Name: Author Spotlight: Enhancing Grasping Abilities for Hemiplegic Patients with Flexible Robotic Limbs
Uploaded: 2023-10-27T13:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Enhancing Grasping Abilities for Hemiplegic Patients with Flexible Robotic Limbs at JoVE.com

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant U1913207 and by the Program for HUST Academic Frontier Youth Team. The authors would like to thank the support from these foundations.

This protocol has been approved by the Ethics Review Board of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Patients with upper limb functional disorders who met the diagnostic criteria and were receiving treatment at the author&#39;s hospital&#39;s rehabilitation department outpatient and inpatient units were selected as participants. The patients&#39; motor function recovery was assessed according to the Brunnstrom recovery stages21, and patients in stage...

Revolutionizing Stroke Rehabilitation with Enhanced Grasping and Finger Recovery

<ol>
	<li>Feigin, V. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global,+regional,+and+national+burden+of+stroke+and+its+risk+factors,+1990-2019:+A+systematic+analysis+for+the+global+burden+of+disease+study+2019.">Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019.</a> The Lancet Neurology. 20 (10), 795-820 (2021).</li><li>Nakayma, H., J&#248;rgensen, H. S., Raaschou, H. O., Olsen, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compensation+in+recovery+of+upper+extremity+function+after+stroke:+The+copenhagen+stroke+study.">Compensation in recovery of upper extremity function after stroke: The copenhagen stroke study.</a> Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 75 (8), 852-857 (1994).</li><li>Faria-Fortini, I., Michaelsen, S. M., Cassiano, J. G., Teixeira-Salmela, L. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Upper+extremity+function+in+stroke+subjects:+Relationships+between+the+international+classification+of+functioning,+disability,+and+health+domains.">Upper extremity function in stroke subjects: Relationships between the international classification of functioning, disability, and health domains.</a> Journal of Hand Therapy. 24 (3), 257-265 (2011).</li><li>Al-Fahaam, H., Davis, S., Nefti-Meziani, S., Theodoridis, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+soft+bending+actuator-based+power+augmentation+hand+exoskeleton+controlled+by+human+intention.">Novel soft bending actuator-based power augmentation hand exoskeleton controlled by human intention.</a> Intelligent Service Robotics. 11, 247-268 (2018).</li><li>Thalman, C. M., Hsu, J., Snyder, L., Polygerinos, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IEEE+International+Conference+on+Robotics+and+Automation+(ICRA).">IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA).</a> , 8436-8442 (2019).</li><li>Miron, G., Plante, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+principles+for+improved+fatigue+life+of+high-strain+pneumatic+artificial+muscles.">Design principles for improved fatigue life of high-strain pneumatic artificial muscles.</a> Soft Robotics. 3 (4), 177-185 (2016).</li><li>Yun, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IEEE+International+Conference+on+Robotics+and+Automation+(ICRA).">IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA).</a> , 2904-2910 (2017).</li><li>Tran, P., Jeong, S., Herrin, K. R., Desai, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hand+exoskeleton+systems,+clinical+rehabilitation+practices,+and+future+prospects.">Hand exoskeleton systems, clinical rehabilitation practices, and future prospects.</a> IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics. 3 (3), 606-622 (2021).</li><li>Ort, T., Wu, F., Hensel, N. C., Asada, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+Systems+and+Control+Conference.">Dynamic Systems and Control Conference.</a> , (2023).</li><li>Hussain, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+soft+supernumerary+robotic+finger+and+mobile+arm+support+for+grasping+compensation+and+hemiparetic+upper+limb+rehabilitation.">A soft supernumerary robotic finger and mobile arm support for grasping compensation and hemiparetic upper limb rehabilitation.</a> Robotics and Autonomous Systems. 93, 1-12 (2017).</li><li>Yang, B., Huang, J., Chen, X., Xiong, C., Hasegawa, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Supernumerary+robotic+limbs:+A+review+and+future+outlook.">Supernumerary robotic limbs: A review and future outlook.</a> IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics. 3 (3), 623-639 (2021).</li><li>Tong, Y., Liu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review+of+research+and+development+of+supernumerary+robotic+limbs.">Review of research and development of supernumerary robotic limbs.</a> IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica. 8 (5), 929-952 (2021).</li><li>Yap, H. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+magnetic+resonance+compatible+soft+wearable+robotic+glove+for+hand+rehabilitation+and+brain+imaging.">A magnetic resonance compatible soft wearable robotic glove for hand rehabilitation and brain imaging.</a> IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering. 