This work was supported by the NIH NHLBI R35HL155657 (N.M.) and the John C. Parker professorship (N.M.). We would like to thank Ms. Sierra J. Archibald for her helpful comments

The research was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (protocol number: 14-2108).
1. Blood collection from donors
<ol>
	<li>Collect whole blood using clean venipuncture into the antecubital vein with a 21 G needle. Discard the first 3 mL of blood because this portion of blood may contain TF from perivascular cells.</li>
	<li>Draw 2.7 or 1.8 mL (depending on the size of the tubes) of blood into a vacutainer containing 3.2% sodium citrate (0.109 mol/L). Do not over- or underfill the tubes. Gently invert tubes immediately after blood collection to disperse the sodium citrate.</li>
	<li>Avoid agitation if the tubes are transported before processing. Prepare plasma within 2 h of blood collection.</li>
</ol>
2. Preparation of negative control plasma
NOTE: Samples should not be placed on ice at any time before the final freeze.
<ol>
	<li>Prepare negative control plasma using whole blood from healthy volunteers. Immediately after blood collection, prepare platelet-free plasma as follows.
	<ol>
		<li>Transfer blood samples from the vacutainer tubes to 15 mL tubes.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge blood samples at 2,500 &#215; g for 15 min at room temperature (20-24 &#176;C) without brake.</li>
		<li>Transfer the supernatant (platelet-poor plasma) to a new tube and repeat the spin under the same conditions.</li>
		<li>Transfer the supernatant (platelet-depleted plasma) to a new tube.</li>
		<li>Aliquot the sample into &#8805;100 &#181;L aliquots. Leave approximately 100 &#181;L at the bottom of the tube.</li>
		<li>Immediately freeze the platelet-depleted plasma at &#8722;80 &#176;C (Figure 1).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Preparation of positive control plasma
NOTE: Response to lipopolysaccharide is variable between individuals.
<ol>
	<li>Transfer blood samples from the vacutainers to 15 mL tubes.</li>
	<li>Prepare positive control plasma using whole blood from healthy volunteers stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli O111:B4 (10 &#181;g/mL) for 5 h at 37 &#176;C with agitation.</li>
	<li>After 5 h incubation, follow the steps 2.1.2 to 2.1.6.</li>
</ol>
4. Isolation of extracellular vesicles from plasma
NOTE: EV pellets may not be visible. The defrosting time is dependent on sample volume but we usually defrost 100 &#181;L plasma for 30 min at 37 &#176;C.
<ol>
	<li>Defrost plasma samples at 37 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Add 1 mL of HBSA without calcium [HBSA-Ca(-)] buffer [137 mM NaCl, 5.38 mM KCl, 5.55 mM glucose, 10 mM HEPES, 0.1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin] to each 100 &#181;L of plasma sample in a 1.5 mL tube.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge plasma samples at 20,000 &#215; g for 15 min at 4 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Aspirate the supernatant down to 20 &#181;L without disturbing the EV pellet.</li>
	<li>Reconstitute the EV pellet by adding 1 mL of HBSA-Ca(-) buffer to each tube, pipette up and down at the location of the EV pellet, and vortex each tube before centrifuging for a second time at 20,000 &#215; g for 15 min at 4 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Aspirate the supernatant down to 20 &#181;L without disturbing the EV pellet.</li>
