著者らは、撮影とビデオのこの原稿準備、援助のアレクシス ・ m ・ ウィルソンと魔理沙 e. Bertoli を感謝したいです。この研究は、自然科学と工学研究評議会カナダの JMK、JRK (IQW)、アルバータ州 Innovates 健康ソリューション (JMK)、カナダ保健研究所 (IQW) によって支えられました。

<ol>
	<li>Karl, J. M., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+evolutionary+origins+for+the+Reach+and+the+Grasp:+an+explanation+for+dual+visuomotor+channels+in+primate+parietofrontal+cortex.">Different evolutionary origins for the Reach and the Grasp: an explanation for dual visuomotor channels in primate parietofrontal cortex.</a> Front Neurol. 4 (208), (2013).</li><li>Whishaw, I. Q., Karl, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+contribution+of+the+reach+and+the+grasp+to+shaping+brain+and+behaviour.">The contribution of the reach and the grasp to shaping brain and behaviour.</a> Can J Exp Psychol. 68 (4), 223-235 (2014).</li><li>Jeannerod, M., Long, J., Badeley, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intersegmental+coordination+during+reaching+at+natural+visual+objects.">Intersegmental coordination during reaching at natural visual objects.</a> Attention and Performance IX. , 153-169 (1981).</li><li>Arbib, M. A., Brooks, V. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceptual+structures+and+distributed+motor+control.">Perceptual structures and distributed motor control.</a> Handbook of Physiology. 2, 1449-1480 (1981).</li><li>De Bruin, N., Sacrey, L. A., Brown, L. A., Doan, J., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+guidance+for+hand+advance+but+not+hand+withdrawal+in+a+reach-to-eat+task+in+adult+humans:+reaching+is+a+composite+movement.">Visual guidance for hand advance but not hand withdrawal in a reach-to-eat task in adult humans: reaching is a composite movement.</a> J Mot Behav. 40 (4), 337-346 (2008).</li><li>Karl, J. M., Sacrey, L. A., Doan, J. B., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hand+shaping+using+hapsis+resembles+visually+guided+hand+shaping.">Hand shaping using hapsis resembles visually guided hand shaping.</a> Exp Brain Res. 219 (1), 59-74 (2012).</li><li>Domell&#246;ff, E., Hopkins, B., Francis, B., R&#246;nnqvist, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+finger+markers+on+the+kinematics+of+reaching+movements+in+young+children+and+adults.">Effects of finger markers on the kinematics of reaching movements in young children and adults.</a> J Appl Biomech. 23 (4), 315-321 (2007).</li><li>Karl, J. M., Sacrey, L. A., Doan, J. B., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oral+hapsis+guides+accurate+hand+preshaping+for+grasping+food+targets+in+the+mouth.">Oral hapsis guides accurate hand preshaping for grasping food targets in the mouth.</a> Exp Brain Res. 221 (2), 223-240 (2012).</li><li>Karl, J. M., Schneider, L. R., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonvisual+learning+of+intrinsic+object+properties+in+a+reaching+task+dissociates+grasp+from+reach.">Nonvisual learning of intrinsic object properties in a reaching task dissociates grasp from reach.</a> Exp Brain Res. 225 (4), 465-477 (2013).</li><li>Hall, L. A., Karl, J. M., Thomas, B. L., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reach+and+Grasp+reconfigurations+reveal+that+proprioception+assists+reaching+and+hapsis+assists+grasping+in+peripheral+vision.">Reach and Grasp reconfigurations reveal that proprioception assists reaching and hapsis assists grasping in peripheral vision.</a> Exp Brain Res. 232 (9), 2807-2819 (2014).</li><li>Karl, J. M., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Haptic+grasping+configurations+in+early+infancy+reveal+different+developmental+profiles+for+visual+guidance+of+the+Reach+versus+the+Grasp.">Haptic grasping configurations in early infancy reveal different developmental profiles for visual guidance of the Reach versus the Grasp.</a> Exp Brain Res. 232 (9), 3301-3316 (2014).</li><li>Whishaw, I. Q., Karl, J. M., Humphrey, N. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissociation+of+the+Reach+and+the+Grasp+in+the+destriate+(V1)+monkey+Helen:+a+new+anatomy+for+the+dual+visuomotor+channel+theory+of+reaching.">Dissociation of the Reach and the Grasp in the destriate (V1) monkey Helen: a new anatomy for the dual visuomotor channel theory of reaching.</a> Exp Brain Res. 234 (8), 2351-2362 (2016).</li><li>Timmann, D., Stelmach, G. E., Bloedel, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grasping+component+alterations+and+limb+transport.">Grasping component alterations and limb transport.</a> Exp Brain Res. 108 (3), 486-492 (1996).</li><li>Saling, M., Mescheriakov, S., Molokanova, E., Stelmach, G. E., Berger, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grip+reorganization+during+wrist+transport:+the+influence+of+an+altered+aperture.">Grip reorganization during wrist transport: the influence of an altered aperture.</a> Exp Brain Res. 108 (3), 493-500 (1996).</li><li>Whishaw, I. Q., Faraji, J., Kuntz, J., Mirza Ahga, B., Patel, M., Metz, G. A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organization+of+the+reach+and+grasp+in+head-fixed+vs+freely-moving+mice+provides+support+for+multiple+motor+channel+theory+of+neocortical+organization.">Organization of the reach and grasp in head-fixed vs freely-moving mice provides support for multiple motor channel theory of neocortical organization.</a> Exp Brain Res. 235 (6), 1919-1932 (2017).</li></ol>

