Name: frame-by-frame video analysis of idiosyncratic reach-to-grasp movements in humans
Uploaded: 2018-01-15T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 51 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans at JoVE.com

著者らは、撮影とビデオのこの原稿準備、援助のアレクシス ・ m ・ ウィルソンと魔理沙 e. Bertoli を感謝したいです。この研究は、自然科学と工学研究評議会カナダの JMK、JRK (IQW)、アルバータ州 Innovates 健康ソリューション (JMK)、カナダ保健研究所 (IQW) によって支えられました。

<ol>
	<li>Karl, J. M., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+evolutionary+origins+for+the+Reach+and+the+Grasp:+an+explanation+for+dual+visuomotor+channels+in+primate+parietofrontal+cortex.">Different evolutionary origins for the Reach and the Grasp: an explanation for dual visuomotor channels in primate parietofrontal cortex.</a> Front Neurol. 4 (208), (2013).</li><li>Whishaw, I. Q., Karl, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+contribution+of+the+reach+and+the+grasp+to+shaping+brain+and+behaviour.">The contribution of the reach and the grasp to shaping brain and behaviour.</a> Can J Exp Psychol. 68 (4), 223-235 (2014).</li><li>Jeannerod, M., Long, J., Badeley, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intersegmental+coordination+during+reaching+at+natural+visual+objects.">Intersegmental coordination during reaching at natural visual objects.</a> Attention and Performance IX. , 153-169 (1981).</li><li>Arbib, M. A., Brooks, V. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceptual+structures+and+distributed+motor+control.">Perceptual structures and distributed motor control.</a> Handbook of Physiology. 2, 1449-1480 (1981).</li><li>De Bruin, N., Sacrey, L. A., Brown, L. A., Doan, J., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+guidance+for+hand+advance+but+not+hand+withdrawal+in+a+reach-to-eat+task+in+adult+humans:+reaching+is+a+composite+movement.">Visual guidance for hand advance but not hand withdrawal in a reach-to-eat task in adult humans: reaching is a composite movement.</a> J Mot Behav. 40 (4), 337-346 (2008).</li><li>Karl, J. M., Sacrey, L. A., Doan, J. B., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hand+shaping+using+hapsis+resembles+visually+guided+hand+shaping.">Hand shaping using hapsis resembles visually guided hand shaping.</a> Exp Brain Res. 219 (1), 59-74 (2012).</li><li>Domell&#246;ff, E., Hopkins, B., Francis, B., R&#246;nnqvist, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+finger+markers+on+the+kinematics+of+reaching+movements+in+young+children+and+adults.">Effects of finger markers on the kinematics of reaching movements in young children and adults.</a> J Appl Biomech. 23 (4), 315-321 (2007).</li><li>Karl, J. M., Sacrey, L. A., Doan, J. B., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oral+hapsis+guides+accurate+hand+preshaping+for+grasping+food+targets+in+the+mouth.">Oral hapsis guides accurate hand preshaping for grasping food targets in the mouth.</a> Exp Brain Res. 221 (2), 223-240 (2012).</li><li>Karl, J. M., Schneider, L. R., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonvisual+learning+of+intrinsic+object+properties+in+a+reaching+task+dissociates+grasp+from+reach.">Nonvisual learning of intrinsic object properties in a reaching task dissociates grasp from reach.</a> Exp Brain Res. 225 (4), 465-477 (2013).</li><li>Hall, L. A., Karl, J. M., Thomas, B. L., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reach+and+Grasp+reconfigurations+reveal+that+proprioception+assists+reaching+and+hapsis+assists+grasping+in+peripheral+vision.">Reach and Grasp reconfigurations reveal that proprioception assists reaching and hapsis assists grasping in peripheral vision.</a> Exp Brain Res. 232 (9), 2807-2819 (2014).</li><li>Karl, J. M., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Haptic+grasping+configurations+in+early+infancy+reveal+different+developmental+profiles+for+visual+guidance+of+the+Reach+versus+the+Grasp.">Haptic grasping configurations in early infancy reveal different developmental profiles for visual guidance of the Reach versus the Grasp.</a> Exp Brain Res. 232 (9), 3301-3316 (2014).</li><li>Whishaw, I. Q., Karl, J. M., Humphrey, N. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissociation+of+the+Reach+and+the+Grasp+in+the+destriate+(V1)+monkey+Helen:+a+new+anatomy+for+the+dual+visuomotor+channel+theory+of+reaching.">Dissociation of the Reach and the Grasp in the destriate (V1) monkey Helen: a new anatomy for the dual visuomotor channel theory of reaching.</a> Exp Brain Res. 234 (8), 2351-2362 (2016).</li><li>Timmann, D., Stelmach, G. E., Bloedel, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grasping+component+alterations+and+limb+transport.">Grasping component alterations and limb transport.</a> Exp Brain Res. 108 (3), 486-492 (1996).</li><li>Saling, M., Mescheriakov, S., Molokanova, E., Stelmach, G. E., Berger, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grip+reorganization+during+wrist+transport:+the+influence+of+an+altered+aperture.">Grip reorganization during wrist transport: the influence of an altered aperture.</a> Exp Brain Res. 108 (3), 493-500 (1996).</li><li>Whishaw, I. Q., Faraji, J., Kuntz, J., Mirza Ahga, B., Patel, M., Metz, G. A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organization+of+the+reach+and+grasp+in+head-fixed+vs+freely-moving+mice+provides+support+for+multiple+motor+channel+theory+of+neocortical+organization.">Organization of the reach and grasp in head-fixed vs freely-moving mice provides support for multiple motor channel theory of neocortical organization.</a> Exp Brain Res. 235 (6), 1919-1932 (2017).</li></ol>