	<li>Reconstitute the EV pellet in 80 &#181;L of HBSA-Ca(-) and pipette up and down at the location of the EV pellet (Figure 2).</li>
</ol>
5. Option: Isolation of small extracellular vesicles using ultracentrifuge
<ol>
	<li>After step 4.3, collect the supernatant and ultracentrifuge at 100,000 &#215; g for 70 min at 4 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Aspirate the supernatant down to 20 &#181;L without disturbing the EV pellet.</li>
	<li>Reconstitute the EV pellet by adding 1 mL of HBSA-Ca(-) buffer to each tube and vortex each tube before ultracentrifuging for a second time at 100,000 &#215; g for 70 min at 4 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Aspirate the supernatant down to 20 &#181;L without disturbing the EV pellet.</li>
	<li>Reconstitute the EV pellet in 80 &#181;L of HBSA-Ca(-).</li>
</ol>
6. Measurement of extracellular vesicle tissue factor activity
NOTE: EV samples should be pipetted and vortexed well to mix before adding to wells. EDTA-disodium will inhibit the ability of FXa to cleave the chromogenic substrate. Therefore, EDTA-disodium cannot be used as a replacement for EDTA-tetrasodium in step 6.7.
<ol>
	<li>Add 40 &#181;L of an EV sample to two wells of a 96-well plate.</li>
	<li>Add 11 &#181;L of an inhibitory mouse anti-human TF IgG [(36.4 &#181;g/mL, final concentration 7.8 &#181;g/mL)] to one well of an EV sample and 11 &#181;L of control mouse IgG [(36.4 &#181;g/mL, final concentration 7.8 &#181;g/mL)] to the other well.</li>
	<li>Incubate the 96-well plate for 15 min at room temperature.</li>
	<li>During the incubation time, prepare 50 &#181;L/well of TF standards (0, 0.32, 0.63, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 pg/mL) in duplicate using relipidated recombinant TF.</li>
	<li>Prepare factor mix by mixing 4 mL of HBSA with calcium [HBSA-Ca(+)] [HBSA-Ca(-) + 10 mM CaCl2, final concentration 10 mM], 800 &#181;L of 900 nM FX in HBSA-Ca(+) (final concentration: 146.4 nM), and 120 &#181;L of 200 nM FVIIa in HBSA-CA(+) (final concentration: 4.8 nM).</li>
	<li>Add 50 &#181;L of the factor mix solution to each well, cover the plate with film, and incubate for 2 h in an incubator at 37 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>After 2 h, stop FXa generation by adding 25 &#181;L of HBSA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) buffer [HBSA-Ca(-) + 25 mM EDTA-tetrasodium, final concentration 5 mM] and incubate for 5 min at room temperature.</li>
	<li>Reconstitute the chromogenic substrate that is cleaved by FXa to 4mM (add 8.7 mL of distilled water to a 25 mg vial).</li>
	<li>Add 25 &#181;L of the chromogenic substrate solution to each well, cover the plate with film and then with aluminum foil to protect it from light, and incubate for 15 min at 37 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>After 15 min of incubation, remove bubbles with a needle or by centrifugation at 1,500 &#215; g for 1 min.</li>
	<li>Read the plate at 405 nm using a plate reader with one mix before reading.</li>
	<li>Convert the FXa generation of each well to TF activity using the standard curve generated using relipidated recombinant TF.</li>
	<li>Calculate TF-dependent FXa generation (EVTF activity) using equation (1): 
	TF-dependent FXa generation (EVTF activity [pg/mL]) = Total FXa generation (control IgG well) - TF-independent FXa generation (anti-TF IgG well) (Figure 3) (1)</li>
</ol>

