Frances H. Arnold

Analysis of shuffled gene libraries.

A colorimetric assay to quantify dehydrogenase activity in crude cell lysates.

Protein engineering of oxygenases for biocatalysis.

Protein building blocks preserved by recombination.

An integrated microfabricated cell sorter.

Modification of galactose oxidase to introduce glucose 6-oxidase activity.

Laboratory evolution of a soluble, self-sufficient, highly active alkane hydroxylase.

Evolution of the C30 carotenoid synthase CrtM for function in a C40 pathway.

Directed evolution of a genetic circuit.

Functional expression of a fungal laccase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by directed evolution.

Protein dynamics in a family of laboratory evolved thermophilic enzymes.

A C35 carotenoid biosynthetic pathway.

General method for sequence-independent site-directed chimeragenesis.

Staggered extension process (StEP) in vitro recombination.

Library analysis of SCHEMA-guided protein recombination.

A self-sufficient peroxide-driven hydroxylation biocatalyst.

Global incorporation of norleucine in place of methionine in cytochrome P450 BM-3 heme domain increases peroxygenase activity.

Method to protect a targeted amino acid residue during random mutagenesis.

Engineering proteins that bind, move, make and break DNA.

Thermostabilization of a cytochrome p450 peroxygenase.

Regio- and enantioselective alkane hydroxylation with engineered cytochromes P450 BM-3.

Colorimetric assays for biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by fungal laccases.

Engineering proteins that bind, move, make and break DNA.

Laboratory evolution of cytochrome p450 BM-3 monooxygenase for organic cosolvents.

Evolution of a pathway to novel long-chain carotenoids.

Colorimetric high-throughput assay for alkene epoxidation catalyzed by cytochrome P450 BM-3 variant 139-3.

Programmed population control by cell-cell communication and regulated killing.

Stability and the evolvability of function in a model protein.

Functional evolution and structural conservation in chimeric cytochromes p450: calibrating a structure-guided approach.

SCHEMA-guided protein recombination.

Reduction of dioxygen catalyzed by pyrene-wired heme domain cytochrome P450 BM3 electrodes.

Site-directed protein recombination as a shortest-path problem.

Cobaltocene-mediated catalytic monooxygenation using holo and heme domain cytochrome P450 BM3.

Association of antigens to ISCOMATRIX adjuvant using metal chelation leads to improved CTL responses.

Thermodynamic prediction of protein neutrality.

Directed evolution of Vibrio fischeri LuxR for increased sensitivity to a broad spectrum of acyl-homoserine lactones.

Diversifying carotenoid biosynthetic pathways by directed evolution.

On the conservative nature of intragenic recombination.

A synthetic multicellular system for programmed pattern formation.

Stereoselective hydroxylation of an achiral cyclopentanecarboxylic acid derivative using engineered P450s BM-3.

Protein-surfactant film voltammetry of wild-type and mutant cytochrome P450 BM3.

Why high-error-rate random mutagenesis libraries are enriched in functional and improved proteins.

Long-term monitoring of bacteria undergoing programmed population control in a microchemostat.

Evolving strategies for enzyme engineering.

Direct conversion of ethane to ethanol by engineered cytochrome P450 BM3.

Why highly expressed proteins evolve slowly.

Preparation of human metabolites of propranolol using laboratory-evolved bacterial cytochromes P450.

Enantioselective epoxidation of terminal alkenes to (R)- and (S)-epoxides by engineered cytochromes P450 BM-3.

Biosynthesis of novel carotenoid families based on unnatural carbon backbones: a model for diversification of natural product pathways.

Fancy footwork in the sequence space shuffle.

Protein stability promotes evolvability.

Structure-guided recombination creates an artificial family of cytochromes P450.

Enantioselective alpha-hydroxylation of 2-arylacetic acid derivatives and buspirone catalyzed by engineered cytochrome P450 BM-3.

Dual selection enhances the signaling specificity of a variant of the quorum-sensing transcriptional activator LuxR.

Structural determinants of the rate of protein evolution in yeast.

Structure-guided SCHEMA recombination of distantly related beta-lactamases.

Synthetic gene circuits: design with directed evolution.

Breaking proteins with mutations: threads and thresholds in evolution.

Diversification of catalytic function in a synthetic family of chimeric cytochrome p450s.

Neutral genetic drift can alter promiscuous protein functions, potentially aiding functional evolution.

Evolution favors protein mutational robustness in sufficiently large populations.

Directed evolution of Vibrio fischeri LuxR for improved response to butanoyl-homoserine lactone.

A diverse family of thermostable cytochrome P450s created by recombination of stabilizing fragments.

Engineering by homologous recombination: exploring sequence and function within a conserved fold.

Engineered alkane-hydroxylating cytochrome P450(BM3) exhibiting nativelike catalytic properties.

Engineered bidirectional communication mediates a consensus in a microbial biofilm consortium.

Implications of rewiring bacterial quorum sensing.

A synthetic Escherichia coli predator-prey ecosystem.

Combinatorial recombination of gene fragments to construct a library of chimeras.

Evolutionary history of a specialized p450 propane monooxygenase.

Engineering microbial consortia: a new frontier in synthetic biology.

In vivo evolution of butane oxidation by terminal alkane hydroxylases AlkB and CYP153A6.

Chemo-enzymatic fluorination of unactivated organic compounds.

Directed enzyme evolution: climbing fitness peaks one amino acid at a time.

A family of thermostable fungal cellulases created by structure-guided recombination.

In the light of directed evolution: pathways of adaptive protein evolution.

SCHEMA recombination of a fungal cellulase uncovers a single mutation that contributes markedly to stability.

Directed evolution: new parts and optimized function.

A panel of cytochrome P450 BM3 variants to produce drug metabolites and diversify lead compounds.

Chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides using engineered cytochrome P450BM3 demethylases.

Exploring protein fitness landscapes by directed evolution.

Directed evolution of a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent for noninvasive imaging of dopamine.

Consensus protein design without phylogenetic bias.

Combinatorial recombination of gene fragments to construct a library of chimeras.

A general mechanism for network-dosage compensation in gene circuits.

Enzymatic functionalization of carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Combinatorial alanine substitution enables rapid optimization of cytochrome P450BM3 for selective hydroxylation of large substrates.

Comparison of family 9 cellulases from mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria.

Metal-substituted protein MRI contrast agents engineered for enhanced relaxivity and ligand sensitivity.

Optimizing non-natural protein function with directed evolution.

Improved product-per-glucose yields in P450-dependent propane biotransformations using engineered Escherichia coli.

Self-organization, layered structure, and aggregation enhance persistence of a synthetic biofilm consortium.

Cytochrome P450: taming a wild type enzyme.

Engineered ketol-acid reductoisomerase and alcohol dehydrogenase enable anaerobic 2-methylpropan-1-ol production at theoretical yield in Escherichia coli.

A structural study of Hypocrea jecorina Cel5A.

Reversal of NAD(P)H cofactor dependence by protein engineering.

Comparison of random mutagenesis and semi-rational designed libraries for improved cytochrome P450 BM3-catalyzed hydroxylation of small alkanes.