著者は開示する競合金融興味を持ってないです。

本稿では、時空間の組織の運動学的構造と到達把持運動における地形のサブセットを定量化するフレームでビデオ分析を使用する方法について説明します。技術を使用して、典型的な視覚誘導到達把持運動、また特異な到達把持運動を勉強できます。そのような動きは追跡システム、従来の 3 D モーションを使用しての勉強は難しいが、発展途上の幼児、参加者変更された感覚情報処理、視?...

指間、オブジェクトを把握する到達法は食べる、グルーミング、オブジェクトの操作、ツールを振り回す、ジェスチャーを介して通信の食品アイテムを取得を含む多くの毎日機能の使用し、書かれた言葉。その指間から成っている 2 つの動き - リーチの把持動作の神経行動学的管理に関する最も顕著な理論、デュアルチャネル視覚運動理論1,2,3,4、提案します。それは開閉、形状、サイズとターゲットの形状に手把握とターゲットの場所を手を転送します。2 つの動きは、分離可能な相互作用する神経経路から視覚大脳皮質頭頂葉1,2,3、4を経由することによって仲介されます。デュアルチャネル視覚運動理論の行動のサポートは、主原因という事実に到達把持運動の単一のシームレスな行為として表示され、ほとんど意識的な努力を展開あいまいにされています。それにもかかわらず、鎌倉ほとんど常に健康的な参加者が表示されるターゲット オブジェクトを把握するに達する視覚誘導の把持動作のコンテキストで検討しました。このような状況下でアクションが表示される予測可能な陳腐なファッションで繰り広げられる単一の動きとして。リーチ発症する前に、目はターゲットにこだわる。腕が伸び、数字、オブジェクトのサイズに preshape を開き閉じるために開始後。目はターゲットの接触直前にターゲットから外れるし、ターゲットの最終的な把握に続くほとんどすぐにその後5。ビジョンを削除すると、ただし、運動の構造は根本的に異なります。それと整形対象コンタクト ガイドと手の閉鎖6を把握するに関連付けられているし、覚に触れることによって、ターゲットを検索する最初に物惜しみしない範囲が使用されるように、動きが、構成要素に切り離されます。
到達把持運動の定量化は、3 次元 (3 D) 運動追跡システムを使用して最もよく達成されます。これらは追跡システム、電磁波、赤外線追跡システムを含めることができます。 またはビデオ ベースの追跡システム。このようなシステムは目に見えるターゲットのオブジェクトに向かってステレオタイプ到達把持運動を実行する健康な成人参加者での把持動作の運動学的措置を取得するために効果的な彼らの欠点の数を持ってください。非常に高価なだけでなく、これらのシステムは、センサーや腕、手、および参加者の数字の上にマーカーの添付ファイルを必要があります。これらは通常、手から触覚フィードバックを妨げ、自然の運動動作を変更、参加者7をそらす医療用のテープを使用してアタッチします。これらのシステムは一般に加速、減速、速度などの異なる運動変数に関連数値の出力を生成するようもない最適です手の連絡先のターゲット方法を調査するため。とき、手のどの部分を決定する必要がこれらのシステム、追加のセンサーや機器を使用するターゲットとの接触、ターゲットの接触が発生した場所、および手の構成の変更がターゲットを操作するになります。さらに、赤外線追跡システムでは、最も一般的に使用されるが、一方で 3 D 空間6マーカーの位置を追跡する特殊なカメラを使用する必要。これはカメラと手のセンサー間の直接視界を要求します。など、運動の任意の特異性は視力のこの行を隠すし、運動の重要なデータの損失が発生する可能性があります。ただし、多数の到達把持運動の特異性が実際には標準であるインスタンスがあります。幼児だけに達するし、オブジェクトを把握する学習しているとき初期開発中に含まれますリーチと把握; のガイドとして手がかりを使用する必要がありますターゲット オブジェクトが表示され、触覚ターゲット オブジェクトが奇妙な形やテクスチャ;参加者を呈する様々 なストロークなど感覚障害のいずれかのとき、ハンチントン病、パーキンソン病、脳性麻痺、すべてのこれらのケースなど到達把持運動は、どちらも予測可能なもステレオタイプ、それは必ずしもビジョンに導かれても。その結果、確実にこれらの動きの時間的・運動学的構造を定量化する 3 D モーション トラッキング システムの機能厳しく制限されること混乱のため、データの損失、自然なモーター動作の変更の手の感覚のフィードバックでおよび/またはこれらのデバイスから特異な運動出力を解釈する難しさ。
本稿では手頃な価格です、手または自然なモーター動作からの感覚フィードバックを妨げないと信頼性が柔軟にすることができます様々 なひと集団における特異な到達把持運動の定量化手法さまざまな実験パラダイムに合わせて変更します。このテクニックは、複数の角度から到達把持運動を記録する複数の高速ビデオカメラを用いたを伴います。ビデオが一度に 1 つのビデオ フレームを進めると一緒に、把握する範囲の時間的・運動学的組織の定量化された説明を提供するドキュメント キー行動イベントに目視検査を使用してオフライン分析され、運動。本稿の比較分析視覚 - 対ヒト健常人6,8,9,10形誘導到達把持運動の有効性を実証するために技術;ただし、技術の修正版は、人間の幼児11とヒト以外の霊長類12のリーチの把握動作の定量化に使用されてが。これらの研究からフレームでビデオ分析の包括的な結果は、把持動作のデュアルチャネル視覚運動理論を支持する行動の証拠を提供するために、最初のうちは。