Improved Sensitivity for Tissue Factor Activity Assay in Extracellular Vesicles

<ol>
	<li>Grover, S. P., Mackman, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+factor:+an+essential+mediator+of+hemostasis+and+trigger+of+thrombosis.">Tissue factor: an essential mediator of hemostasis and trigger of thrombosis.</a> Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 38 (4), 709-725 (2018).</li><li>Shaw, A. W., Pureza, V. S., Sligar, S. G., Morrissey, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+local+phospholipid+environment+modulates+the+activation+of+blood+clotting.">The local phospholipid environment modulates the activation of blood clotting.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (9), 6556-6563 (2007).</li><li>Tavoosi, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+determinants+of+phospholipid+synergy+in+blood+clotting.">Molecular determinants of phospholipid synergy in blood clotting.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (26), 23247-23253 (2011).</li><li>Wang, J., Pendurthi, U. R., Rao, L. V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sphingomyelin+encrypts+tissue+factor:+ATP-induced+activation+of+A-SMase+leads+to+tissue+factor+decryption+and+microvesicle+shedding.">Sphingomyelin encrypts tissue factor: ATP-induced activation of A-SMase leads to tissue factor decryption and microvesicle shedding.</a> Blood Advances. 1 (13), 849-862 (2017).</li><li>Kornhuber, J., Rhein, C., Muller, C. P., Muhle, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Secretory+sphingomyelinase+in+health+and+disease.">Secretory sphingomyelinase in health and disease.</a> Biological Chemistry. 396 (6-7), 707-736 (2015).</li><li>Versteeg, H. H., Ruf, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+factor+coagulant+function+is+enhanced+by+protein-disulfide+isomerase+independent+of+oxidoreductase+activity.">Tissue factor coagulant function is enhanced by protein-disulfide isomerase independent of oxidoreductase activity.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (35), 25416-25424 (2007).</li><li>Reinhardt, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+disulfide+isomerase+acts+as+an+injury+response+signal+that+enhances+fibrin+generation+via+tissue+factor+activation.">Protein disulfide isomerase acts as an injury response signal that enhances fibrin generation via tissue factor activation.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 118 (3), 1110-1122 (2008).</li><li>Langer, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+activation+of+monocyte+tissue+factor+by+antithymocyte+globulin+is+dependent+on+complement+and+protein+disulfide+isomerase.">Rapid activation of monocyte tissue factor by antithymocyte globulin is dependent on complement and protein disulfide isomerase.</a> Blood. 121 (12), 2324-2335 (2013).</li><li>Bogdanov, V. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternatively+spliced+human+tissue+factor:+a+circulating,+soluble,+thrombogenic+protein.">Alternatively spliced human tissue factor: a circulating, soluble, thrombogenic protein.</a> Nature Medicine. 9 (4), 458-462 (2003).</li><li>Mackman, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternatively+spliced+tissue+factor+-+one+cut+too+many.">Alternatively spliced tissue factor - one cut too many.</a> Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 97 (1), 5-8 (2007).</li><li>Censarek, P., Bobbe, A., Grandoch, M., Schror, K., Weber, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternatively+spliced+human+tissue+factor+(asHTF)+is+not+pro-coagulant.">Alternatively spliced human tissue factor (asHTF) is not pro-coagulant.</a> Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 97 (1), 11-14 (2007).</li><li>Gyorgy, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+vesicles,+current+state-of-the-art:+emerging+role+of+extracellular+vesicles.">Membrane vesicles, current state-of-the-art: emerging role of extracellular vesicles.</a> Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 68 (16), 2667-2688 (2011).</li><li>Osterud, B., Bjorklid, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+factor+in+blood+cells+and+endothelial+cells.">Tissue factor in blood cells and endothelial cells.</a> Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition). 4 (1), 289-299 (2012).