この作業は、保健研究のカナダの研究所によってサポートされていました。

実験は、ラットが彼らの避難所からの文字列の末尾にある食べ物をペレット化する香りの文字列は、次の往路の後に帰国するchallangedされた小説のタスクを悪用して推測航法対操縦する海馬の寄与を検討した。対照ラットでは、両方の空間とデッドレコニング戦略を用いて効率的にナビゲート。采 - 脳弓の病変を有するラットは、正常に空間的な戦略を使用して操作がデッドレコニングを使用...

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sodium pentobarbital</td><td> Reagent</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>p3761-25g</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Atropine methyl nitrate</td><td>Reagent</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>a0382-5g</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rodent pellets</td><td>Animal food</td><td>BIO-SERV</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a video demonstration of preserved piloting by scent tracking but impaired dead reckoning after fimbria-fornix lesions in the rat

パイロットの仕事と推測航法の戦略は非常に異なるキューの星座や計算プロセス（ダーウィン、1873使用し、バーロウ、1964年、オキーフとネーデル、1978;ミッテルステットとミッテルステット、1980; Landeauら、1984;。エティエンヌ、1987; Gallistelを、 1990;マウラーとSéguinot、1995）。推測航法が自己運動によって生成された手がかりの統合を必要としますが、操縦は、比較的安定した外部（視覚、嗅覚、聴覚）手がかり間の関係を使用する必要があります。動物は、前庭受容体からの自己運動の情報を取得し、そしておそらく筋肉や関節の受容体、および運動を生成するコマンドの遠心性コピー。動物はまた、視覚、聴覚、そしてその動きによって引き起こされる嗅覚刺激のフローを使用することができます。操縦strategyの動物を使用すると、その環境の場所に方向と距離を判断する推測航法の戦略を使用してのに対し、それだけで左の位置に戻すためには、その前の動きによって生成された手がかりを統合することができる幾何学的計算を使用することができます。推測航法は、口語で&quot;方向感覚&quot;と呼ばれて&quot;距離感。&quot; 海馬は（オキーフとネーデル、1978;オキーフとスピークマン、1987）パイロットに関与しているというかなりの証拠があるが。WhishawとMaaswinkel、1998、行動（Whishawら、1997年から証拠もある。 MaaswinkelとWhishaw、1999）、モデリング（Samsonovichとマクノートン、1997）、および電気生理学的（O&#39;Mareら、1994;。シャープら、1995;。タウベとバートン、1995;ブレアとシャープ、1996;マクノートンら。、1996;ウィーン、1996;海馬体が推測航法に関与していることをゴロブとタウベ、1997）の研究。ナビゲーションの二つの形式に対する海馬の相対的な寄与は、しかしながら、依然として不明である。動物は戦略と手がかりの使用で非常に柔軟であるため、通常、それは（エティエンヌら動物は、推測航法の戦略対操縦を使用していることを確信することは困難であり、1996;。Dudchenkoら、1997;。Martinら、1997; MaaswinkelとWhishaw、1999）。現在のビデオデモの目的は、これらの戦略の使用中の海馬の相対的な寄与を調べるために、キューの仕様の問題を解決することでした。ラットは、彼らはペレットがオープンフィールドに隠された大規模な食糧を得るために、リニアまたはポリゴン香りのコースを続けている内に新しいタスクで​​訓練された。ラットが避難所に戻って食料を運ぶために性癖を持っているので、ホームベースに戻るために使用する精度と手がかりは、従属変数（Whishawと富江、1997）であった。食品とその避難所に到達するためのAAデッドレコニング戦略を使用するために動物を強制するには、ラットは、目隠しをするときにテストされたまたは赤外光下で、彼らが見ることができるスペクトルの波長は、と一部の実験では匂いの跡は、さらに後に削除されました動物は食べ物に達した。海馬体における情報の流れ（ブランド、1986）混乱させる海馬、采 - 脳弓（FF）病変の相対的な寄与を調べるために、メモリを（GaffanとGaffan、1991）損なう、と（Whishawとジャラード、空間的な欠損を生じる1995）、使用した。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Video Demonstration of Preserved Piloting by Scent Tracking but Impaired Dead Reckoning After Fimbria-Fornix Lesions in the Rat at JoVE.com