<table><tbody><tr><td>High Speed Video Cameras</td><td>Casio</td><td>http://www.casio-intl.com/asia-mea/en/dc/ex_f1/ or http://www.casio-intl.com/asia-mea/en/dc/ex_100/</td><td>Casio EX-F1 High Speed Camera or Casio EX-100 High Speed Camera used to collect high speed video records</td></tr><tr><td>Adobe Photoshop</td><td>Adobe</td><td>http://www.adobe.com/ca/products/photoshop.html</td><td>Software used to calibrate and measure distances on individual video frames</td></tr><tr><td>Adobe Premiere Pro</td><td>Adobe</td><td>http://www.adobe.com/ca/products/premiere.html?sdid=KKQOM&amp;amp;mv=search&amp;amp;s_kwcid=AL!3085!3!193588412847!e!!g!!adobe%20premiere%20pro&amp;amp;ef_id=WDd17AAABAeTD6-D:20170606160204:s</td><td>Software used to perform Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Height-Adjustable Pedestal</td><td>Sanus</td><td>http://www.sanus.com/en_US/products/speaker-stands/htb3/</td><td>A height adjustable speaker stand with a custom made 9 cm x 9 cm x 9 cm triangular top plate attached to the top with a screw is used as a reaching pedestal</td></tr><tr><td>1 cm Calibration Cube</td><td>Learning Resources (Walmart)</td><td>https://www.walmart.com/ip/Learning-Resources-Centimeter-Cubes-Set-500/24886372</td><td>A 1 cm plastic cube is used to transform distance measures from pixels to centimeters</td></tr><tr><td>Studio Light</td><td>Dot Line</td><td>https://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/1035910-REG/dot_line_rs_5620_1600w_led_light.html</td><td>Strong lamp with cool LED light used to illumate the participant and testing area</td></tr><tr><td>3 Dimensional (3D) Sleep Mask</td><td>Kfine</td><td>https://www.amazon.com/Kfine-Sleeping-Contoured-lightweight-Comfortable/dp/B06W5CDY78?th=1</td><td>Used as a blindfold to occlude vision in the No Vision condition</td></tr><tr><td>Orange Slices</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Orange slices served as the large sized reaching targets</td></tr><tr><td>Donut Balls</td><td>Tim Hortons</td><td>http://www.timhortons.com/ca/en/menu/timbits.php</td><td>Old fashion plain timbits from Tim Hortons served as the medium sized reaching targets</td></tr><tr><td>Blueberries</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Blueberries served as the small sized reaching targets</td></tr></tbody></table>