25 (6), 782-793 (2016).</li><li>Yun, S. S., Kang, B. B., Cho, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exo-glove+pm:+An+easily+customizable+modularized+pneumatic+assistive+glove.">Exo-glove pm: An easily customizable modularized pneumatic assistive glove.</a> IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters. 2 (3), 1725-1732 (2017).</li><li>Polygerinos, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IEEE+International+Workshop+on+Intelligent+Robots+and+Systems+(IROS).">IEEE International Workshop on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS).</a> , 1512-1517 (2013).</li><li>Stilli, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IEEE+International+Conference+on+Soft+Robotics+(RoboSoft).">IEEE International Conference on Soft Robotics (RoboSoft).</a> , 579-584 (2018).</li><li>Zhang, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Making+sense+of+spatio-temporal+preserving+representations+for+eeg-based+human+intention+recognition.">Making sense of spatio-temporal preserving representations for eeg-based human intention recognition.</a> IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. 50 (7), 3033-3044 (2019).</li><li>Sirintuna, D., Ozdamar, I., Aydin, Y., Basdogan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IEEE+International+Workshop+on+Robot+and+Human+Communication+(ROMAN).">IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Communication (ROMAN).</a> , 1280-1287 (2020).</li><li>Mahmud, S., Lin, X., Kim, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2020+10th+Annual+Computing+and+Communincation+Workshop+and+Conferenece+(CCWC).">2020 10th Annual Computing and Communincation Workshop and Conferenece (CCWC).</a> , 0768-0773 (2020).</li><li>Asghar, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review+on+electromyography+based+intention+for+upper+limb+control+using+pattern+recognition+for+human-machine+interaction.">Review on electromyography based intention for upper limb control using pattern recognition for human-machine interaction.</a> Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine. 236 (5), 628-645 (2022).</li><li>Naghdi, S., Ansari, N. N., Mansouri, K., Hasson, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+neurophysiological+and+clinical+study+of+brunnstrom+recovery+stages+in+the+upper+limb+following+stroke.">A neurophysiological and clinical study of brunnstrom recovery stages in the upper limb following stroke.</a> Brain Injury. 24 (11), 1372-1378 (2010).</li><li>Ru, H., Huang, J., Chen, W., Xiong, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+and+identification+of+rate-dependent+and+asymmetric+hysteresis+of+soft+bending+pneumatic+actuator+based+on+evolutionary+firefly+algorithm.">Modeling and identification of rate-dependent and asymmetric hysteresis of soft bending pneumatic actuator based on evolutionary firefly algorithm.</a> Mechanism and Machine Theory. 181, 105169 (2023).</li><li>Qin, L., Wu, W., Tian, Y., Xu, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lidar+filtering+of+urban+areas+with+region+growing+based+on+moving-window+weighted+iterative+least-squares+fitting.">Lidar filtering of urban areas with region growing based on moving-window weighted iterative least-squares fitting.</a> IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters. 14 (6), 841-845 (2017).</li><li>Liu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+two-finger+soft-robotic+gripper+with+enveloping+and+pinching+grasping+modes.">A two-finger soft-robotic gripper with enveloping and pinching grasping modes.</a> IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics. 26 (1), 146-155 (2020).</li><li>Tawk, C., Sariyildiz, E., Alici, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Force+control+of+a+3D+printed+soft+gripper+with+built-in+pneumatic+touch+sensing+chambers.">Force control of a 3D printed soft gripper with built-in pneumatic touch sensing chambers.</a> Soft Robotics. 9 (5), 970-980 (2022).</li><li>Zuo, W., Song, G., Chen, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grasping+force+control+of+robotic+gripper+with+high+stiffness.">Grasping force control of robotic gripper with high stiffness.</a> IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics. 27 (2), 1105-1116 (2021).</li><li>Watanabe, T., Morino, K., Asama, Y., Nishitani, S., Toshima, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variable-grasping-mode+gripper+with+different+finger+structures+for+grasping+small-sized+items.">Variable-grasping-mode gripper with different finger structures for grasping small-sized items.</a> IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters. 6 (3), 5673-5680 (2021).</li></ol>

This study presents an innovative, flexible, wearable supernumerary robotic limb designed to assist chronic stroke patients in finger rehabilitation and gripping tasks. This robotic system prioritizes portability and offers both envelope grasp and fingertip grasp functionalities. It incorporates a flexible bending sensor for user-friendly human-machine interaction control. Static grasping experiments validate the gripping capabilities of the designed mechanism in two distinct grasping modes. The study involves experiment...