A Video Demonstration of Preserved Piloting by Scent Tracking but Impaired Dead Reckoning After Fimbria-Fornix Lesions in the Rat

パイロット香りトラッキングタスクでは、視覚的な臭気の証跡を使用してまたは赤外光のデッドレコニングを用いて食品と避難所に戻るには、ラットの能力は、前の動きの統合された記録は、海馬は推測航法のために必要であることを示している。

プリザーブドラットの采 - 脳弓の病変後に香りのトラッキングが障害推測航法による操縦のビデオデモ

Piloting and dead reckoning navigation strategies use very different cue constellations and computational processes (Darwin, 1873; Barlow, 1964; ...

a-video-demonstration-preserved-piloting-scent-tracking-but-impaired

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.8K ビュー.  Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge. パイロット香りトラッキングタスクでは、視覚的な臭気の証跡を使用してまたは赤外光のデッドレコニングを用いて食品と避難所に戻るには、ラットの能力は、前の動きの統合された記録は、海馬は推測航法のために必要であることを示している。

ビデオ: A Video Demonstration of Preserved Piloting by Scent Tracking but Impaired Dead Reckoning After Fimbria-Fornix Lesions in the Rat

A Novel Method for Assessing Proximal and Distal Forelimb Function in the Rat: the Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan (IBB) Forelimb Scale

Several experimental models of cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) have been developed recently to assess the consequences of damage to this level of the spinal cord (Pearse et al., 2005, Gensel et al., 2006, Anderson et al., 2009), as the majority of human SCI occur here (Young, 2010; www.sci-info-pages.com). Behavioral deficits include loss of forelimb function due to damage to the white matter affecting both descending motor and ascending sensory systems, and to the gray matter containing the segmental circuitry for processing sensory input and motor output for the forelimb. Additionally, a key priority for human patients with cervical SCI is restoration of hand/arm function (Anderson, 2004). Thus, outcome measures that assess both proximal and distal forelimb function are needed. Although there are several behavioral assays that are sensitive to different aspects of forelimb recovery in experimental models of cervical SCI (Girgis et al., 2007, Gensel et al., 2006, Ballerman et al., 2001, Metz and Whishaw, 2000, Bertelli and Mira, 1993, Montoya et al., 1991, Whishaw and Pellis, 1990), few techniques provide detailed information on the recovery of fine motor control and digit movement.
The current measurement technique, the Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan forelimb scale (IBB), can detect recovery of both proximal and distal forelimb function including digit movements during a naturally occurring behavior that does not require extensive training or deprivation to enhance motivation. The IBB was generated by observing recovery after a unilateral C6 SCI, and involves video recording of animals eating two differently shaped cereals (spherical and doughnut) of a consistent size. These videos were then used to assess features of forelimb use, such as joint position, object support, digit movement and grasping technique.
The IBB, like other forelimb behavioral tasks, shows a consistent pattern of recovery that is sensitive to injury severity. Furthermore, the IBB scale could be used to assess recovery following other types of injury that impact normal forelimb function.

A Novel Method for Assessing Proximal and Distal Forelimb Function in the Rat: the Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan IBB Forelimb Scale

Here we will describe a rodent behavioral assay that can detect recovery of both proximal and distal forelimb function including digit movements during a naturally occurring behavior that does not require extensive training or deprivation to enhance motivation.

ラットの近位および遠位前肢の機能を評価するための新手法：アーバイン、ビーティーズやブレスナハン（IBB）前肢のスケール

Several experimental models of cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) have been developed recently to assess the consequences of damage to this level of the ...

