This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31871170, 32170950, and 31970915), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2021A1515010804 and 2023A1515010899), the Guangdong Natural Science Foundation for Major Cultivation Project (2018B030336001), and the Guangdong Grant: Key Technologies for Treatment of Brain Disorders(2018B030332001).

All the mice were obtained commercially and maintained in a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle (light on at 08:00 A.M. local time) at a room temperature of 22-25 &#176;C and a relative humidity of 50%-60%. The mice had access to a continuous supply of food and water. All the experiments were carried out in accordance with the Guidelines for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of South China Normal University and approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee. Male C57BL/6J mice aged 3-5 months old were used for the experim...

Extracellular Electrophysiological Recording in the Motor Cortex of Mice

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A., Gail, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparing+open-source+toolboxes+for+processing+and+analysis+of+spike+and+local+field+potentials+data.">Comparing open-source toolboxes for processing and analysis of spike and local field potentials data.</a> Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. 13, 57 (2019).</li><li>Mao, L., Wang, H., Qiao, L., Wang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disruption+of+Nrf2+enhances+the+upregulation+of+nuclear+factor-kappaB+activity,+tumor+necrosis+factor-alpha,+and+matrix+metalloproteinase-9+after+spinal+cord+injury+in+mice.">Disruption of Nrf2 enhances the upregulation of nuclear factor-kappaB activity, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 after spinal cord injury in mice.</a> Mediators of Inflammation. 2010, 238321 (2010).</li><li>Jin, Z., Zhang, Z., Ke, J., Wang, Y., Wu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exercise-linked+irisin+prevents+mortality+and+enhances+cognition+in+a+mice+model+of+cerebral+ischemia+by+regulating+Klotho+expression.">Exercise-linked irisin prevents mortality and enhances cognition in a mice model of cerebral ischemia by regulating Klotho expression.</a> Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2021, 1697070 (2021).</li><li>Ding, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spreading+of+TDP-43+pathology+via+pyramidal+tract+induces+ALS-like+phenotypes+in+TDP-43+transgenic+mice.">Spreading of TDP-43 pathology via pyramidal tract induces ALS-like phenotypes in TDP-43 transgenic mice.</a> Acta Neuropathologica Communications. 9 (1), 15 (2021).</li><li>Cao, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gamma+oscillation+dysfunction+in+mPFC+leads+to+social+deficits+in+neuroligin+3+R451C+knockin+mice.">Gamma oscillation dysfunction in mPFC leads to social deficits in neuroligin 3 R451C knockin mice.</a> Neuron. 97 (6), 1253-1260 (2018).</li></ol>

Multichannel recording in free-moving mice has been deemed to be a useful technology in neuroscience studies, but it is still quite challenging for beginners to record and analyze the signals. In the present study, we provide simplified guidelines for making micro-drive systems and performing electrode implantation, as well as simplified procedures for capturing and analyzing the electrical signals via spike sorting software and software for neurophysiological data analysis.
Given tha...