</li><li>Hisada, Y., Mackman, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+cell-derived+tissue+factor-positive+extracellular+vesicles:+biomarkers+of+thrombosis+and+survival.">Cancer cell-derived tissue factor-positive extracellular vesicles: biomarkers of thrombosis and survival.</a> Current Opinion in Hematology. 26 (5), 349-356 (2019).</li><li>Vatsyayan, R., Kothari, H., Pendurthi, U. R., Rao, L. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal+enhances+tissue+factor+activity+in+human+monocytic+cells+via+p38+mitogen-activated+protein+kinase+activation-dependent+phosphatidylserine+exposure.">4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal enhances tissue factor activity in human monocytic cells via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation-dependent phosphatidylserine exposure.</a> Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 33 (7), 1601-1611 (2013).</li><li>Mackman, N., Sachetto, A. T. A., Hisada, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+tissue+factor-positive+extracellular+vesicles+in+plasma:+strengths+and+weaknesses+of+current+methods.">Measurement of tissue factor-positive extracellular vesicles in plasma: strengths and weaknesses of current methods.</a> Current Opinion in Hematology. 29 (5), 266-274 (2022).</li><li>Lee, R. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pre-analytical+and+analytical+variables+affecting+the+measurement+of+plasma-derived+microparticle+tissue+factor+activity.">Pre-analytical and analytical variables affecting the measurement of plasma-derived microparticle tissue factor activity.</a> Thrombosis Research. 129 (1), 80-85 (2012).</li><li>Claussen, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microvesicle-associated+tissue+factor+procoagulant+activity+for+the+preoperative+diagnosis+of+ovarian+cancer.">Microvesicle-associated tissue factor procoagulant activity for the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian cancer.</a> Thrombosis Research. 141, 39-48 (2016).</li><li>Mackman, N., Hisada, Y., Archibald, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+factor+and+its+procoagulant+activity+on+cancer-associated+thromboembolism+in+pancreatic+cancer:+Comment+by+Mackman+et+al.">Tissue factor and its procoagulant activity on cancer-associated thromboembolism in pancreatic cancer: Comment by Mackman et al.</a> Cancer Science. 113 (5), 1885-1887 (2022).</li><li>Sachetto, A. T. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+four+commercial+ELISAs+to+measure+tissue+factor+in+human+plasma.">Evaluation of four commercial ELISAs to measure tissue factor in human plasma.</a> Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 7 (3), 100133 (2023).</li><li>Archibald, S. J., Hisada, Y., Bae-Jump, V. L., Mackman, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+new+bead-based+assay+to+measure+levels+of+human+tissue+factor+antigen+in+extracellular+vesicles+in+plasma.">Evaluation of a new bead-based assay to measure levels of human tissue factor antigen in extracellular vesicles in plasma.</a> Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 6 (2), e12677 (2022).</li><li>Tatsumi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+new+commercial+assay+to+measure+microparticle+tissue+factor+activity+in+plasma:+communication+from+the+SSC+of+the+ISTH.">Evaluation of a new commercial assay to measure microparticle tissue factor activity in plasma: communication from the SSC of the ISTH.</a> Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 12 (11), 1932-1934 (2014).</li><li>Hisada, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+microparticle+tissue+factor+activity+in+clinical+samples:+A+summary+of+two+tissue+factor-dependent+FXa+generation+assays.">Measurement of microparticle tissue factor activity in clinical samples: A summary of two tissue factor-dependent FXa generation assays.</a> Thrombosis Research. 139, 90-97 (2016).</li><li>Tatsumi, K., Hisada, Y., Connolly, A. F., Buranda, T., Mackman, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patients+with+severe+orthohantavirus+cardiopulmonary+syndrome+due+to+Sin+Nombre+Virus+infection+have+increased+circulating+extracellular+vesicle+tissue+factor+and+an+activated+coagulation+system.">Patients with severe orthohantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome due to Sin Nombre Virus infection have increased circulating extracellular vesicle tissue factor and an activated coagulation system.