神経科学

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their behavioral flexibility and required memory duration, the number of goals and pathways, and also the overall task complexity. A confounding feature in many of these tasks is the lack of control over the strategy employed by the rodents to reach the goal, e.g., allocentric (declarative-like) or egocentric (procedural) based strategies. The double-H maze is a novel water-escape memory task that addresses this issue, by allowing the experimenter to direct the type of strategy learned during the training period. The double-H maze is a transparent device, which consists of a central alleyway with three arms protruding on both sides, along with an escape platform submerged at the extremity of one of these arms.
Rats can be trained using an allocentric strategy by alternating the start position in the maze in an unpredictable manner (see protocol 1; &#167;4.7), thus requiring them to learn the location of the platform based on the available allothetic cues. Alternatively, an egocentric learning strategy (protocol 2; &#167;4.8) can be employed by releasing the rats from the same position during each trial, until they learn the procedural pattern required to reach the goal. This task has been proven to allow for the formation of stable memory traces.
Memory can be probed following the training period in a misleading probe trial, in which the starting position for the rats alternates. Following an egocentric learning paradigm, rats typically resort to an allocentric-based strategy, but only when their initial view on the extra-maze cues differs markedly from their original position. This task is ideally suited to explore the effects of drugs/perturbations on allocentric/egocentric memory performance, as well as the interactions between these two memory systems.

The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

ダブルH迷路：げっ歯類での学習と記憶のための堅牢な行動試験

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

行動学

Detecting Behavioral Deficits in Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, few studies have investigated the long-term effects of injury in rodent models of TBI. Shown here are behavioral measures that are well-established in TBI research for times early after injury, such as two weeks, until two months. Some of these methods have previously been used at later times after injury, up to one year, but by very few laboratories. The methods demonstrated here are a short neurological assessment to test reflexes, a Beam-Balance to test balance, a Beam-Walk to test balance and motor coordination, and a working memory version of the Morris water maze that can be sensitive to deficits in reference memory. Male rats were handled and pre-trained to neurological, balance, and motor coordination tests prior to receiving parasagittal fluid percussion injury (FPI) or sham injury. Rats can be tested on the short neurological assessment (neuroscore), the beam-balance, and the Beam-Walk multiple times, while testing on the water maze can only be done once. This difference is because rats can remember the task, thus confounding the results if repeated testing is attempted in the same animal. When testing from one to three days after injury, significant differences are detected in all three non-cognitive tasks. However, differences in the Beam-Walk task were not detectable at later time points (after 3 months). Deficits were detected at 3 months in the Beam-Balance and at 6 months in the neuroscore. Deficits in working memory were detected out to 12 months after injury, and a deficit in a reference memory first appeared at 12 months. Thus, standard behavioral tests can be useful measures of persistent behavioral deficits after FPI.

The goal of the behavioral tests presented here is to detect functional deficits in rats after traumatic brain injury. Four specific tests are presented that detect deficits in behaviors to reflect the damage to specific brain areas at times extending to one year after injury.

外傷性脳損傷後のラットの行動の赤字を検出

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, ...

Use of Rotorod as a Method for the Qualitative Analysis of Walking in Rat

High speed videoanalysis of the details of movement can provide a source of information about qualitative aspects of walking movements. When walking on a rotorod, animals remain in approximately the same place making repetitive movements of stepping. Thus the task provides a rich source of information on the details of foot stepping movements. Subjects were hemi-Parkinson analogue rats, produced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right nigrostriatal bundle to deplete nigrostriatal dopamine (DA). The present report provides a video analysis illustration of animals previously were filmed from frontal, lateral, and posterior views as they walked (15). Rating scales and frame-by-frame replay of the video records of stepping behavior indicated that the hemi-Parkinson rats were chronically impaired in posture and limb use contralateral to the DA-depletion. The contralateral limbs participated less in initiating and sustaining propulsion than the ipsilateral limbs. These deficits secondary to unilateral DA-depletion show that the rotorod provides a use task for the analysis of stepping movements.

The rotorod test is used to assess motor status in the walking movement of hemi-Parkinson analogue rats.

ラットの歩行の質的分析のための方法としてRotorodの使用

High speed videoanalysis of the details of movement can provide a source of information about qualitative aspects of walking movements. When walking on a ...