The local field potential (LFP), an important component of extracellular signals, reflects the synaptic activity of large populations of neurons, which form the neural code for multiple behaviors1. Spikes generated by neuronal activity are considered to contribute to the LFP and are important for neural coding2. Alterations in spikes and LFPs have been proven to mediate several brain diseases, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, as well as emotions such as fear, etc.3,4. It is worth noting that many studies have highlighted that spike activity significantly differs between awake and anesthetized states in animals5. Although recordings in anesthetized animals offer an opportunity to assess LFPs with minimal artifacts in highly defined cortical synchronization states, the results differ to some extent from what can be found in awake subjects6,7,8. Thus, it is more meaningful to detect neural activity over long time scales and large spatial scales in various diseases in an awake brain state using electrodes implanted in the brain. This manuscript provides information for beginners on how to make the micro-drive system and set the parameters using common software for computing the spike and LFP signals in a fast and straightforward way in order to get the recording and analysis started.
Although the non-invasive recording of brain functions, such as by using electroencephalograms (EEGs) and event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded from the scalp, has been used extensively in human and rodent studies, EEG and ERP data have low spatial and temporal properties and, thus, cannot detect the precise signals produced by nearby dendritic synaptic activity within a specific brain area1. Currently, by taking advantage of multichannel recording in conscious animals, neural activity in the deeper layers of the brain can be recorded chronically and progressively by implanting a micro-drive system into the brains of primates or rodents during multiple behavioral tests1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Briefly, researchers can construct a micro-drive system that can be used for the independent positioning of the electrodes or tetrodes to target different parts of the brain10,11. For example, Chang et al. described techniques to record spikes and LFPs in mice by assembling a light and compact micro-drive12. In addition, micro-machined silicon probes with custom-made accessory components are commercially available for recording multiple single neurons and LFPs in rodents during behavioral tasks13. Although various designs have been used for assembling micro-drive systems, these still have limited success in terms of the complexity and weight of the whole micro-drive system. For example, Lansink et al. showed a multichannel micro-drive system with a complex structure for recording from a single brain region14. Sato et al. reported a multichannel micro-drive system displaying an automatic hydraulic positioning function15. The main disadvantages of these micro-drive systems are that they are too heavy for mice to move freely and are difficult to assemble for beginners. Although multichannel extracellular recording has been shown to be a suitable and efficient technology for measuring neural activity during behavioral tests, it is not easy for beginners to record and analyze the signals acquired by the complex micro-drive system. Given that it is difficult to get the entire operation process of the multichannel extracellular recording and data analysis started in freely moving mice16,17, this present article presents simplified guidelines to introduce the detailed process of making the micro-drive system using commonly available components and settings; the parameters in the common software for computing the spike and LFP signals in a fast and straightforward way are also provided. Additionally, in this protocol, the mouse can move freely due to the use of a helium balloon, which contributes to offsetting the weight of headstage and micro-drive system. Generally, in the present study, we describe how to easily build a micro-drive system and optimize the processes of recording and data analysis.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2.54 mm pin header</td>
			<td>YOUXIN Electronic Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>1 x 5</td>
			<td>Applying for the movable micro-drive which can slide on its stulls.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adobe Illustrator CC 2017</td>
			<td>Adobe</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>To optimize images from GraphPad.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BlackRock Microsystems</td>
			<td>Blackrock Neurotech</td>
			<td>Cerebus</td>
			<td>This systems includes headsatge, DA convert, amplifier and computer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brass nut</td>
			<td>Dongguan Gaosi Technology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>M0.8 brass nut</td>
			<td>The nut fixes the position of screw.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brass screw</td>
			<td>Dongguan Gaosi Technology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>M0.8 x 11 mm brass screw</td>
			<td>A screw that hold the movable micro-drive.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6J</td>
			<td>Guangdong Zhiyuan Biomedical Technology Co., LTD.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>12 weeks of age.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Biosharp</td>
			<td>15 mL; BS-150-M</td>
			<td>To store mice brain with sucrose sulutions.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conducting paint</td>
			<td>Structure Probe, Inc.</td>
			<td>7440-22-4</td>
			<td>To improve the lead-connecting quality between connector pins and Ni-wires.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conductive copper foil tape</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>1181</td>
			<td>To reduce interferenc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Connector</td>
			<td>YOUXIN Electronic Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>2 x 10P</td>
			<td>To connect the headtage to micro-drive system.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DC Power supply</td>
			<td>Maisheng</td>
			<td>MS-305D</td>
			<td>A power device for&#160; electrolytic lesion.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental cement</td>
			<td>Shanghai New Century Dental Materials Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>To fix the electrode arrays on mouse&#39;s skull after finishing the implantation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital analog converter</td>
			<td>Blackrock</td>
			<td>128-Channel</td>
			<td>A device that converts digital data into analog signals.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epoxy resin</td>
			<td>Alteco</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>To cover pins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Excel</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>To summarize data after analysis.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eye scissors</td>
			<td>JiangXi YuYuan Medical Equipment Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>For surgery or cutting the Ni-chrome wire.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine forceps</td>
			<td>JiangXi YuYuan Medical Equipment Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>For surgery.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>JiangXi YuYuan Medical Equipment Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>For surgery or assembling the mirco-drive system.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezing microtome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>CM3050 S</td>
			<td>&#160;Cut the mouse&#8217;s brain into slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fused silica capillary tubing</td>
			<td>Zhengzhou INNOSEP Scientific Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>TSP050125</td>
			<td>To&#160; serve as the guide tubes for Ni-chrome wires.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass microelectrode</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument Company</td>
			<td>BF100-50-10</td>
			<td>To mark the desired locations for implantation using the filled ink.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GraphPad Prism 7</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>To analyze and visualize the results.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guide-tube</td>
			<td>Polymicro technologies</td>
			<td>1068150020</td>
			<td>To load Ni-chrome wires.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Headstage</td>
			<td>Blackrock</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>A tool of transmitting signals.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Helium balloon</td>
			<td>Yili Festive products Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>24 inch</td>
			<td>To offset the weight of headstage and micro-drive system.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ink</td>
			<td>Sailor Pen Co.,LTD.</td>
			<td>13-2001</td>
			<td>To mark the desired locations for implantation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodine tincture</td>
			<td>Guangdong Hengjian Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>To disinfect mouse&#39;s scalp.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lincomycin in Hydrochloride and Lidocaine&#160; hydrochloride gel</td>
			<td>Hubei kangzheng pharmaceutical co., ltd.</td>
			<td>10g</td>
			<td>A drug used to reduce inflammation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Meloxicam</td>
			<td>Vicki Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>71125-38-7</td>
			<td>To reduce postoperative pain in mice.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulators</td>
			<td>Scientifica</td>
			<td>Scientifica IVM Triple</td>
			<td>For electrode arrays implantation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>ECLIPSE Ni-E</td>
			<td>&#160;Capture the images of brain sections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>nanoZ impedance tester</td>
			<td>Plexon</td>
			<td>nanoZ</td>
			<td>To measure impedance or performing electrode impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for multichannel microelectrode arrays.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NeuroExplorer</td>
			<td>Plexon</td>
			<td>NeuroExplorer</td>
			<td>A tool for analyzing the electrophysiological data.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NeuroExplorer&#160;</td>
			<td>Plexon, USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>A software.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ni-chrome wire</td>
			<td>California Fine Wire Co.</td>
			<td>M472490</td>
			<td>35 &#956;m Ni-chrome wire.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Offline Sorter</td>
			<td>Plexon</td>
			<td>Offline Sorter</td>
			<td>A tool for sorting the recorded multi-units.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCB board</td>
			<td>Hangzhou Jiepei Information Technology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Computer designed board.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pentobarbital</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3761</td>
			<td>To anesthetize mice.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pentobarbital sodium</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>57-33-0</td>
			<td>To anesthetize the mouse.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td>Longer</td>
			<td>BT100-1F</td>
			<td>A device used for perfusion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyformaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A500684-0500</td>
			<td>The main component of fixative solution for fixation of mouse brains&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PtCl4</td>
			<td>Tianjin Jinbolan Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>13454-96-1</td>
			<td>Preparation for gold plating liquid.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline</td>
			<td>Guangdong Hengjian Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>To clean the mouse&#39;s skull.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver wire</td>
			<td>Suzhou Xinye Electronics Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>2 mm diameter</td>
			<td>Applying for ground and reference electrodes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skull drill</td>
			<td>RWD Life Science</td>
			<td>78001</td>
			<td>To drill carefully two small holes on mouse&#39;s skull.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel screws</td>
			<td>YOUXIN Electronic Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>M0.8 x 2</td>
			<td>To protect the micro-drive system and link the ground and reference electrodes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotaxic apparatus</td>
			<td>RWD Life Science</td>
			<td>68513</td>
			<td>To perform the stereotaxic coordinates of bilateral motor cortex.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Damao</td>
			<td>57-50-1</td>
			<td>To dehydrate the mouse brains&#160; after perfusion.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super glue</td>
			<td>Henkel AG &#38; Co.</td>
			<td>PSK5C</td>
			<td>To fix the guide tube and Ni-chrome wire.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temperature controller</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>TCAT-2</td>
			<td>To maintain mouse&#39;s rectal temperature at 37&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetracycline eye ointment</td>
			<td>Guangdong Hengjian Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>To protect the mouse&#39;s eyes during surgery.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thread</td>
			<td>Rapala</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>To link ballon and headstage.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vaseline</td>
			<td>Unilever plc</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>To cover the gap between electrode arrays and mouse&#39;s skull.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

