multiple cytokines9,10,11. Nanoparticles, small particles ranging from 1 to 100 nm in diameter12, have been explored as candidates in facilitating drug delivery13. In particular, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are regarded as noninvasive and nontoxic. Therefore, we have developed GNPs as drug delivery carriers for peptide-based drugs14,15.
The surface of GNPs can be manipulated for specific applications such as molecular recognition16,17, chemical sensing18, imaging19, and drug delivery. A GNP/peptide hybrid system has been developed, containing 20 nm GNPs and two short peptides (P2: CAAAAE and P4: CAAAAW) at a 95:5 ratio, to modify the surface properties of GNPs. The P2 peptide, with the negatively charged glutamic acid (E) at the end, stabilizes GNPs in an aqueous solution, and the P4 peptide, with the hydrophobic tryptophan (W) at the end, helps GNPs entrance into cells14. The cysteine (C) residue at the N terminus of these peptides contains a thiol group that can conjugate to the gold surfaces14. This peptide/GNP hybrid was further used to deliver PKC&#948;i (CSFNSYELGSL). The optimized molar ratio of P2:P4 to PKC&#948;i is 47.5:2.5:50. GNPs conjugated with PKC&#948;i (GNP/PKCi) are stable in distilled water, 0.9% NaCl, and PBS&#160;containing bovine albumin or fetal bovine serum14. Intravenous injection of GNP/PKCi has been shown to prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury of the lung15. This article outlines a method to formulate GNP/PKCi and describes how to evaluate the physicochemical properties of GNP/PKCi. We have used similar methods to formulate other peptide-based drugs conjugated to GNP20,21,22. We hope this article will draw more attention to this novel formulation for intracellular drug delivery.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:603px;" width="603">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:216px;">negatively charged glutamic acid peptide (P2)</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">CanPeptide</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sequence: CAAAAE-NH2 
			Length: 6aa 
			Modification: C-terminal amidation 
			Quantity: 50mg 
			Purity: &#62;95%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:216px;">hydrophobic tryptophan peptide (P4)</td>
			<td>CanPeptide</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sequence: CAAAAW-NH2 
			Length: 6aa 
			Modification: C-terminal amidation 
			Quantity: 50mg 
			Purity: &#62;95%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="147">
			<td height="147" style="height:147px;width:216px;">&#948;PKCi peptide</td>
			<td>CanPeptide</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Seqeuence: CSFNSYELGSL-NH2 
			Length: 11aa 
			Modification: C-terminal amidation 
			Quantity: 50mg 
			Purity: &#62;95%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Conical tube(50ml)</td>
			<td>Corning Life Sciences</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">3582070</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Conical tube(15ml)</td>
			<td>Corning Life Sciences</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">3582096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Acetonitrile</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">271004-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Sonicator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Branson Ultrasonics Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Branson 2510MTH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microtube</td>
			<td>Diamed.ca</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AD 150-N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gold nanoparticle solution</td>
			<td>Ted Pella</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15705-5</td>
			<td>A particle size is 20nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Rocking Platform shaker</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">VWR international</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">40000-304&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5417R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Acryl cuvette</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">SARSREDT</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">67.758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">UV-Vis spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Caty 60 UV-Vis</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protein kinase c-delta inhibitor peptide formulation using gold nanoparticles

Protein kinase C-delta inhibitor (PKC&#948;i) is a promising drug to prevent ischemia-reperfusion-induced organ injury. It is usually conjugated to a cell-penetrating peptide, TAT, for intracellular delivery. However, TAT has shown non-specific biological activities. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) can be used as drug delivery carriers without recognized toxicity. Therefore, we have used a GNP/peptide hybrid to deliver PKC&#948;i. Two short peptides (P2: CAAAAE and P4: CAAAAW), at a 95:5 ratio, were used to modify the surface properties of GNP. GNPs conjugated with PKC&#948;i (GNP/PKCi) are stable in distilled water, 0.9% NaCl, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing bovine serum albumin or fetal bovine serum. Intravenous injection of GNP-PKCi was previously shown to prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury of the lung. This article outlines a protocol to formulate GNP/PKCi and assess the physiochemical properties of GNP/PKCi. We have used similar methods to formulate other peptide-based drugs with GNP. This article will hopefully draw more attention to this novel intracellular drug delivery technology and its applications in vivo.