</a> Thrombosis Research. 179, 31-33 (2019).</li><li>Schmedes, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+Extracellular+Vesicle+Tissue+Factor+Activity+During+Orthohantavirus+Infection+Is+Associated+With+Intravascular+Coagulation.">Circulating Extracellular Vesicle Tissue Factor Activity During Orthohantavirus Infection Is Associated With Intravascular Coagulation.</a> Journal of Infectious Diseases. 222 (8), 1392-1399 (2020).</li><li>Rosell, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patients+with+COVID-19+have+elevated+levels+of+circulating+extracellular+vesicle+tissue+factor+activity+that+is+associated+with+severity+and+mortality-Brief+report.">Patients with COVID-19 have elevated levels of circulating extracellular vesicle tissue factor activity that is associated with severity and mortality-Brief report.</a> Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 41 (2), 878-882 (2021).</li><li>Campbell, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+the+coagulopathies+associated+with+COVID-19+and+sepsis.">Comparison of the coagulopathies associated with COVID-19 and sepsis.</a> Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 5 (4), e12525 (2021).</li><li>Guervilly, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissemination+of+extreme+levels+of+extracellular+vesicles:+tissue+factor+activity+in+patients+with+severe+COVID-19.">Dissemination of extreme levels of extracellular vesicles: tissue factor activity in patients with severe COVID-19.</a> Blood Advances. 5 (3), 628-634 (2021).</li><li>Hisada, Y., Mackman, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+tissue+factor+activity+in+extracellular+vesicles+from+human+plasma+samples.">Measurement of tissue factor activity in extracellular vesicles from human plasma samples.</a> Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 3 (1), 44-48 (2019).</li><li>Sachetto, A. T. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+factor+activity+of+small+and+large+extracellular+vesicles+in+different+diseases.">Tissue factor activity of small and large extracellular vesicles in different diseases.</a> Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 7 (3), 100124 (2023).</li><li>Bom, V. J., Bertina, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+contributions+of+Ca2+,+phospholipids+and+tissue-factor+apoprotein+to+the+activation+of+human+blood-coagulation+factor+X+by+activated+factor+VII.">The contributions of Ca2+, phospholipids and tissue-factor apoprotein to the activation of human blood-coagulation factor X by activated factor VII.</a> Biochemical Journal. 265 (2), 327-336 (1990).</li><li>Tilley, R. E., Holscher, T., Belani, R., Nieva, J., Mackman, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+factor+activity+is+increased+in+a+combined+platelet+and+microparticle+sample+from+cancer+patients.">Tissue factor activity is increased in a combined platelet and microparticle sample from cancer patients.</a> Thrombosis Research. 122 (5), 604-609 (2008).</li><li>Gurung, S., Perocheau, D., Touramanidou, L., Baruteau, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+exosome+journey:+from+biogenesis+to+uptake+and+intracellular+signalling.">The exosome journey: from biogenesis to uptake and intracellular signalling.</a> Cell Communication and Signaling. 19 (1), 47 (2021).</li><li>Garnier, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+cells+induced+to+express+mesenchymal+phenotype+release+exosome-like+extracellular+vesicles+carrying+tissue+factor.">Cancer cells induced to express mesenchymal phenotype release exosome-like extracellular vesicles carrying tissue factor.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (52), 43565-43572 (2012).</li><li>Park, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+factor-bearing+exosome+secretion+from+human+mechanically+stimulated+bronchial+epithelial+cells+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Tissue factor-bearing exosome secretion from human mechanically stimulated bronchial epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo.</a> Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 130 (6), 1375-1383 (2012).</li></ol>