frame-by-frame video analysis of idiosyncratic reach-to-grasp movements in humans

指間、オブジェクトを把握する到達法は、人間の経験の中心です。我々 は、自分自身を養う、新郎、自分自身と私たちの環境のオブジェクトとツールを操作します。このような行動には多くの感覚運動障害によって障害はまだその神経支配の私たちの現在の理解は完全でないです。調査到達把持運動の現在のテクノロジが頻繁にモーショントラッ キング、高価になることができます手にマーカーやセンサーの添付ファイルを必要とする、自然な動きと感覚フィードバック阻害、運動を提供するシステムを利用します。出力を解釈することは困難することができます。予測と特異な到達把持運動を研究しよう追加制限に直面これらの技術の多く、通常、健康な視力を持った大人のステレオタイプの到達把持運動の効果乳幼児、見えていない大人と神経疾患患者。したがって、特異な到達把持運動の時間的・運動学的構造を定量化するための小説で、安価で、高い信頼性の高いかつ柔軟なプロトコルを提案する.高速ビデオカメラは、到達把持運動の複数のビューをキャプチャします。フレームでビデオ解析、タイミングと運動開始、コレクション、高さの最大値、ピーク絞り、最初の接触の最終的な把握など行動の事前に定義されたでき事の大きさを文書化に使用されます。運動の時間構造は手の運動学的構造は、2 次元を調整する写真編集ソフトウェアで定規またはメジャーの関数を用いて定量化は、各イベントの相対的なフレーム数の文書化によって再建された線形2 つの体の部分の間または体の一部とターゲットの間の距離。フレームでビデオ解析特有の到達把持運動の定量的かつ包括的な説明を提供することができ、巻き付けるに適した自然のより広い範囲を含むように調査の彼らの領域を拡大する研究者を有効にします。動作は、幅広い健康および臨床人口の感覚モダリティによって導かれて。

このセクションでは、フレームでビデオ分析を使用してビジュアル感覚の指導の下で特異な到達把持運動を調査するときに得ることができる結果の例を示します。第一の発見は、ときに参加者は、先手を打って両方外因性 (場所/方向) を識別するためにビジョンを使用できます、オブジェクトのターゲットの組み込み (サイズ/形状) プロパティを単一のシームレスな pr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans at JoVE.com

Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans

このプロトコルでは、特異な到達把持運動を定量化するフレームでビデオ分析を使用する方法について説明します。比較分析のテクニックを示すために使用が見えていない健康な成人と発見に到達、メソッドは発達・臨床集団の研究にも適用することができます。

特異な到達把持運動のフレームでビデオ分析

Prehension, the act of reaching to grasp an object, is central to the human experience. We use it to feed ourselves, groom ourselves, and manipulate ...

frame-frame-video-analysis-idiosyncratic-reach-to-grasp-movements

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Education

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Anatomy and Physiology

Behavior

Unit 1

Introduction to the Human Body

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

8.3K ビュー.  Thompson Rivers University. このプロトコルでは、特異な到達把持運動を定量化するフレームでビデオ分析を使用する方法について説明します。比較分析のテクニックを示すために使用が見えていない健康な成人と発見に到達、メソッドは発達・臨床集団の研究にも適用することができます。