According to previous research1, as of 2019, there were more than 100 million cases of stroke worldwide. Approximately two-thirds of these cases resulted in hemiplegic sequelae, and over 80% of severe hemiplegic stroke patients could not fully recover hand and arm function2. Furthermore, the aging population is expected to continue growing in the coming decades, leading to a significant increase in the number of potential stroke victims. The persistent upper extremity impairments following a stroke can significantly affect activities of daily living (ADLs), and hand rehabilitation has been clinically recognized as a critical objective for enhancing the activity and participation of chronic stroke patients3.
Traditional motor-driven robotic upper limb devices can provide substantial driving force, but their rigid structures often translate into large sizes and high weights. Moreover, they pose the risk of causing irreversible harm to the human body if they were to malfunction. In contrast, soft pneumatic actuators have demonstrated considerable potential in rehabilitation4, assistance5, and surgical applications6. Their advantages include safety, lightweight construction, and inherent compliance.
In recent years, numerous flexible wearable robots have emerged, designed and developed around soft pneumatic actuators. These robots have been intended for the rehabilitation and post-rehabilitation assistance of stroke patients&#39; upper limbs. They primarily encompass hand exoskeletons7,8, and supernumerary limbs9,10. Although both are used in the fields of wearable robotics and rehabilitation, the former directly interacts with the human body, potentially constraining muscles or joints, while the latter supplements the human workspace or movement without direct constraint11,12. Wearable supernumerary robotic fingers based on servo motors were developed to assist occupational therapists in activities of daily living (ADLs) training9. A similar approach can be found in other research10. These two categories of robotic fingers have introduced novel possibilities for the application of such robots in the rehabilitation assistance of hemiparetic patients. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that the rigid structure employed in these robotic designs may introduce potential considerations regarding user comfort and safety. The design, fabrication, and evaluation of a soft wearable robotic glove were presented13, which can be used for hand rehabilitation and task-specific training during functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). The glove utilizes soft pneumatic actuators made of silicone elastomers to generate finger joint motion, and the device is MR-compatible without causing artifacts in fMRI images. Yun et al. introduced the Exo-Glove PM, a customizable soft pneumatic assistive glove that utilizes an assembly-based approach14. This innovative design features small modules and adjustable distances between them, allowing users to customize the glove based on their phalange length using spacers. This approach maximizes comfort and performance without the need for custom manufacturing. Researchers presented soft actuators composed of elastomeric materials with integrated channels functioning as pneumatic networks15. These actuators generate bending motions that safely conform to human finger movements. Additionally, researchers introduced the AirExGlove, a lightweight and adaptable inflatable soft exoskeleton device16. This system is cost-effective, customizable for different hand sizes, and has successfully accommodated patients with varying levels of muscle spasticity. It offers a more ergonomic and flexible solution compared to rigid-linked robotic systems. While these studies have made significant contributions to the development of flexible wearable hand rehabilitation and assistive robots, it&#39;s worth noting that none of them have achieved complete portability and human-robot interaction control.
Numerous studies have explored the correlation between biological signals, such as electroencephalogram (EEG)17 or electromyogram (EMG) signals18, and human intention. However, both approaches have certain limitations within the constraints of existing devices and technological conditions. Invasive electrodes require surgical procedures on the human body, while non-invasive electrodes suffer from issues such as high noise levels and unreliability in signal acquisition. Detailed discussions of these limitations can be found in the literature19,20. Therefore, the pursuit of research into the portability and user-friendly human-machine interaction capabilities of flexible wearable supernumerary robotic limbs remains highly relevant.
In this study, a unique flexible wearable supernumerary robotic limb was designed and fabricated to assist chronic stroke patients in finger rehabilitation and gripping assistance. This robotic limb is characterized by its lightweight, safety, compliance, waterproofing, and impressive output-to-weight/pressure ratio. Two gripping modes, envelope and fingertip grasping, have been achieved while maintaining portability and ensuring a user-friendly human-robot interaction. The protocol details the design and fabrication process of the pneumatic gripper and the wearable scheme. Additionally, a human-robot interaction method based on flexible bending sensors has been proposed, allowing for convenient and user-friendly control through threshold segmentation. All these aspects have been validated through practical experiments.
The main contributions of this study are summarized as follows: (1) A lightweight, friendly, and wearable flexible supernumerary robotic limb for chronic stroke patients has been designed and fabricated. (2) A reliable method of human-robot interaction has been realized based on flexible bending sensors. (3) Real-world experiments have been conducted to verify the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed mechanism and method, which include output force testing and involve six chronic stroke patients.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Air Compressor</td>
			<td>Xinweicheng</td>
			<td>F35L-JJ-24V</td>
			<td>Provide air supply for the pneumatic gripper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Arduino&#160;</td>
			<td>Emakefun</td>
			<td>Mega 2560</td>
			<td>Single-chip microcomputer/data acquisition card</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Backpack</td>
			<td>Mujin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Integrating external devices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flex Sensor</td>
			<td>Spectra Symbol</td>
			<td>Flex Sensor 2.2</td>
			<td>Flexible bending sensors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power supply</td>
			<td>Yisenneng</td>
			<td>YSN-37019200</td>
			<td>Provide power</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PU quick-plug connector</td>
			<td>Elecall</td>
			<td>PU-6</td>
			<td>Connector for PU tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PU tube</td>
			<td>Baishehui</td>
			<td>ZDmJKJJy</td>
			<td>Air line connection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone elastomer</td>
			<td>Wacker</td>
			<td>ELASTOSIL M4601 A/B</td>
			<td>Material of the pneumatic gripper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermostatic chamber</td>
			<td>Ruyi</td>
			<td>101-00A</td>
			<td>Constant temperature to accelerate the curing of silicone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum dryer</td>
			<td>Fujiwara</td>
			<td>PC-3</td>
			<td>Further defoaming</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum mixing and degassing machine</td>
			<td>Smida</td>
			<td>TMV-200T</td>
			<td>Mix silicone thoroughly and get it defoamed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Valve</td>
			<td>SMC</td>
			<td>NTV1030-312CL</td>
			<td>Control the air pressure</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a flexible wearable supernumerary robotic limb for chronic stroke patients