著者は開示する競合金融興味を持ってないです。

本稿では、時空間の組織の運動学的構造と到達把持運動における地形のサブセットを定量化するフレームでビデオ分析を使用する方法について説明します。技術を使用して、典型的な視覚誘導到達把持運動、また特異な到達把持運動を勉強できます。そのような動きは追跡システム、従来の 3 D モーションを使用しての勉強は難しいが、発展途上の幼児、参加者変更された感覚情報処理、視?...

指間、オブジェクトを把握する到達法は食べる、グルーミング、オブジェクトの操作、ツールを振り回す、ジェスチャーを介して通信の食品アイテムを取得を含む多くの毎日機能の使用し、書かれた言葉。その指間から成っている 2 つの動き - リーチの把持動作の神経行動学的管理に関する最も顕著な理論、デュアルチャネル視覚運動理論1,2,3,4、提案します。それは開閉、形状、サイズとターゲットの形状に手把握とターゲットの場所を手を転送します。2 つの動きは、分離可能な相互作用する神経経路から視覚大脳皮質頭頂葉1,2,3、4を経由することによって仲介されます。デュアルチャネル視覚運動理論の行動のサポートは、主原因という事実に到達把持運動の単一のシームレスな行為として表示され、ほとんど意識的な努力を展開あいまいにされています。それにもかかわらず、鎌倉ほとんど常に健康的な参加者が表示されるターゲット オブジェクトを把握するに達する視覚誘導の把持動作のコンテキストで検討しました。このような状況下でアクションが表示される予測可能な陳腐なファッションで繰り広げられる単一の動きとして。リーチ発症する前に、目はターゲットにこだわる。腕が伸び、数字、オブジェクトのサイズに preshape を開き閉じるために開始後。目はターゲットの接触直前にターゲットから外れるし、ターゲットの最終的な把握に続くほとんどすぐにその後5。ビジョンを削除すると、ただし、運動の構造は根本的に異なります。それと整形対象コンタクト ガイドと手の閉鎖6を把握するに関連付けられているし、覚に触れることによって、ターゲットを検索する最初に物惜しみしない範囲が使用されるように、動きが、構成要素に切り離されます。
到達把持運動の定量化は、3 次元 (3 D) 運動追跡システムを使用して最もよく達成されます。これらは追跡システム、電磁波、赤外線追跡システムを含めることができます。 またはビデオ ベースの追跡システム。このようなシステムは目に見えるターゲットのオブジェクトに向かってステレオタイプ到達把持運動を実行する健康な成人参加者での把持動作の運動学的措置を取得するために効果的な彼らの欠点の数を持ってください。非常に高価なだけでなく、これらのシステムは、センサーや腕、手、および参加者の数字の上にマーカーの添付ファイルを必要があります。これらは通常、手から触覚フィードバックを妨げ、自然の運動動作を変更、参加者7をそらす医療用のテープを使用してアタッチします。これらのシステムは一般に加速、減速、速度などの異なる運動変数に関連数値の出力を生成するようもない最適です手の連絡先のターゲット方法を調査するため。とき、手のどの部分を決定する必要がこれらのシステム、追加のセンサーや機器を使用するターゲットとの接触、ターゲットの接触が発生した場所、および手の構成の変更がターゲットを操作するになります。さらに、赤外線追跡システムでは、最も一般的に使用されるが、一方で 3 D 空間6マーカーの位置を追跡する特殊なカメラを使用する必要。これはカメラと手のセンサー間の直接視界を要求します。など、運動の任意の特異性は視力のこの行を隠すし、運動の重要なデータの損失が発生する可能性があります。ただし、多数の到達把持運動の特異性が実際には標準であるインスタンスがあります。幼児だけに達するし、オブジェクトを把握する学習しているとき初期開発中に含まれますリーチと把握; のガイドとして手がかりを使用する必要がありますターゲット オブジェクトが表示され、触覚ターゲット オブジェクトが奇妙な形やテクスチャ;参加者を呈する様々 なストロークなど感覚障害のいずれかのとき、ハンチントン病、パーキンソン病、脳性麻痺、すべてのこれらのケースなど到達把持運動は、どちらも予測可能なもステレオタイプ、それは必ずしもビジョンに導かれても。その結果、確実にこれらの動きの時間的・運動学的構造を定量化する 3 D モーション トラッキング システムの機能厳しく制限されること混乱のため、データの損失、自然なモーター動作の変更の手の感覚のフィードバックでおよび/またはこれらのデバイスから特異な運動出力を解釈する難しさ。
本稿では手頃な価格です、手または自然なモーター動作からの感覚フィードバックを妨げないと信頼性が柔軟にすることができます様々 なひと集団における特異な到達把持運動の定量化手法さまざまな実験パラダイムに合わせて変更します。このテクニックは、複数の角度から到達把持運動を記録する複数の高速ビデオカメラを用いたを伴います。ビデオが一度に 1 つのビデオ フレームを進めると一緒に、把握する範囲の時間的・運動学的組織の定量化された説明を提供するドキュメント キー行動イベントに目視検査を使用してオフライン分析され、運動。本稿の比較分析視覚 - 対ヒト健常人6,8,9,10形誘導到達把持運動の有効性を実証するために技術;ただし、技術の修正版は、人間の幼児11とヒト以外の霊長類12のリーチの把握動作の定量化に使用されてが。これらの研究からフレームでビデオ分析の包括的な結果は、把持動作のデュアルチャネル視覚運動理論を支持する行動の証拠を提供するために、最初のうちは。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>High Speed Video Cameras</td>
			<td>Casio</td>
			<td>http://www.casio-intl.com/asia-mea/en/dc/ex_f1/ or http://www.casio-intl.com/asia-mea/en/dc/ex_100/</td>