ビデオ: Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation

This study used the transcranial magnetic stimulation/motor evoked potential (TMS/MEP) technique to pinpoint when the automatic tendency to mirror someone else's action becomes anticipatory simulation of a complementary act. TMS was delivered to the left primary motor cortex corresponding to the hand to induce the highest level of MEP activity from the abductor digiti minimi (ADM; the muscle serving little finger abduction) as well as the first dorsal interosseus (FDI; the muscle serving index finger flexion/extension) muscles. A neuronavigation system was used to maintain the position of the TMS coil, and electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the right ADM and FDI muscles. Producing original data with regard to motor resonance, the combined TMS/MEP technique has taken research on the perception-action coupling mechanism a step further. Specifically, it has answered the questions of how and when observing another person's actions produces motor facilitation in an onlooker's corresponding muscles and in what way corticospinal excitability is modulated in social contexts.

Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over the primary motor cortex, neuronavigation, and registration of electromyographic activity of hand muscles were used in this study to explore corticospinal excitability while participants were observing action sequences.

行動観察中のコルチコ脊髄興奮性変調

This study used the transcranial magnetic stimulation/motor evoked potential (TMS/MEP) technique to pinpoint when the automatic tendency to mirror someone ...

行動学

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are deliberately planned, while others spontaneously occur below conscious awareness. The deliberate component of this dichotomy has been studied extensively in several contexts, while the spontaneous component remains largely under-explored. Moreover, how perceptual processes modulate these movement classes is still unclear. In particular, a currently debated issue is whether the visuomotor system is governed by the spatial percept produced by a visual illusion or whether it is not affected by the illusion and is governed instead by the veridical percept. Bistable percepts such as 3D depth inversion illusions (DIIs) provide an excellent context to study such interactions and balance, particularly when used in combination with reach-to-grasp movements. In this study, a methodology is developed that uses a DII to clarify the role of top-down processes on motor action, particularly exploring how reaches toward a target on a DII are affected in both deliberate and spontaneous movement domains.

It is unclear how top-down signals from the ventral visual stream affect movement. We developed a paradigm to test motor behavior towards a target on a 3D depth inversion illusion. Significant differences are reported in both deliberate, goal-directed movements and automatic actions under illusory and veridical viewing conditions.

運動行動上のトップダウン視覚プロセスの影響を探索する方法

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are ...

The Structure of Skilled Forelimb Reaching in the Rat: A Movement Rating Scale

Skilled reaching for food is an evolutionary ancient act and is displayed by many animal species, including those in the sister clades of rodents and primates. The video describes a test situation that allows filming of repeated acts of reaching for food by the rat that has been mildly food deprived. A rat is trained to reach through a slot in a holding box for food pellet that it grasps and then places in its mouth for eating. Reaching is accomplished in the main by proximally driven movements of the limb but distal limb movements are used for pronating the paw, grasping the food, and releasing the food into the mouth. Each reach is divided into at least 10 movements of the forelimb and the reaching act is facilitated by postural adjustments. Each of the movements is described and examples of the movements are given from a number of viewing perspectives. By rating each movement element on a 3-point scale, the reach can be quantified. A number of studies have demonstrated that the movement elements are altered by motor system damage, including damage to the motor cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord. The movements are also altered in neurological conditions that can be modeled in the rat, including Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Thus, the rating scale is useful for quantifying motor impairments and the effectiveness of neural restoration and rehabilitation. Because the reaching act for the rat is very similar to that displayed by humans and nonhuman primates, the scale can be used for comparative purposes. from a number of viewing perspectives. By rating each movement element on a 3-point scale, the reach can be quantified. A number of studies have demonstrated that the movement elements are altered by motor system damage, including damage to the motor cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord. The movements are also altered in neurological conditions that can be modeled in the rat, including Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Thus, the rating scale is useful for quantifying motor impairments and the effectiveness of neural restoration and rehabilitation.

Experiments on animals were performed in accordance with the guidelines and regulations set forth by the University of Lethbridge Animal Care Committee in accordance with the regulations of the Canadian Council on Animal Care.

The skilled reaching scale divides the movement by a forelimb in a reach for food act into composite elements each of which are evaluated with a three-point scale. The rating scale is described for a normal rat and can be applied toward evaluating neurological motor disorders.