In this study, we present a flexible wearable supernumerary robotic limb that helps chronic stroke patients with finger rehabilitation and grasping movements. The design of this innovative limb draws inspiration from bending pneumatic muscles and the unique characteristics of an elephant's trunk tip. It places a strong emphasis on crucial factors such as lightweight construction, safety, compliance, waterproofing, and achieving a high output-to-weight/pressure ratio. The proposed structure enables the robotic limb to perform both envelope and fingertip grasping. Human-robot interaction is facilitated through a flexible bending sensor, detecting the wearer's finger movements and connecting them to motion control via a threshold segmentation method. Additionally, the system is portable for versatile daily use. To validate the effectiveness of this innovation, real-world experiments involving six chronic stroke patients and three healthy volunteers were conducted. The feedback received through questionnaires indicates that the designed mechanism holds immense promise in assisting chronic stroke patients with their daily grasping activities, potentially improving their quality of life and rehabilitation outcomes.

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Grasping Abilities for Hemiplegic Patients with Flexible Robotic Limbs 

A Flexible Wearable Supernumerary Robotic Limb for Chronic Stroke Patients

Output force experiments 
Figure 7 vividly depicts the structural design and dimensions of our actuator, providing a cross-sectional illustration. This actuator comprises two distinct sets of chambers, each containing five elegantly curved air chambers. Remarkably, at the actuator&#39;s terminus, we have ingeniously integrated a protruding structure, reminiscent of an elephant&#39;s trunk tip, significantly expanding the actuator&#39;s gripping radius.
<p class="jov...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Enhancing Grasping Abilities for Hemiplegic Patients with Flexible Robotic Limbs at JoVE.com

This protocol introduces a flexible wearable supernumerary robotic limb tailored to assist in finger rehabilitation for stroke patients. The design incorporates a bending sensor to facilitate seamless human-robot interaction. Validation through experiments involving both healthy volunteers and stroke patients underscores the efficacy and dependability of the proposed study.

In this study, we present a flexible wearable supernumerary robotic limb that helps chronic stroke patients with finger rehabilitation and grasping ...