There are no competing interests to disclose.

Here, the protocol of our in-house EVTF activity assay is presented. There are three critical steps in the protocol. When reconstituting the EV pellet, it is important to pipette up and down at the location of the EV pellet even if it is not visible. Incomplete reconstitution of the EV pellet will result in a false negative or underestimation of EVTF activity values of the samples. Second, using HBSA-Ca(+) is critical in protocol step 6.5 because FXa generation cannot be generated without calcium. Third, using EDTA-tetra...

Blood coagulation is initiated with the binding of factor (F) VII/VIIa to tissue factor (TF)1. The TF/FVIIa complex activates both FIX and FX to activate blood coagulation1. There are two forms of full-length, membrane-bound TF: encrypted and active. In addition, there is an alternatively spliced form of TF (asTF). Sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane maintain TF in an encrypted state2,3,4. When cells are activated or damaged, phospholipid scramblase transfers phosphatidylserine and other negatively charged phospholipids to the outer leaflet1. The activation of cells also results in the translocation of acid sphingomyelinase to the outer leaflet where it degrades sphingomyelin to ceramide5. These two mechanisms convert encrypted TF to the active form. It is also proposed that protein disulfide isomerase mediates disulfide bond formation between Cys186 and Cys209 in encrypted TF, which results in the de-encryption of TF6,7,8. asTF is also present in the circulation but lacks the transmembrane domain and is therefore soluble9,10. Importantly, asTF has very low levels of procoagulant activity compared to full-length active TF10,11.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from resting, activated, and dying host cells, as well as cancer cells12. EVs express proteins from their parental cells12. Active TF-bearing EVs are released from activated monocytes, endothelial cells, and tumor cells into the circulation13,14,15. Levels of TF in plasma can be measured by activity- and antigen-based assays. Antigen-based assays include ELISA and flow cytometry16. There are two different activity-based assays: one and two-stage TF activity assays. The one-stage assay is based on a plasma-based clotting assay. The TF-containing sample is added to plasma and the time to form a clot is measured after re-calcification. The two-stage assay measures FXa generation of samples by adding FVII or FVIIa, FX, and calcium. FXa levels are determined using a substrate that is cleaved by FXa.
In both the one- and two-stage TF activity assays, the TF concentration is determined using a standard curve generated with recombinant TF. Two-stage assays have higher sensitivity and specificity than the one-stage assay. Many studies have confirmed that activity-based assays have higher sensitivity and specificity than antigen-based assays17,18,19,20,21. In addition, our in-house activity assay has higher sensitivity and specificity than a commercial activity assay22. Healthy individuals have very low or undetectable levels of EVTF activity in plasma. In contrast, individuals with pathologic conditions, such as cancer, cirrhosis, sepsis, and viral infection, have detectable levels of EVTF activity and this is associated with thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, disease severity, and mortality23,24,25,26,27,28. Here, we will describe this in-house two-stage EVTF activity assay.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL tube for 20,000 x g centrifuge</td>
			<td>any company</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>We use the one from Fisher Scientific (Catalog number: 05-408-129).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL tube for ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>any company</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>We use the one from Beckman Coulter (Catalog number: 357448)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL tube</td>
			<td>any company</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>We use the one from VWR (Catalog number: 89039-666)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>21 G x .75 in. BD Vacutainer Safety-Lok Blood Collection Set with 12 in. tubing and luer adapter</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>367281</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plate</td>
			<td>any company</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>We use the one from Globe Scientific (Catalog number: 120338).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Vacutainer Citrate Tubes</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>363083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C69-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge for 1.5 mL tube</td>
			<td>any company</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>We use the Centrifuge 5417R (Eppendorf).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge for 15 mL tube</td>
			<td>any company</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>We use the Centrifuge 5810R (Eppendorf).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E6511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H4034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human FVIIa</td>
			<td>Enzyme Research Laboratory</td>
			<td>HFVIIa</td>
			<td>The solution should be diluted with HBSA-Ca(+).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human FX</td>
			<td>Enzyme Research Laboratory</td>
			<td>HFX1010</td>
			<td>The solution should be diluted with HBSA-Ca(+).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inhibitory mouse anti-human tissue factor IgG, clone HTF-1</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>550252</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O111:B4</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L2630</td>
			<td>There are several lipopolysaccharide from different E. coli. Different lipopolysaccharide have different potential to activate monocytes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I5381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pefachrome FXa 8595</td>
			<td>Enzyme Research Laboratory</td>
			<td>085-27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate reader</td>
			<td>any company</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>We use the SpectraMax i3x from Molecular Devices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Re-lipidated recombinant tissue factor, Dade Innovin</td>
			<td>Siemens</td>
			<td>10873566</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S271-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>Optima TLX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>TLA-55</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

extracellular vesicle tissue factor activity assay

Tissue factor (TF) is a transmembrane receptor for factor (F) VII and FVIIa. The TF/FVIIa complex initiates the coagulation cascade by activating both FIX and FX. TF is released from cells into the circulation in the form of extracellular vesicles (EVs). The level of TF-positive (+) EVs is increased in various diseases, including cancer, bacterial and viral infections, and cirrhosis, and is associated with thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, disease severity, and mortality. There are two ways to measure TF+ EVs in plasma: antigen- and activity-based assays. Data indicates that activity-based assays have higher sensitivity and specificity than antigen-based assays. This paper describes our in-house EVTF activity assay based on a two-stage FXa generation assay. FVIIa, FX, and calcium are added to the TF+ EV-containing samples to generate FXa in the presence and absence of anti-TF antibody to distinguish TF-dependent FXa generation from TF-independent FXa generation. A chromogenic substrate cleaved by FXa is used to determine the FXa level, while a standard curve generated with a relipidated recombinant TF is used for the determination of the TF concentration. This in-house EVTF activity assay has higher sensitivity and specificity than a commercial TF activity assay.