ラットに到達熟練前肢の構造：運動評価尺度

Skilled reaching for food is an evolutionary ancient act and is displayed by many animal species, including those in the sister clades of rodents and ...

生物学

Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates

The corticospinal (CS) tract is the anatomical support of the exquisite motor ability to skillfully manipulate small objects, a prerogative mainly of primates1. In case of lesion affecting the CS projection system at its origin (lesion of motor cortical areas) or along its trajectory (cervical cord lesion), there is a dramatic loss of manual dexterity (hand paralysis), as seen in some tetraplegic or hemiplegic patients. Although there is some spontaneous functional recovery after such lesion, it remains very limited in the adult. Various therapeutic strategies are presently proposed (e.g. cell therapy, neutralization of inhibitory axonal growth molecules, application of growth factors, etc), which are mostly developed in rodents. However, before clinical application, it is often recommended to test the feasibility, efficacy, and security of the treatment in non-human primates. This is especially true when the goal is to restore manual dexterity after a lesion of the central nervous system, as the organization of the motor system of rodents is different from that of primates1,2. Macaque monkeys are illustrated here as a suitable behavioral model to quantify manual dexterity in primates, to reflect the deficits resulting from lesion of the motor cortex or cervical cord for instance, measure the extent of spontaneous functional recovery and, when a treatment is applied, evaluate how much it can enhance the functional recovery.
The behavioral assessment of manual dexterity is based on four distinct, complementary, reach and grasp manual tasks (use of precision grip to grasp pellets), requiring an initial training of adult macaque monkeys. The preparation of the animals is demonstrated, as well as the positioning with respect to the behavioral set-up. The performance of a typical monkey is illustrated for each task. The collection and analysis of relevant parameters reflecting precise hand manipulation, as well as the control of force, are explained and demonstrated with representative results. These data are placed then in a broader context, showing how the behavioral data can be exploited to investigate the impact of a spinal cord lesion or of a lesion of the motor cortex and to what extent a treatment may enhance the spontaneous functional recovery, by comparing different groups of monkeys (treated versus sham treated for instance). Advantages and limitations of the behavioral tests are discussed. The present behavioral approach is in line with previous reports emphasizing the pertinence of the non-human primate model in the context of nervous system diseases2,3.

As manual dexterity is a prerogative mainly of primates, behavioral tasks have been developed in macaque monkeys. Four reach and grasp prehension tasks, measuring hand manipulation ability and force, allow to establish functional recovery after a lesion of the central nervous system and to test the effect of a treatment.

ヒト以外の霊長類における手先の器用さの行動評価

The corticospinal (CS) tract is the anatomical support of the exquisite motor ability to skillfully manipulate small objects, a prerogative mainly of ...

神経科学

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish reaching and grasping encodings, it is essential to present different object identities independent of their positions. Presented here is the design of an automatic apparatus that is assembled with a turning table and three-dimensional (3D) translational device to achieve this goal. The turning table switches different objects corresponding to different grip types while the 3D translational device transports the turning table in 3D space. Both are driven independently by motors so that the target position and object are combined arbitrarily. Meanwhile, wrist trajectory and grip types are recorded via the motion capture system and touch sensors, respectively. Furthermore, representative results that demonstrate successfully trained monkey using this system are described. It is expected that this apparatus will facilitate researchers to study kinematics, neural principles, and brain-machine interfaces related to upper limb function.

Presented here is a protocol to build an automatic apparatus that guides a monkey to perform the flexible reach-to-grasp task. The apparatus combines a 3D translational device and turning table to present multiple objects in an arbitrary position in 3D space.

3Dワークスペースで把握可能な物体を提示する装置の設計と使用

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish ...

Automated Rat Single-Pellet Reaching with 3-Dimensional Reconstruction of Paw and Digit Trajectories

Rodent skilled reaching is commonly used to study dexterous skills, but requires significant time and effort to implement the task and analyze the behavior. Several automated versions of skilled reaching have been developed recently. Here, we describe a version that automatically presents pellets to rats while recording high-definition video from multiple angles at high frame rates (300 fps). The paw and individual digits are tracked with DeepLabCut, a machine learning algorithm for markerless pose estimation. This system can also be synchronized with physiological recordings, or be used to trigger physiologic interventions (e.g., electrical or optical stimulation).

Rodent skilled reaching is commonly used to study dexterous skills, but requires significant time and effort to implement the task and analyze the behavior. We describe an automated version of skilled reaching with motion tracking and three-dimensional reconstruction of reach trajectories.

足と数字軌道の3次元再構成で到達する自動化されたラットシングルペレット

Rodent skilled reaching is commonly used to study dexterous skills, but requires significant time and effort to implement the task and analyze the ...

Estimation of Contact Regions Between Hands and Objects During Human Multi-Digit Grasping

To grasp an object successfully, we must select appropriate contact regions for our hands on the surface of the object. However, identifying such regions is challenging. This paper describes a workflow to estimate the contact regions from marker-based tracking data. Participants grasp real objects, while we track the 3D position of both the objects and the hand, including the fingers' joints. We first determine the joint Euler angles from a selection of tracked markers positioned on the back of the hand. Then, we use state-of-the-art hand mesh reconstruction algorithms to generate a mesh model of the participant's hand in the current pose and the 3D position. 
Using objects that were either 3D printed or 3D scanned-and are, thus, available as both real objects and mesh data-allows the hand and object meshes to be co-registered. In turn, this allows the estimation of approximate contact regions by calculating the intersections between the hand mesh and the co-registered 3D object mesh. The method may be used to estimate where and how humans grasp objects under a variety of conditions. Therefore, the method could be of interest to researchers studying visual and haptic perception, motor control, human-computer interaction in virtual and augmented reality, and robotics.

When we grasp an object, multiple regions of the fingers and hand typically make contact with the object's surface. Reconstructing such contact regions is challenging. Here, we present a method for approximately estimating the contact regions by combining marker-based motion capture with existing deep learning-based hand mesh reconstruction.

人間の多桁把持時の手と物体の接触領域の推定

To grasp an object successfully, we must select appropriate contact regions for our hands on the surface of the object. However, identifying such regions ...

The Impact of Motor Task Conditions on Goal-Directed Arm Reaching Kinematics and Trunk Compensation in Chronic Stroke Survivors

Trunk compensation is the most common movement strategy to substitute for upper extremity (UE) motor deficits in chronic stroke survivors. There is a lack of evidence examining how task conditions impact trunk compensation and goal-directed arm reaching kinematics. This protocol aims to investigate the impact of task conditions, including task difficulty and complexity, on goal-directed arm reaching kinematics. Two non-disabled young adults and two chronic stroke survivors with mild UE motor impairment were recruited for testing the protocol. Each participant performed goal-directed arm reaches with four different task conditions (2 task difficulties [large vs. small targets] X 2 task complexities [pointing vs. picking up]). The task goal was to reach and point at a target or pick up an object located 20 cm in front of the home position as quickly as possible with a stylus or a pair of chopsticks, respectively, in response to an auditory cue. Participants performed ten reaches per task condition. A 3-dimensional motion capture camera system was used to record trunk and arm kinematics. Representative results showed that there was a significant increase in movement duration, movement jerkiness, and trunk compensation as a function of task complexity, but not task difficulty in all participants. Chronic stroke survivors showed significantly slower, jerkier, and more feedback-dependent arm reaches and significantly more compensatory trunk movements than non-disabled adults. Our representative results support that this protocol can be used to investigate the impact of task conditions on motor control strategies in chronic stroke survivors with mild UE motor impairment.

This protocol is intended to investigate the impact of task conditions on movement strategies in chronic stroke survivors. Further, this protocol can be used to examine if a restriction in elbow extension induced by neuromuscular electrical stimulation causes trunk compensation during goal-directed arm reaches in non-disabled adults.

慢性脳卒中生存者における運動学とトランク補償に到達する目標指向腕に及ぼす運動タスク条件の影響

Trunk compensation is the most common movement strategy to substitute for upper extremity (UE) motor deficits in chronic stroke survivors. There is a lack ...