			<td>Casio EX-F1 High Speed Camera or Casio EX-100 High Speed Camera used to collect high speed video records</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adobe Photoshop</td>
			<td>Adobe</td>
			<td>http://www.adobe.com/ca/products/photoshop.html</td>
			<td>Software used to calibrate and measure distances on individual video frames</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adobe Premiere Pro</td>
			<td>Adobe</td>
			<td>http://www.adobe.com/ca/products/premiere.html?sdid=KKQOM&#38;mv=search&#38;s_kwcid=AL!3085!3!193588412847!e!!g!!adobe%20premiere%20pro&#38;ef_id=WDd17AAABAeTD6-D:20170606160204:s</td>
			<td>Software used to perform Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Height-Adjustable Pedestal</td>
			<td>Sanus</td>
			<td>http://www.sanus.com/en_US/products/speaker-stands/htb3/</td>
			<td>A height adjustable speaker stand with a custom made 9 cm x 9 cm x 9 cm triangular top plate attached to the top with a screw is used as a reaching pedestal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 cm Calibration Cube</td>
			<td>Learning Resources (Walmart)</td>
			<td>https://www.walmart.com/ip/Learning-Resources-Centimeter-Cubes-Set-500/24886372</td>
			<td>A 1 cm plastic cube is used to transform distance measures from pixels to centimeters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Studio Light</td>
			<td>Dot Line</td>
			<td>https://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/1035910-REG/dot_line_rs_5620_1600w_led_light.html</td>
			<td>Strong lamp with cool LED light used to illumate the participant and testing area</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 Dimensional (3D) Sleep Mask</td>
			<td>Kfine</td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/Kfine-Sleeping-Contoured-lightweight-Comfortable/dp/B06W5CDY78?th=1</td>
			<td>Used as a blindfold to occlude vision in the No Vision condition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orange Slices</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Orange slices served as the large sized reaching targets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donut Balls</td>
			<td>Tim Hortons</td>
			<td>http://www.timhortons.com/ca/en/menu/timbits.php</td>
			<td>Old fashion plain timbits from Tim Hortons served as the medium sized reaching targets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blueberries</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Blueberries served as the small sized reaching targets</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