Author Spotlight: High-Sensitivity Tissue Factor Activity Assay for Plasma Diagnosis 

Extracellular Vesicle Tissue Factor Activity Assay

Low levels of tissue factor-positive extracellular vesicles are present in plasma from patients with different diseases. However, most antigen-based assays, including ELISA and flow cytometry, do not have the sensitivity to detect these low levels. Numerous papers have employed ELISA or flow cytometry to detect tissue factor in plasma.Our protocol measures tissue factor activity in plasma with high sensitivity and specificity, although there is some variability due to the use of a functional assay. There are commercial assay kits that measure levels of tissue factor activity in plasma. However, these kits do not contain anti-tissue factor antibodies, and therefore cannot distinguish between tissue factor-dependent and tissue factor-independent Factor X generation.

A successful result gives a positive control value of &#8805;0.5 pg/mL and a negative control value of &#60;0.5 pg/mL. It is best to find a high LPS responder with &#62;1.0 pg/mL EVTF activity for a positive control. The representative result shows the EVTF activity of EVs isolated from plasma from the whole blood of 11 healthy donors, with and without LPS activation (Figure 4). Six out of eleven donors (Donors 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11) were medium to high LPS responders, whereas five out of eleve...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-Sensitivity Tissue Factor Activity Assay for Plasma Diagnosis at JoVE.com

Here we describe an in-house extracellular vesicle tissue factor activity assay. Activity-based assays and antigen-based assays have been used to measure tissue factor in extracellular vesicles from human plasma samples. Activity-based assays have higher sensitivity and specificity than antigen-based assays.

Tissue factor (TF) is a transmembrane receptor for factor (F) VII and FVIIa. The TF/FVIIa complex initiates the coagulation cascade by activating both FIX ...

extracellular-vesicle-tissue-factor-activity-assay

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Extracellular Vesicle Tissue Factor Assay with Blood Plasma Derived Extracellular Vesicles

To begin, defrost the isolated blood plasma samples at 37 degrees Celsius. Transfer 100 microliters of each plasma sample into 1.5-milliliter tubes. Add one milliliter of calcium-free HBSA buffer to each tube.Centrifuge the samples at 20, 000 g for 15 minutes at four degrees Celsius. Aspirate the supernatant to 20 microliters without disturbing the pellet. Next, add one milliliter of the calcium-free HBSA buffer to each tube.Then pipette up and down to reconstitute the pellet. Vortex each tube for a few seconds to ensure equal distribution of the extracellular vesicles. Then centrifuge at 20, 000 g for 15 minutes at four degrees Celsius.Again, aspirate the supernatant to 20 microliters without disturbing the pellet. Then reconstitute the pellet in 80 microliters of calcium-free HBSA buffer. Pipette the suspension up and down to obtain an even suspension.To measure the extracellular vesicle tissue factor activity, first, pipette 40 microliters of the extracellular vesicle sample into two wells of a 96-well plate. Into the first well, add 11 microliters of an inhibitory mouse anti-human TF IgG. To the other well, add 11 microliters of control mouse IgG.After incubation, add 50 microliters of the factor mix solution into each well. Cover the plate with film, then incubate the plate for two hours at 37 degrees Celsius. Add 25 microliters of HBSA EDTA buffer to stop the factor Xa generation.Reconstitute the chromogenic substrate in distilled water to a concentration of four millimoles. Now add 25 microliters of the chromogenic substrate into each well. Cover the plate with film and then wrap it in aluminum foil.Incubate the plate at 37 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes. Next, centrifuge the plate at 1, 500 g for one minute to remove any bubbles. Then place the plate in a plate reader at 405 nanometers.Use the standard curve generated with relipidated recombinant tissue factor to convert the factor Xa generation of each well. Then calculate the tissue factor-dependent factor Xa generation. Six out of 11 donors were medium to high lipopolysaccharide responders, whereas five out of 11 donors were low lipopolysaccharide responders.

519 Views.  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.  Here we describe an in-house extracellular vesicle tissue factor activity assay. Activity-based assays and antigen-based assays have been used to measure tissue factor in extracellular vesicles from human plasma samples. Activity-based assays have higher sensitivity and specificity than antigen-based assays.

Improved Sensitivity for Tissue Factor Activity Assay in Extracellular Vesicles

概要