multichannel extracellular recording in freely moving mice

The protocol aims to uncover the properties of neuronal firing and network local field potentials (LFPs) in behaving mice carrying out specific tasks by correlating the electrophysiological signals with spontaneous and/or specific behavior. This technique represents a valuable tool in studying the neuronal network activity underlying these behaviors. The article provides a detailed and complete procedure for electrode implantation and consequent extracellular recording in free-moving conscious mice. The study includes a detailed method for implanting the microelectrode arrays, capturing the LFP and neuronal spiking signals in the motor cortex (MC) using a multichannel system, and the subsequent offline data analysis. The advantage of multichannel recording in conscious animals is that a greater number of spiking neurons and neuronal subtypes can be obtained and compared, which allows the evaluation of the relationship between a specific behavior and the associated electrophysiological signals. Notably, the multichannel extracellular recording technique and the data analysis procedure described in the present study can be applied to other brain areas when conducting experiments in behaving mice.

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multichannel Extracellular Recording for Studying Neuronal Activity in Freely Moving Mice 

Multichannel Extracellular Recording in Freely Moving Mice

We aim to uncover the properties of neuronal firing and network local field potentials in behaving mice carrying out specific tasks by correlating the electrophysiological signal with behaviors. Multichannel extracellular recording by the micro-drive system has been shown to be a suitable and a efficient technology for neural activity during behavioral tests. Multichannel recording in free-moving mice has been deemed to be a useful technology in neuroscience studies, but it's still quite challenging for beginners to acquire and analyze the signals.We introduced how to perform the multichannel extracellular recording in freely-moving mice with a more steady and lightweight micro-drive system, and optimize the processes of recording and data analysis for the beginners. We are going to increase the number of channels and reduce the volume of micro-driver system in a new version.

A high-pass (250 Hz) filter was applied to extract the multi-unit spikes from the raw signals (Figure 6A). Further, the recorded units from the MC of a normal mouse sorted by PCA were verified (Figure 7A-D), and the valley width and waveform duration of the units in the MC of the mouse were recorded. The results showed that both the valley width and waveform duration of the MC putative pyramidal neurons (Pyn) in mice are higher ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Advancements in Multichannel Extracellular Recording for Studying Neuronal Activity in Freely Moving Mice at JoVE.com

The protocol describes the methodology of extracellular recording in the motor cortex (MC) to reveal extracellular electrophysiological properties in freely moving conscious mice, as well as the data analysis of local field potentials (LFPs) and spikes, which is useful for evaluating the network neural activity underlying behaviors of interest.

The protocol aims to uncover the properties of neuronal firing and network local field potentials (LFPs) in behaving mice carrying out specific tasks by ...

multichannel-extracellular-recording-in-freely-moving-mice