Care should be taken to evaluate the biophysical properties of the GNP/PKCi hybrid, as GNP tends to aggregate in solvent. When GNP is aggregated, the color of the solution changes from pink to purple (Figure&#160;1a). UV-Vis spectrophotometer is able to detect the changes more sensitively. If the GNP/PKCi is not aggregated the peak of absorption should be at 525 nm (Figure&#160;1b). If the GNP is aggregated, the peak of absorptio...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protein Kinase C-delta Inhibitor Peptide Formulation using Gold Nanoparticles at JoVE.com

Protein Kinase C-delta Inhibitor Peptide Formulation using Gold Nanoparticles

We have previously used a gold nanoparticle peptide hybrid to intravenously deliver a synthetic peptide, protein kinase C-delta inhibitor, which reduced ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute lung injury. Here we show the detailed protocol of the drug formulation. Other intracellular peptides can be formulated similarly.

Protein kinase C-delta inhibitor (PKC&#948;i) is a promising drug to prevent ischemia-reperfusion-induced organ injury. It is usually conjugated to a ...

Our unique drug delivery system, which uses 20 nanometer gold particles in two specific short peptides, can stabilize gold nano particles in physiological solution and enhance its cellular uptake, and thus, effectively deliver peptide-based or other drugs into cells. Our GNP peptide hybrid is easy to synthesize and stable. By using gold nanoparticle peptide hybrid as drug carriers, we can transfer peptide drugs into the cells effectively and in abundance.We treated ischemia-reperfusion injury in the lungs with our GNP/PKCi hybrid. GNP brings PKC inhibitor peptides into the cytoplasm. This delivery method was able to reduce more severe lung injury using a lower dosage of PKCi than other delivery methods.To begin this procedure, retrieve the peptides from a freezer at minus 20 degrees Celsius, and thaw them at room temperature. Use a micro scale to weigh 0.01 gram of each thawed peptide, and transfer each peptide into a separate 50 milliliter conical tube. Add 18.74 milliliters of deionized water to the P2 tube, and 16.93 milliliters of deionized water to the P4 tube.Add 8.21 milliliters of 50%acetonitrile diluted in deionized water to the PKC delta inhibitor tube. Vortex the peptide solutions briefly. Then place the tubes into a sonicator at 40 megahertz for five minutes.After this, transfer the solutions to a biosafety cabinet. It is critical to put the 50 mL conical tube in a sonicator for five minutes. If this step is skipped, the GNP/PKCi will form aggregations.Transfer one milliliter of each peptide solution to its own new 50 milliliter conical tube. Add 19 milliliters of deionized water to the tubes containing P2 and P4.And add 19 milliliters of 50%acetonitrile to the tube containing PKC delta inhibitor. Add 475 milliliters of the P2 solution, 25 microliters of the P4 solution, 500 microliters of the PKC delta inhibitor solution to a 15 milliliter tube.Then add nine milliliters of a 20 nanometer GNP solution to the same tube. Remove the combined solution from the biosafety cabinet and wrap the tube in aluminum foil. Place the tube on a shaker overnight.The next day, return the samples to the biosafety cabinet. Transfer one milliliter aliquots of the GNP/PKCi solution into 1.5 milliliter micro tubes. Centrifuge the micro tubes at a micro centrifuge at 15294 times g and at four degrees Celsius for 30 minutes.Transfer the micro tubes back into the biosafety cabinet, and remove the supernatent from each tube, while ensuring the GNP pellet is not disturbed. Resuspend each pellet in the desired solvent according to the concentration required. To assess the GNP/PKCi hybrid solubility, pour 0.5 milliliters of the GNP/PKCi solution into an accrual cuvette.Place the cuvette on a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and test the peak absorption. In this study, protein kinase C-delta inhibitor is conjugated with gold nanoparticles to form a GNP/PKCi hybrid. Care must be taken with evaluating the biophysical properties of the hybrid, as gold nanoparticles tend to aggregate in a solvent.When the nanoparticles aggregate, the color of the solution will change from pink to purple. The samples are analyzed with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer which is able to detect with a high degree of sensitivity. If the hybrid is not aggregated, the peak of an absorption should be at 525 nanometers.If the GNP is aggregated, the peak of absorption will be shifted to the right. As can be seen, when aggregates have formed, the delta optical density decreases. When formulating the GNP peptide hybrids, it is important to remember the ratio of peptides to GNP solution should be one to nine.This GNP/PKCi formula can be used for ischemia-reperfusion injury in organ systems other than the lung. Any peptides can attach to GNP if those peptides have a cysteine residue at the N-terminus. This means GNP peptide hybrid can be used to transport other peptide drugs into the cell.Rationally designed peptides are new technology that can brought specific protein-protein interaction inside those cells. This technique, developed here, can be used for delivery of new peptide drugs or for modified versions of existing drugs.