生物学

The Dig Task: A Simple Scent Discrimination Reveals Deficits Following Frontal Brain Damage

Cognitive impairment is the most frequent cause of disability in humans following brain damage, yet the behavioral tasks used to assess cognition in rodent models of brain injury is lacking. Borrowing from the operant literature our laboratory utilized a basic scent discrimination paradigm1-4 in order to assess deficits in frontally-injured rats. Previously we have briefly described the Dig task and demonstrated that rats with frontal brain damage show severe deficits across multiple tests within the task5. Here we present a more detailed protocol for this task. Rats are placed into a chamber and allowed to discriminate between two scented sands, one of which contains a reinforcer. The trial ends after the rat either correctly discriminates (defined as digging in the correct scented sand), incorrectly discriminates, or 30 sec elapses. Rats that correctly discriminate are allowed to recover and consume the reinforcer. Rats that discriminate incorrectly are immediately removed from the chamber. This can continue through a variety of reversals and novel scents. The primary analysis is the accuracy for each scent pairing (cumulative proportion correct for each scent). The general findings from the Dig task suggest that it is a simple experimental preparation that can assess deficits in rats with bilateral frontal cortical damage compared to rats with unilateral parietal damage. The Dig task can also be easily incorporated into an existing cognitive test battery. The use of more tasks such as this one can lead to more accurate testing of frontal function following injury, which may lead to therapeutic options for treatment. All animal use was conducted in accordance with protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

In this protocol, a novel application of scent discrimination is described. The Dig task is a reasonably inexpensive task that can be used to assess frontally-mediated cognition following brain damage.

ディグタスク：シンプル香り差別は前頭葉脳損傷後の赤字を明かす

Cognitive impairment is the most frequent cause of disability in humans following brain damage, yet the behavioral tasks used to assess cognition in ...

Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice

Cognitive impairment is one of the most common comorbidities in temporal lobe epilepsy. To recapitulate epilepsy-associated cognitive decline in an animal model of epilepsy, we generated pilocarpine-treated chronic epileptic mice. We present a protocol for three different behavioral tests using these epileptic mice: novel object location (NL), novel object recognition (NO), and pattern separation (PS) tests to evaluate learning and memory for places, objects, and contexts, respectively. We explain how to set the behavioral apparatus and provide experimental procedures for the NL, NO, and PS tests following an open field test that measures the animals&#8217; basal locomotor activities. We also describe the technical advantages of the NL, NO, and PS tests with respect to other behavioral tests for assessing memory function in epileptic mice. Finally, we discuss possible causes and solutions for epileptic mice failing to make 30 s of good contact with the objects during the familiarization sessions, which is a critical step for successful memory tests. Thus, this protocol provides detailed information about how to assess epilepsy-associated memory impairments using mice. The NL, NO, and PS tests are simple, efficient assays that are appropriate for the evaluation of different kinds of memory in epileptic mice.

This article presents experimental procedures for assessing memory impairments in pilocarpine-induced epileptic mice. This protocol can be used to study the pathophysiologic mechanisms of epilepsy-associated cognitive decline, which is one of the most common comorbidities in epilepsy.

ピロカルピン誘導てんかんマウスにおける記憶機能の評価

Cognitive impairment is one of the most common comorbidities in temporal lobe epilepsy. To recapitulate epilepsy-associated cognitive decline in an animal ...

Tracking Rats in Operant Conditioning Chambers Using a Versatile Homemade Video Camera and DeepLabCut

Operant conditioning chambers are used to perform a wide range of behavioral tests in the field of neuroscience. The recorded data is typically based on the triggering of lever and nose-poke sensors present inside the chambers. While this provides a detailed view of when and how animals perform certain responses, it cannot be used to evaluate behaviors that do not trigger any sensors. As such, assessing how animals position themselves and move inside the chamber is rarely possible. To obtain this information, researchers generally have to record and analyze videos. Manufacturers of operant conditioning chambers can typically supply their customers with high-quality camera setups. However, these can be very costly and do not necessarily fit chambers from other manufacturers or other behavioral test setups. The current protocol describes how to build an inexpensive and versatile video camera using hobby electronics components. It further describes how to use the image analysis software package DeepLabCut to track the status of a strong light signal, as well as the position of a rat, in videos gathered from an operant conditioning chamber. The former is a great aid when selecting short segments of interest in videos that cover entire test sessions, and the latter enables analysis of parameters that cannot be obtained from the data logs produced by the operant chambers.

This protocol describes how to build a small and versatile video camera, and how to use videos obtained from it to train a neural network to track the position of an animal inside operant conditioning chambers. This is a valuable complement to standard analyses of data logs obtained from operant conditioning tests.