frame-by-frame video analysis of idiosyncratic reach-to-grasp movements in humans

指間、オブジェクトを把握する到達法は、人間の経験の中心です。我々 は、自分自身を養う、新郎、自分自身と私たちの環境のオブジェクトとツールを操作します。このような行動には多くの感覚運動障害によって障害はまだその神経支配の私たちの現在の理解は完全でないです。調査到達把持運動の現在のテクノロジが頻繁にモーショントラッ キング、高価になることができます手にマーカーやセンサーの添付ファイルを必要とする、自然な動きと感覚フィードバック阻害、運動を提供するシステムを利用します。出力を解釈することは困難することができます。予測と特異な到達把持運動を研究しよう追加制限に直面これらの技術の多く、通常、健康な視力を持った大人のステレオタイプの到達把持運動の効果乳幼児、見えていない大人と神経疾患患者。したがって、特異な到達把持運動の時間的・運動学的構造を定量化するための小説で、安価で、高い信頼性の高いかつ柔軟なプロトコルを提案する.高速ビデオカメラは、到達把持運動の複数のビューをキャプチャします。フレームでビデオ解析、タイミングと運動開始、コレクション、高さの最大値、ピーク絞り、最初の接触の最終的な把握など行動の事前に定義されたでき事の大きさを文書化に使用されます。運動の時間構造は手の運動学的構造は、2 次元を調整する写真編集ソフトウェアで定規またはメジャーの関数を用いて定量化は、各イベントの相対的なフレーム数の文書化によって再建された線形2 つの体の部分の間または体の一部とターゲットの間の距離。フレームでビデオ解析特有の到達把持運動の定量的かつ包括的な説明を提供することができ、巻き付けるに適した自然のより広い範囲を含むように調査の彼らの領域を拡大する研究者を有効にします。動作は、幅広い健康および臨床人口の感覚モダリティによって導かれて。

このセクションでは、フレームでビデオ分析を使用してビジュアル感覚の指導の下で特異な到達把持運動を調査するときに得ることができる結果の例を示します。第一の発見は、ときに参加者は、先手を打って両方外因性 (場所/方向) を識別するためにビジョンを使用できます、オブジェクトのターゲットの組み込み (サイズ/形状) プロパティを単一のシームレスな pr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans at JoVE.com

Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans

このプロトコルでは、特異な到達把持運動を定量化するフレームでビデオ分析を使用する方法について説明します。比較分析のテクニックを示すために使用が見えていない健康な成人と発見に到達、メソッドは発達・臨床集団の研究にも適用することができます。

特異な到達把持運動のフレームでビデオ分析

Prehension, the act of reaching to grasp an object, is central to the human experience. We use it to feed ourselves, groom ourselves, and manipulate ...

frame-frame-video-analysis-idiosyncratic-reach-to-grasp-movements

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SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

8.2K ビュー.  Thompson Rivers University. このプロトコルでは、特異な到達把持運動を定量化するフレームでビデオ分析を使用する方法について説明します。比較分析のテクニックを示すために使用が見えていない健康な成人と発見に到達、メソッドは発達・臨床集団の研究にも適用することができます。

ビデオ: Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans

Using Eye Movements to Evaluate the Cognitive Processes Involved in Text Comprehension

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Measuring eye movements during reading is one of the most precise methods for measuring moment-by-moment (online) processing demands during text comprehension. Cognitive processing demands are reflected by several aspects of eye movement behavior, such as fixation duration, number of fixations, and number of regressions (returning to prior parts of a text). Important properties of eye tracking equipment that researchers need to consider are described, including how frequently the eye position is measured (sampling rate), accuracy of determining eye position, how much head movement is allowed, and ease of use. Also described are properties of stimuli that influence eye movements that need to be controlled in studies of text comprehension, such as the position, frequency, and length of target words. Procedural recommendations related to preparing the participant, setting up and calibrating the equipment, and running a study are given. Representative results are presented to illustrate how data can be evaluated. Although the methodology is described in terms of reading comprehension, much of the information presented can be applied to any study in which participants read verbal stimuli.

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Descriptions of eye tracking equipment, how to develop experimental stimuli, and procedural recommendations are included. The information presented can be applied to most any study using verbal stimuli.

眼球運動を用いてテキスト理解に関与する認知過程を評価する

The present article describes how to use eye  tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text  comprehension. Measuring eye ...

行動学

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

マウスにおけるビデオ解析システムを用いた文脈と手掛り恐怖条件付け試験

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as hedonics, motivation, and goal value in more objective ways. This is particularly relevant for the understanding of overeating and obesity as well as their potential treatments. In this paper are described a set of measures of food-related motivation using handgrip force as a motivational measure. These methods can be used to examine changes in food related motivation with metabolic (satiety) and pharmacological manipulations and can be used to evaluate interventions targeted at overeating and obesity. However to understand food-related decision making in the complex food environment it is essential to be able to ascertain the reward goal values that guide the decisions and behavioral choices that people make. These values are hidden but it is possible to ascertain them more objectively using metrics such as the willingness to pay and a method for this is described. Both these sets of methods provide quantitative measures of motivation and goal value that can be compared within and between individuals.

This article describes a set of methods for the measurement of food related motivation and food related goal values in humans.

人間の食糧報酬とモチベーションを研究

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as ...

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

統合失調症のための家族ハイリスク児の感情オドボール課題を用いて前頭辺縁系の活性の測定

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic &#946;-Blocker

The basic design used in our human fear-conditioning studies on disrupting reconsolidation includes testing over different phases across three consecutive days. On day 1 - the fear acquisition phase, healthy participants are exposed to a series of picture presentations. One picture stimulus (CS1+) is repeatedly paired with an aversive electric stimulus (US), resulting in the acquisition of a fear association, whereas another picture stimulus (CS2-) is never followed by an US. On day 2 - the memory reactivation phase, the participants are re-exposed to the conditioned stimulus without the US (CS1-), which typically triggers a conditioned fear response. After the memory reactivation we administer an oral dose of 40 mg of propranolol HCl, a &#946;-adrenergic receptor antagonist that indirectly targets the protein synthesis required for reconsolidation by inhibiting the noradrenaline-stimulated CREB phosphorylation. On day 3 - the test phase, the participants are again exposed to the unreinforced conditioned stimuli (CS1- and CS2-) in order to measure the fear-reducing effect of the manipulation. This retention test is followed by an extinction procedure and the presentation of situational triggers to test for the return of fear. Potentiation of the eye blink startle reflex is measured as an index for conditioned fear responding. Declarative knowledge of the fear association is measured through online US expectancy ratings during each CS presentation. In contrast to extinction learning, disrupting reconsolidation targets the original fear memory thereby preventing the return of fear. Although the clinical applications are still in their infancy, disrupting reconsolidation of fear memory seems to be a promising new technique with the prospect to persistently dampen the expression of fear memory in patients suffering from anxiety disorders and other psychiatric disorders.