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

Fine motor skills are essential in everyday life and can be compromised in several nervous system disorders. The acquisition and performance of these tasks require sensory-motor integration and involve precise control of bilateral brain circuits. Implementing unimanual behavioral paradigms in animal models will improve the understanding of the contribution of brain structures, like the striatum, to complex motor behavior as it allows manipulation and recording of neural activity of specific nuclei in control conditions and disease during the performance of the task. 
Since its creation, optogenetics has been a dominant tool for interrogating the brain by enabling selective and targeted activation or inhibition of neuronal populations. The combination of optogenetics with behavioral assays sheds light on the underlying mechanisms of specific brain functions. Wireless head-mounted systems with miniaturized light-emitting diodes (LEDs) allow remote optogenetic control in an entirely free-moving animal. This avoids the limitations of a wired system being less restrictive for animals' behavior without compromising light emission efficiency. The current protocol combines a wireless optogenetics approach with high-speed videography in a unimanual dexterity task to dissect the contribution of specific neuronal populations to fine motor behavior.

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

The present protocol describes how to use wireless optogenetics combined with high-speed videography in a single pellet reach-to-grasp task to characterize the neural circuits involved in the performance of skilled motor behavior in freely moving mice.

インビボ 熟練した運動行動の無線光遺伝学的制御

Fine motor skills are essential in everyday life and can be compromised in several nervous system disorders. The acquisition and performance of these ...

Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior

Reaching is a widely studied behavior in motor physiology and neuroscience research. While reaching has been examined using a variety of behavioral manipulations, there remain significant gaps in the understanding of the neural processes involved in reach planning, execution, and control. The novel approach described here combines a two-dimensional reaching task with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and concurrent electromyography (EMG) recording from multiple muscles. This method allows for the noninvasive detection of corticospinal activity at precise time points during the unfolding of reaching movements. The example task code includes a delayed response reaching task with two possible targets displayed &#177; 45&#176; off the midline. Single pulse TMS is delivered on the majority of task trials, either at the onset of the preparatory cue (baseline) or 100 ms prior to the imperative cue (delay). This sample design is suitable for investigating changes in corticospinal excitability during reach preparation. The sample code also includes a visuomotor perturbation (i.e., cursor rotation of &#177; 20&#176;) to investigate the effects of adaptation on corticospinal excitability during reach preparation. The task parameters and TMS delivery can be adjusted to address specific hypotheses about the state of the motor system during reaching behavior. In the initial implementation, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were successfully elicited on 83% of TMS trials, and reach trajectories were recorded on all trials.

Reaching is a fundamental skill that allows humans to interact with the environment. Several studies have aimed to characterize reaching behavior using a variety of methodologies. This paper offers an open-source application of transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess the state of corticospinal excitability in humans during reaching task performance.

目標指向到達行動中の皮質脊髄興奮性の評価

Reaching is a widely studied behavior in motor physiology and neuroscience research. While reaching has been examined using a variety of behavioral ...

特異な到達把持運動のフレームでビデオ分析

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

行動観察中のコルチコ脊髄興奮性変調

運動行動上のトップダウン視覚プロセスの影響を探索する方法

ラットに到達熟練前肢の構造：運動評価尺度

ヒト以外の霊長類における手先の器用さの行動評価

3Dワークスペースで把握可能な物体を提示する装置の設計と使用

足と数字軌道の3次元再構成で到達する自動化されたラットシングルペレット

人間の多桁把持時の手と物体の接触領域の推定

慢性脳卒中生存者における運動学とトランク補償に到達する目標指向腕に及ぼす運動タスク条件の影響

インビボ熟練した運動行動の無線光遺伝学的制御

目標指向到達行動中の皮質脊髄興奮性の評価

特異な到達把持運動のフレームでビデオ分析

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

行動観察中のコルチコ脊髄興奮性変調

運動行動上のトップダウン視覚プロセスの影響を探索する方法

ラットに到達熟練前肢の構造：運動評価尺度

ヒト以外の霊長類における手先の器用さの行動評価

3Dワークスペースで把握可能な物体を提示する装置の設計と使用

足と数字軌道の3次元再構成で到達する自動化されたラットシングルペレット

人間の多桁把持時の手と物体の接触領域の推定

慢性脳卒中生存者における運動学とトランク補償に到達する目標指向腕に及ぼす運動タスク条件の影響

インビボ 熟練した運動行動の無線光遺伝学的制御

目標指向到達行動中の皮質脊髄興奮性の評価

インビボ熟練した運動行動の無線光遺伝学的制御