protein-kinase-c-delta-inhibitor-peptide-formulation-using-gold

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Formulation of Diblock Polymeric Nanoparticles through Nanoprecipitation Technique

Nanotechnology is a relatively new branch of science that involves harnessing the unique properties of particles that are nanometers in scale (nanoparticles). Nanoparticles can be engineered in a precise fashion where their size, composition and surface chemistry can be carefully controlled. This enables unprecedented freedom to modify some of the fundamental properties of their cargo, such as solubility, diffusivity, biodistribution, release characteristics and immunogenicity. Since their inception, nanoparticles have been utilized in many areas of science and medicine, including drug delivery, imaging, and cell biology1-4. However, it has not been fully utilized outside of "nanotechnology laboratories" due to perceived technical barrier. In this article, we describe a simple method to synthesize a polymer based nanoparticle platform that has a wide range of potential applications. 
The first step is to synthesize a diblock co-polymer that has both a hydrophobic domain and hydrophilic domain. Using PLGA and PEG as model polymers, we described a conjugation reaction using EDC/NHS chemistry5 (Fig 1). We also discuss the polymer purification process. The synthesized diblock co-polymer can self-assemble into nanoparticles in the nanoprecipitation process through hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions.
The described polymer nanoparticle is very versatile. The hydrophobic core of the nanoparticle can be utilized to carry poorly soluble drugs for drug delivery experiments6. Furthermore, the nanoparticles can overcome the problem of toxic solvents for poorly soluble molecular biology reagents, such as wortmannin, which requires a solvent like DMSO. However, DMSO can be toxic to cells and interfere with the experiment. These poorly soluble drugs and reagents can be effectively delivered using polymer nanoparticles with minimal toxicity. Polymer nanoparticles can also be loaded with fluorescent dye and utilized for intracellular trafficking studies. Lastly, these polymer nanoparticles can be conjugated to targeting ligands through surface PEG. Such targeted nanoparticles can be utilized to label specific epitopes on or in cells7-10.

This article describes a nanoprecipitation method to synthesize polymer-based nanoparticles using diblock co-polymers. We will discuss the synthesis of diblock co-polymers, the nanoprecipitation technique, and potential applications.

Nanotechnology is a relatively new branch of science that involves harnessing the unique properties of particles that are nanometers in scale ...

Synthesis, Assembly, and Characterization of Monolayer Protected Gold Nanoparticle Films for Protein Monolayer Electrochemistry

Colloidal gold nanoparticles protected with alkanethiolate ligands called monolayer protected gold clusters (MPCs) are synthesized and subsequently incorporated into film assemblies that serve as adsorption platforms for protein monolayer electrochemistry (PME). PME is utilized as the model system for studying electrochemical properties of redox proteins by confining them to an adsorption platform at a modified electrode, which also serves as a redox partner for electron transfer (ET) reactions. Studies have shown that gold nanoparticle film assemblies of this nature provide for a more homogeneous protein adsorption environment and promote ET without distance dependence compared to the more traditional systems modified with alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAM).1-3 In this paper, MPCs functionalized with hexanethiolate ligands are synthesized using a modified Brust reaction4 and characterized with ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). MPC films are assembled on SAM modified gold electrode interfaces by using a "dip cycle" method of alternating MPC layers and dithiol linking molecules. Film growth at gold electrode is tracked electrochemically by measuring changes to the double layer charging current of the system. Analogous films assembled on silane modified glass slides allow for optical monitoring of film growth and cross-sectional TEM analysis provides an estimated film thickness. During film assembly, manipulation of the MPC ligand protection as well as the interparticle linkage mechanism allow for networked films, that are readily adaptable, to interface with redox protein having different adsorption mechanism. For example, Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin (AZ) can be adsorbed hydrophobically to dithiol-linked films of hexanethiolate MPCs and cytochrome c (cyt c) can be immobilized electrostatically at a carboxylic acid modified MPC interfacial layer. In this report, we focus on the film protocol for the AZ system exclusively. Investigations involving the adsorption of proteins on MPC modified synthetic platforms could further the understanding of interactions between biomolecules and man-made materials, and consequently aid the development of biosensor schemes, ET modeling systems, and synthetic biocompatible materials.5-8

Alkanethiolate stabilized gold colloids known as monolayer protected clusters (MPCs) are synthesized, characterized, and assembled into thin films as an adsorption interface for protein monolayer electrochemistry of simple redox protein like Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin (AZ) and cytochrome c (cyt c).

Colloidal gold nanoparticles protected with alkanethiolate ligands called monolayer protected gold clusters (MPCs) are synthesized and subsequently ...

Analysis of Targeted Viral Protein Nanoparticles Delivered to HER2+ Tumors

The HER2+ tumor-targeted nanoparticle, HerDox, exhibits tumor-preferential accumulation and tumor-growth ablation in an animal model of HER2+ cancer. HerDox is formed by non-covalent self-assembly of a tumor targeted cell penetration protein with the chemotherapy agent, doxorubicin, via a small nucleic acid linker. A combination of electrophilic, intercalation, and oligomerization interactions facilitate self-assembly into round 10-20 nm particles. HerDox exhibits stability in blood as well as in extended storage at different temperatures. Systemic delivery of HerDox in tumor-bearing mice results in tumor-cell death with no detectable adverse effects to non-tumor tissue, including the heart and liver (which undergo marked damage by untargeted doxorubicin). HER2 elevation facilitates targeting to cells expressing the human epidermal growth factor receptor, hence tumors displaying elevated HER2 levels exhibit greater accumulation of HerDox compared to cells expressing lower levels, both in vitro and in vivo. Fluorescence intensity imaging combined with in situ confocal and spectral analysis has allowed us to verify in vivo tumor targeting and tumor cell penetration of HerDox after systemic delivery. Here we detail our methods for assessing tumor targeting via multimode imaging after systemic delivery.

This article details the procedures for optical imaging analysis of the tumor-targeted nanoparticle, HerDox. In particular, detailed use of the multimode imaging device for detecting tumor targeting and assessing tumor penetration is described here.

The HER2+ tumor-targeted nanoparticle, HerDox, exhibits tumor-preferential accumulation and tumor-growth ablation in an animal model of HER2+ cancer. ...

Programming Stem Cells for Therapeutic Angiogenesis Using Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles

Controlled vascular growth is critical for successful tissue regeneration and wound healing, as well as for treating ischemic diseases such as stroke, heart attack or peripheral arterial diseases. Direct delivery of angiogenic growth factors has the potential to stimulate new blood vessel growth, but is often associated with limitations such as lack of targeting and short half-life in vivo. Gene therapy offers an alternative approach by delivering genes encoding angiogenic factors, but often requires using virus, and is limited by safety concerns. Here we describe a recently developed strategy for stimulating vascular growth by programming stem cells to overexpress angiogenic factors in situ using biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles. Specifically our strategy utilized stem cells as delivery vehicles by taking advantage of their ability to migrate toward ischemic tissues in vivo. Using the optimized polymeric vectors, adipose-derived stem cells were modified to overexpress an angiogenic gene encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We described the processes for polymer synthesis, nanoparticle formation, transfecting stem cells in vitro, as well as methods for validating the efficacy of VEGF-expressing stem cells for promoting angiogenesis in a murine hindlimb ischemia model.

We describe the method of programming stem cells to overexpress therapeutic factors for angiogenesis using biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles. Processes described include polymer synthesis, transfecting adipose-derived stem cells in vitro, and validating the efficacy of programmed stem cells to promote angiogenesis in a murine hindlimb ischemia model.

Controlled vascular growth is critical for successful tissue regeneration and wound healing, as well as for treating ischemic diseases such as stroke, ...

Correlative Light- and Electron Microscopy Using Quantum Dot Nanoparticles

A method is described whereby quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles can be used for correlative immunocytochemical studies of human pathology tissue using widefield fluorescence light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). To demonstrate the protocol we have immunolabeled ultrathin epoxy sections of human somatostatinoma tumor using a primary antibody to somatostatin, followed by a biotinylated secondary antibody and visualization with streptavidin conjugated 585 nm cadmium-selenium (CdSe) quantum dots (QDs). The sections are mounted on a TEM specimen grid then placed on a glass slide for observation by widefield fluorescence light microscopy. Light microscopy reveals 585 nm QD labeling as bright orange fluorescence forming a granular pattern within the tumor cell cytoplasm. At low to mid-range magnification by light microscopy the labeling pattern can be easily recognized and the level of non-specific or background labeling assessed. This is a critical step for subsequent interpretation of the immunolabeling pattern by TEM and evaluation of the morphological context. The same section is then blotted dry and viewed by TEM. QD probes are seen to be attached to amorphous material contained in individual secretory granules. Images are acquired from the same region of interest (ROI) seen by light microscopy for correlative analysis. Corresponding images from each modality may then be blended to overlay fluorescence data on TEM ultrastructure of the corresponding region.

A method is described whereby quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles can be used for correlative immunocytochemical studies of epoxy embedded human pathology tissue. We employ commercial antibody fragment conjugated QDs that are visualized by widefield fluorescence light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.

A method is described whereby quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles can be used for correlative immunocytochemical studies of human pathology tissue using ...

Surface Functionalization of Hepatitis E Virus Nanoparticles Using Chemical Conjugation Methods

Virus-like particles (VLPs) have been used as nanocarriers to display foreign epitopes and/or deliver small molecules in the detection and treatment of various diseases. This application relies on genetic modification, self-assembly, and cysteine conjugation to fulfill the tumor-targeting application of recombinant VLPs. Compared with genetic modification alone, chemical conjugation of foreign peptides to VLPs offers a significant advantage because it allows a variety of entities, such as synthetic peptides or oligosaccharides, to be conjugated to the surface of VLPs in a modulated and flexible manner without alteration of the VLP assembly.
Here, we demonstrate how to use the hepatitis E virus nanoparticle (HEVNP), a modularized theranostic capsule, as a multifunctional delivery carrier. Functions of HEVNPs include tissue-targeting, imaging, and therapeutic delivery. Based on the well-established structural research of HEVNP, the structurally independent and surface-exposed residues were selected for cysteine replacement as conjugation sites for maleimide-linked chemical groups via thiol-selective linkages. One particular cysteine-modified HEVNP (a Cys replacement of the asparagine at 573 aa (HEVNP-573C)) was conjugated to a breast cancer cell-specific ligand, LXY30 and labeled with near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence dye (Cy5.5), rendering the tumor-targeted HEVNPs as effective diagnostic capsules (LXY30-HEVNP-Cy5.5). Similar engineering strategies can be employed with other macromolecular complexes with well-known atomic structures to explore potential applications in theranostic delivery.

We have engineered the capsid protein of hepatitis E virus as a theranostic nanoparticle (HEVNP). HEVNP self-assembles into a stable icosahedral cage in mucosal delivery. Here, we describe the modification of HEVNPs for tumor targeting by mutating surface-exposed residues to cysteines, which conjugate synthetic ligands that specifically bind tumor cells.

Virus-like particles (VLPs) have been used as nanocarriers to display foreign epitopes and/or deliver small molecules in the detection and treatment of ...

In Vesiculo Synthesis of Peptide Membrane Precursors for Autonomous Vesicle Growth

Compartmentalization of biochemical reactions is a central aspect of synthetic cells. For this purpose, peptide-based reaction compartments serve as an attractive alternative to liposomes or fatty acid-based vesicles. Externally or within the vesicles, peptides can be easily expressed and simplify the synthesis of membrane precursors. Provided here is a protocol for the creation of vesicles with diameters of ~200 nm based on the amphiphilic elastin-like polypeptides (ELP) utilizing dehydration-rehydration from glass beads. Also presented are protocols for bacterial ELP expression and purification via inverse temperature cycling, as well as their covalent functionalization with fluorescent dyes. Furthermore, this report describes a protocol to enable the transcription of RNA aptamer dBroccoli inside ELP vesicles as a less complex example for a biochemical reaction. Finally, a protocol is provided, which allows in vesiculo expression of fluorescent proteins and the membrane peptide, whereas synthesis of the latter results in vesicle growth.

Presented here are protocols for the creation of peptide-based small unilamellar vesicles capable of growth. To facilitate in vesiculo production of the membrane peptide, these vesicles are equipped with a transcription-translation system and the peptide-encoding plasmid.

Compartmentalization of biochemical reactions is a central aspect of synthetic cells. For this purpose, peptide-based reaction compartments serve as an ...