Disrupting reconsolidation is a promising approach to dampen the behavioral expression of fear memory in patients with anxiety disorders or posttraumatic stress disorder. In a series of human fear conditioning studies we showed that disrupting reconsolidation by the noradrenergic &#946;-blocker propranolol is very effective in erasing conditioned fear responding.

ノルアドレナリンβ遮断薬によるヒトにおける恐怖記憶の再固定を乱す

The basic design used in our human fear-conditioning studies on disrupting reconsolidation includes testing over different phases across three consecutive ...

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

During motor behaviour, humans interact with the environment by for example manipulating objects and this is only possible because sensory feedback is constantly integrated into the central nervous system and these sensory inputs need to be weighted in order meet the task specific goals. Additional feedback presented as augmented feedback was shown to have an impact on motor control and motor learning. A number of studies investigated whether force or position feedback has an influence on motor control and neural activation. However, as in the previous studies the presentation of the force and position feedback was always identical, a recent study assessed whether not only the content but also the interpretation of the feedback has an influence on the time to fatigue of a sustained submaximal contraction and the (inhibitory) activity of the primary motor cortex using subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation. This paper describes one possible way to investigate the influence of the interpretation of feedback on motor behaviour by investigating the time to fatigue of submaximal sustained contractions together with the neuromuscular adaptations that can be investigated using surface EMG. Furthermore, the current protocol also describes how motor cortical (inhibitory) activity can be investigated using subthreshold TMS, a method known to act solely on the cortical level. The results show that when participants interpret the feedback as position feedback, they display a significantly shorter time to fatigue of a submaximal sustained contraction. Furthermore, subjects also displayed an increased inhibitory activity of the primary cortex when they believed to receive position feedback compared when they believed to receive force feedback. Accordingly, the results show that interpretation of feedback results in differences on a behavioural level (time to fatigue) that is also reflected in interpretation-specific differences in the amount of inhibitory M1 activity.

Controlling an identical movement with position or force feedback results in different neural activation and motor behavior. This protocol describes how to investigate behavioral changes by looking at neuromuscular fatigue and how to evaluate motor cortical (inhibitory) activity using subthreshold TMS with respect to the interpretation of augmented feedback.

人間の力と位置制御 - 増補フィードバックの役割

During motor behaviour, humans interact with the environment by for example manipulating objects and this is only possible because sensory feedback is ...

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. Delay discounting tasks are used to identify indifference points, which reflect equal preference for two dichotomous reward alternatives differing in both delay and magnitude. Indifference points are key to assessing the shape of a delay-discounting gradient because they allow us to isolate the effect of delay on value. For example, if at a 1 week delay and a maximum of $1,000, the indifference point is at $700 we know that, for that participant, a 1-week delay corresponds to a 30% reduction in value. This video outlines an adjusting amount delay-discounting task that identifies indifference points relatively quickly and is inexpensive and easy to administer. Once data have been collected, non-linear regression techniques are typically used to generate discounting curves. The steepness of the discounting curve reflects the degree of impulsive choice of a group or individual. These techniques have been used with a wide range of commodities and have identified populations that are relatively impulsive. For example, people with substance abuse problems discount delayed rewards more steeply than control participants. Although degree of discounting varies as a function of the commodity examined, discounting of one commodity correlates with discounting of other commodities, which suggests that discounting may be a persistent pattern of behavior1.

Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. We outline a computer-based delay discounting task that is easy to implement and allows for the quantification of the degree of delay discounting in human participants.

遅延測定は、調整量のタスクを使用した人間で割引します

Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. Delay discounting tasks ...

A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans

Numerous qualitative and quantitative techniques can be used to test sensory nerves and pain in both research and clinical settings. The current study demonstrates a quantitative sensory testing protocol using techniques to measure tactile sensation and pain threshold for pressure and heat using portable and easily accessed equipment. These techniques and equipment are ideal for new laboratories and clinics where cost is a concern or a limiting factor. We demonstrate measurement techniques for the following: cutaneous mechanical sensitivity on the arms and legs (von-Frey filaments), radiant and contact heat sensitivity (with both threshold and qualitative assessments using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS)), and mechanical pressure sensitivity (algometer, with both threshold and the VAS). The techniques and equipment described and demonstrated here can be easily purchased, stored, and transported by most clinics and research laboratories around the world. A limitation of this approach is a lack of automation or computer control. Thus, these processes can be more labor intensive in terms of personnel training and data recording than the more sophisticated equipment. We provide a set of reliability data for the demonstrated techniques. From our description, a new laboratory should be able to set up and run these tests and to develop their own internal reliability data.

The goal of this procedure is to demonstrate a battery of quantitative techniques for sensory and pain measurement in humans. The equipment and techniques described are commonly found in pain clinics or are easy to obtain.

人間にセンセーションと痛みを測定するために、手動テストのプロトコル

Numerous qualitative and quantitative techniques can be used to test sensory nerves and pain in both research and clinical settings. The current study ...

Measuring the Kinematics of Daily Living Movements with Motion Capture Systems in Virtual Reality

The inability to complete instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is a precursor to various neuropsychological diseases. Questionnaire-based assessments of IADL are easy to use but prone to subjective bias. Here, we describe a novel virtual reality (VR) test to assess two complex IADL tasks: handling financial transactions and using public transportation. While a participant performs the tasks in a VR setting, a motion capture system traces the position and orientation of the dominant hand and head in a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. Kinematic raw data are collected and converted into &#39;kinematic performance measures,&#39; i.e., motion trajectory, moving distance, and time to completion. Motion trajectory is the path of a particular body part (e.g., dominant hand or head) in space. Moving distance refers to the total distance of the trajectory, and time to completion is how long it took to complete an IADL task. These kinematic measures could discriminate patients with cognitive impairment from healthy controls. The development of this kinematic measuring protocol allows detection of early IADL-related cognitive impairments.

We designed a virtual reality test to assess instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) with a motion capture system. We propose a detailed kinematic analysis to interpret the participant&#39;s various movements, including trajectory, moving distance, and time to completion to evaluate IADL capabilities.

バーチャル ・ リアリティーのモーション キャプチャ システムで日常の生活動作の運動を測定

The inability to complete instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is a precursor to various neuropsychological diseases. Questionnaire-based ...

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded via an eye tracker as the participant produces or comprehends a spoken language describing the concurrent visual world. This paradigm has high versatility, as it can be used in a wide range of populations, including those who cannot read and/or who cannot overtly give their behavioral responses, such as preliterate children, elderly adults, and patients. More importantly, the paradigm is extremely sensitive to fine grained manipulations of the speech signal, and it can be used to study the online processing of most topics in language comprehension at multiple levels, such as the fine grained acoustic phonetic features, the properties of words, and the linguistic structures. The protocol described in this article illustrates how a typical visual world eye tracking study is conducted, with an example showing how the online processing of some semantically complex statements can be explored with the visual world paradigm.

The visual world paradigm monitors participants' eye movements in the visual workspace as they are listening to or speaking a spoken language. This paradigm can be used to investigate the online processing of a wide range of psycholinguistic questions, including semantically complex statements, such as disjunctive statements.

眼球運動の視覚世界のパラダイムに記録を使用して話されていた言語のオンライン処理を探索するには

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded ...