Ian Q. Whishaw

Is there an optimal age for recovery from motor cortex lesions? II. behavioural and anatomical consequences of unilateral motor cortex lesions in perinatal, infant, and adult rats.

Quantification of a single exploratory trip reveals hippocampal formation mediated dead reckoning.

DREAM is a critical transcriptional repressor for pain modulation.

Impaired spatial performance in rats with retrosplenial lesions: importance of the spatial problem and the rat strain in identifying lesion effects in a swimming pool.

Rats can track odors, other rats, and themselves: implications for the study of spatial behavior.

Impaired dodging in food-conflict following fimbria-fornix transection in rats: a novel hippocampal formation deficit.

Cortical and subcortical lesions impair skilled walking in the ladder rung walking test: a new task to evaluate fore- and hindlimb stepping, placing, and co-ordination.

Animal models of neurological deficits: how relevant is the rat?

Quantitative and qualitative impairments in skilled reaching in the mouse (Mus musculus) after a focal motor cortex stroke.

Impairment of pronation, supination, and body co-ordination in reach-to-grasp tasks in human Parkinson's disease (PD) reveals homology to deficits in animal models.

Absence of impairments or recovery mediated by the uncrossed pyramidal tract in the rat versus enduring deficits produced by the crossed pyramidal tract.

Place and matching-to-place spatial learning affected by rat inbreeding (Dark-Agouti, Fischer 344) and albinism (Wistar, Sprague-Dawley) but not domestication (wild rat vs. Long-Evans, Fischer-Norway).

Vestibular information is required for dead reckoning in the rat.

Variation in visual acuity within pigmented, and between pigmented and albino rat strains.

Long-Evans rats have a larger cortical topographic representation of movement than Fischer-344 rats: a microstimulation study of motor cortex in naïve and skilled reaching-trained rats.

Fimbria-fornix lesions disrupt the dead reckoning (homing) component of exploratory behavior in mice.

On the origins of autobiographical memory.

A novel skilled-reaching impairment in paw supination on the "good" side of the hemi-Parkinson rat improved with rehabilitation.

Cholinergic and serotonergic neocortical projection lesions given singly or in combination cause only mild impairments on tests of skilled movement in rats: evaluation of a model of dementia.

Distinct forelimb and hind limb stepping impairments in unilateral dopamine-depleted rats: use of the rotorod as a method for the qualitative analysis of skilled walking.

Acute alcohol administration improves skilled reaching success in intact but not 6-OHDA dopamine depleted rats: a subsystems analysis of the motoric and anxiolytic effects of alcohol.

Odor tracking in rats with orbital frontal lesions.

NMDA lesions of Ammon's horn and the dentate gyrus disrupt the direct and temporally paced homing displayed by rats exploring a novel environment: evidence for a role of the hippocampus in dead reckoning.

Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats have similar skilled reaching success and limb representations in motor cortex but different movements: some cautionary insights into the selection of rat strains for neurobiological motor research.

Independent digit movements and precision grip patterns in 1-5-month-old human infants: hand-babbling, including vacuous then self-directed hand and digit movements, precedes targeted reaching.

Complete and partial lesions of the pyramidal tract in the rat affect qualitative measures of skilled movements: impairment in fixations as a model for clumsy behavior.

Did a change in sensory control of skilled movements stimulate the evolution of the primate frontal cortex?

Experience and cortical control over the pubertal transition to rougher play fighting in rats.

The topography of three-dimensional exploration: a new quantification of vertical and horizontal exploration, postural support, and exploratory bouts in the cylinder test.

Impaired place navigation in place and matching-to-place swimming pool tasks follows both retrosplenial cortex lesions and cingulum bundle lesions in rats.

Precision grasps of children and young and old adults: individual differences in digit contact strategy, purchase pattern, and digit posture.

Sequential control of navigation by locale and taxon cues in the Morris water task.

Posterior neocortical (visual cortex) lesions in the rat impair matching-to-place navigation in a swimming pool: a reevaluation of cortical contributions to spatial behavior using a new assessment of spatial versus nonspatial behavior.

Posterior neocortical (visual cortex) lesions in the rat impair matching-to-place navigation in a swimming pool: a reevaluation of cortical contributions to spatial behavior using a new assessment of spatial versus non-spatial behavior.

A reaffirmation of the retrosplenial contribution to rodent navigation: reviewing the influences of lesion, strain, and task.

Skilled reaching impairments from the lateral frontal cortex component of middle cerebral artery stroke: a qualitative and quantitative comparison to focal motor cortex lesions in rats.

Preserved ipsilateral-to-lesion motor map organization in the unilateral 6-OHDA-treated rat model of Parkinson's disease.

Anesthetized Long Evans rats show similar protein expression and long-term potentiation as Fischer 344 rats but reduced short-term potentiation in motor cortex.

A masculinized skeletomusculature is not necessary for male-typical patterns of food-protective movement.

Neonatal and pubertal, but not adult, ovarian steroids are necessary for the development of female-typical patterns of dodging to protect a food item.

Evidence for bilateral control of skilled movements: ipsilateral skilled forelimb reaching deficits and functional recovery in rats follow motor cortex and lateral frontal cortex lesions.

Nicotine stimulates dendritic arborization in motor cortex and improves concurrent motor skill but impairs subsequent motor learning.

Unilateral frontal lobe contusion and forelimb function: chronic quantitative and qualitative impairments in reflexive and skilled forelimb movements in rats.

The development of spatial capacity in piloting and dead reckoning by infant rats: use of the huddle as a home base for spatial navigation.

Pallidal deep brain stimulation and L-dopa do not improve qualitative aspects of skilled reaching in Parkinson's disease.

Movements of exploration intact in rats with hippocampal lesions.

Sexually dimorphic postural adjustments are used in a skilled reaching task in the rat.

Limits on recovery in the corticospinal tract of the rat: partial lesions impair skilled reaching and the topographic representation of the forelimb in motor cortex.

Home bases formed to visual cues but not to self-movement (dead reckoning) cues in exploring hippocampectomized rats.

Bilateral alteration in stepping pattern after unilateral motor cortex injury: a new test strategy for analysis of skilled limb movements in neurological mouse models.

Motor deficits in Parkinsonian reaching: dopa-sensitivity influenced by real-world task constraint.

Play fighting in androgen-insensitive tfm rats: evidence that androgen receptors are necessary for the development of adult playful attack and defense.

Motor activity (exploration) and formation of home bases in mice (C57BL/6) influenced by visual and tactile cues: modification of movement distribution, distance, location, and speed.

The exploratory behavior of rats in an open environment optimizes security.

Parkinsonian deficits in sensory integration for postural control: temporal response to changes in visual input.

Changes in the kinematic structure and non-kinematic features of movements during skilled reaching after stroke: a Laban Movement Analysis in two case studies.

Movement characteristics support a role for dead reckoning in organizing exploratory behavior.

Pharmacological manipulations of food protection behavior in rats: evidence for dopaminergic contributions to time perception during a natural behavior.

Sexually dimorphic postural adjustments during vertical behaviour are altered in a unilateral 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease.

Parallel stages of learning and recovery of skilled reaching after motor cortex stroke: "oppositions" organize normal and compensatory movements.

Attempt-dependent decrease in skilled reaching characterizes the acute postsurgical period following a forelimb motor cortex lesion: an experimental demonstration of learned nonuse in the rat.

Similar development of cued and learned home bases in control and hippocampal-damaged rats in an open field exploratory task.

Parkinsonian deficits in context-dependent regulation of standing postural control.

No improvement by amphetamine on learned non-use, attempts, success or movement in skilled reaching by the rat after motor cortex stroke.

The point of entry contributes to the organization of exploratory behavior of rats on an open field: an example of spontaneous episodic memory.

A golgi analysis of cortical pyramidal cells in the unilateral parkinson rat: absence of change in the affected hemisphere vs hypertrophy in the intact hemisphere.

Recovery of skilled reaching following motor cortex stroke: do residual corticofugal fibers mediate compensatory recovery?

"Learned baduse" limits recovery of skilled reaching for food after forelimb motor cortex stroke in rats: a new analysis of the effect of gestures on success.

The problem of relating plasticity and skilled reaching after motor cortex stroke in the rat.

Cineradiographic (video X-ray) analysis of skilled reaching in a single pellet reaching task provides insight into relative contribution of body, head, oral, and forelimb movement in rats.

Visual guidance for hand advance but not hand withdrawal in a reach-to-eat task in adult humans: reaching is a composite movement.

Intact intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) representations of rostral and caudal forelimb areas in rats with quinolinic acid lesions of the medial or lateral caudate-putamen in an animal model of Huntington's disease.

Bilateral impairments of skilled reach-to-eat in early Parkinson's disease patients presenting with unilateral or asymmetrical symptoms.

Motor cortex stroke impairs individual digit movement in skilled reaching by the rat.

Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion disrupts the forelimb movement representations of rat motor cortex.

Hind limb stepping over obstacles in the horse guided by place-object memory.

Nicotine does not improve recovery from learned nonuse nor enhance constraint-induced therapy after motor cortex stroke in the rat.

Both compensation and recovery of skilled reaching following small photothrombotic stroke to motor cortex in the rat.

Similar hand shaping in reaching-for-food (skilled reaching) in rats and humans provides evidence of homology in release, collection, and manipulation movements.

Righting elicited by novel or familiar auditory or vestibular stimulation in the haloperidol-treated rat: rat posturography as a model to study anticipatory motor control.

Individual differences in skilled reaching for food related to increased number of gestures: evidence for goal and habit learning of skilled reaching.

Hand shaping in the rat: conserved release and collection vs. flexible manipulation in overground walking, ladder rung walking, cylinder exploration, and skilled reaching.

Music attenuates excessive visual guidance of skilled reaching in advanced but not mild Parkinson's disease.

Hippocampal damage produces retrograde but not anterograde amnesia for a cued location in a spontaneous exploratory task in rats.

Development of collection precedes targeted reaching: resting shapes of the hands and digits in 1-6-month-old human infants.

Challenging context affects standing reach kinematics among Parkinson's disease patients.

The functional origins of speech-related hand gestures.

Proximal movements compensate for distal forelimb movement impairments in a reach-to-eat task in Huntington's disease: new insights into motor impairments in a real-world skill.

Drug treatment and familiar music aids an attention shift from vision to somatosensation in Parkinson's disease on the reach-to-eat task.

Reaching-to-eat in humans post-stroke: fluctuating components within a constant pattern.

Impaired arpeggio movement in skilled reaching by rubrospinal tract lesions in the rat: a behavioral/anatomical fractionation.

Subsystems of sensory attention for skilled reaching: Vision for transport and pre-shaping and somatosensation for grasping, withdrawal and release.

The use of rodent skilled reaching as a translational model for investigating brain damage and disease.

The consummatory origins of visually guided reaching in human infants: A dynamic integration of whole-body and upper-limb movements.