Production of E. coli-expressed Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles for Vaccines Requiring Trimeric Epitope Presentation

Self-assembling protein nanoparticles (SAPNs) function as repetitive antigen displays and can be used to develop a wide range of vaccines for different infectious diseases. In this article we demonstrate a method to produce a SAPN core containing a six-helix bundle (SHB) assembly that is capable of presenting antigens in a trimeric conformation. We describe the expression of the SHB-SAPN in an E. coli system, as well as the necessary protein purification steps. We included an isopropanol wash step to reduce the residual bacterial lipopolysaccharide. As an indication of the protein identity and purity, the protein reacted with known monoclonal antibodies in Western blot analyses. After refolding, the size of the particles fell in the expected range (20 to 100 nm), which was confirmed by dynamic light scattering, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The methodology described here is optimized for the SHB-SAPN, however, with only slight modifications it can be applied to other SAPN constructs. This method is also easily transferable to large scale production for GMP manufacturing for human vaccines.

Production of E. coli-expressed Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles for Vaccines Requiring Trimeric Epitope Presentation

A detailed method is provided here describing the purification, refolding, and characterization of self-assembling protein nanoparticles (SAPNs) for use in vaccine development.

Self-assembling protein nanoparticles (SAPNs) function as repetitive antigen displays and can be used to develop a wide range of vaccines for different ...

Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation for Sizing of Gold Nanoparticles in Suspension

Particle size is arguably the most important physico-chemical parameter associated with the notion of a nanoparticle. Precise knowledge of the size and size distribution of nanoparticles is of utmost importance for various applications. The size range is also important, as it defines the most &#8220;active&#8221; component of a nanoparticle dose.
Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4) is a powerful technique for sizing of particles in suspension in the size range of approximately 1&#8211;1000 nm. There are several ways to derive size information from an AF4 experiment. Besides coupling AF4 online with size-sensitive detectors based on the principles of Multi-Angle Light Scattering or Dynamic Light Scattering, there is also the possibility to correlate the size of a sample with its retention time using a well-established theoretical approach (FFF theory) or by comparing it with the retention times of well-defined particle size standards (external size calibration).
We here describe the development and in-house validation of a standard operating procedure (SOP) for sizing of an unknown gold nanoparticle sample by AF4 coupled with UV-vis detection using external size calibration with gold nanoparticle standards in the size range of 20&#8211;100 nm. This procedure provides a detailed description of the developed workflow including sample preparation, AF4 instrument setup and qualification, AF4 method development and fractionation of the unknown gold nanoparticle sample, as well as the correlation of the obtained results with the established external size calibration. The SOP described here was eventually successfully validated in the frame of an interlaboratory comparison study highlighting the excellent robustness and reliability of AF4 for sizing of nanoparticulate samples in suspension.

This protocol describes the use of Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation coupled with UV-vis detection for the determination of the size of an unknown gold nanoparticle sample.

Particle size is arguably the most important physico-chemical parameter associated with the notion of a nanoparticle. Precise knowledge of the size and ...

Formulation and Acoustic Modulation of Optically Vaporized Perfluorocarbon Nanodroplets

Microbubbles are the most commonly used imaging contrast agent in ultrasound. However, due to their size, they are limited to vascular compartments. These microbubbles can be condensed or formulated as perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (PFCnDs) that are small enough to extravasate and then be triggered acoustically at the target site. These nanoparticles can be further enhanced by including an optical absorber such as near infrared organic dye or nanoparticles (e.g., copper sulfide nanoparticles or gold nanoparticles/nanorods). Optically tagged PFCnDs can be vaporized through laser irradiation in a process known as optical droplet vaporization (ODV). This process of activation enables the use of high boiling point perfluorocarbon cores, which cannot be vaporized acoustically under the maximum mechanical index threshold for diagnostic imaging. Higher boiling point cores result in droplets that will recondense after vaporization, resulting in "blinking" PFCnDs that briefly produce contrast after vaporization before condensing back into nanodroplet form. This process can be repeated to produce contrast on demand, allowing for the background free imaging, multiplexing, super-resolution, and contrast enhancement through both optical and acoustic modulation. This article will demonstrate how to synthesize optically-triggerable, lipid shell PFCnDs utilizing probe sonication, create polyacrylamide phantoms to characterize the nanodroplets, and acoustically modulate the PFCnDs after ODV to improve contrast.

Optically activated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets show promise in imaging applications outside of the vascular system. This article will demonstrate how to synthesize these particles, crosslink polyacrylamide phantoms, and modulate the droplets acoustically to enhance their signal.

Microbubbles are the most commonly used imaging contrast agent in ultrasound. However, due to their size, they are limited to vascular compartments. These ...