多目的な自家製ビデオカメラとDeepLabCutを使用して、オペラコンディショニングチャンバー内のラットを追跡する

Operant conditioning chambers are used to perform a wide range of behavioral tests in the field of neuroscience. The recorded data is typically based on ...

Motor and Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning and Reference Memory Assessment in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Stroke

Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that results in neurodegeneration and memory loss. While age is a major risk factor for AD, stroke has also been implicated as a risk factor and an exacerbating factor. The co-morbidity of stroke and AD results in worsened stroke-related motor control and AD-related cognitive deficits when compared to each condition alone. To model the combined condition of stroke and AD, a novel transgenic rat model of AD, with a mutated form of amyloid precursor protein (a key protein involved in the development of AD) incorporated into its DNA, is given a small unilateral striatal stroke.
For a model with the combination of both stroke and AD, behavioral tests that assess stroke-related motor control, locomotion and AD-related cognitive function must be implemented. The cylinder task involves a cost-efficient, multipurpose apparatus that assesses spontaneous forelimb motor use. In this task, a rat is placed in a cylindrical apparatus, where the rat will spontaneously rear and contact the wall of the cylinder with its forelimbs. These contacts are considered forelimb motor use and quantified during video analysis after testing. Another cost-efficient motor task implemented is the beam-walk task, which assesses forelimb control, hindlimb control and locomotion. This task involves a rat walking across a wooden beam allowing for the assessment of limb motor control through analysis of forelimb slips, hindlimb slips and falls. Assessment of learning and memory is completed with Morris water maze for this behavioral paradigm. The protocol starts with spatial learning, whereby the rat locates a stationary hidden platform. After spatial learning, the platform is removed and both short-term and long-term spatial reference memory is assessed. All three of these tasks are sensitive to behavioral differences and completed within 28 days for this model, making this paradigm time-efficient and cost-efficient.

To investigate the co-morbid Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) and stroke condition in a novel model, three behavior tasks are described that assess both motor control and cognitive behaviors. These tasks include the beam-walk task, cylinder task and Morris water maze.

モーターと脳卒中とアルツハイマー病のトランスジェニックラットモデルにおける海馬依存性の空間学習とリファレンスメモリ評価

Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that results in neurodegeneration and memory loss. While age is a major risk ...

医学

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>ミニスコープイメージングによる臭気プルームナビゲーション中のニューロン活動の記録

Miniscope Recording Calcium Signals at Hippocampus of Mice Navigating an Odor Plume

Mice navigate an odor plume with a complex spatiotemporal structure in the dark to find the source of odorants. This article describes a protocol to monitor behavior and record Ca2+ transients in dorsal CA1 stratum pyramidale neurons in the hippocampus (dCA1) in mice navigating an odor plume in a 50 cm x 50 cm x 25 cm odor arena. An epifluorescence miniscope focused through a gradient-index (GRIN) lens imaged Ca2+ transients in dCA1 neurons expressing the calcium sensor GCaMP6f in Thy1-GCaMP6f mice. The paper describes the behavioral protocol to train the mice to perform this odor plume navigation task in an automated odor arena. The methods include a step-by-step procedure for the surgery for GRIN lens implantation and baseplate placement for imaging GCaMP6f in CA1. The article provides information on real-time tracking of the mouse position to automate the start of the trials and delivery of a water reward. In addition, the protocol includes information on using an interface board to synchronize metadata describing the automation of the odor navigation task and frame times for the miniscope and a digital camera tracking mouse position. Moreover, the methods delineate the pipeline used to process GCaMP6f fluorescence movies by motion correction using the NorMCorre algorithm followed by identification of regions of interest with EXTRACT. Finally, the paper describes an artificial neural network approach to decode spatial paths from CA1 neural ensemble activity to predict mouse navigation of the odor plume.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>著者スポットライト:リアルタイム行動分析による脳による嗅覚・空間情報処理の理解

This protocol investigates the brain-behavior relationship in hippocampal CA1 in mice navigating an odor plume. We provide a step-by-step protocol, including surgery to access imaging of the hippocampus, behavioral training, miniscope GCaMP6f recording and processing of the brain, and behavioral data to decode the mouse position from ROI neural activity.

匂いプルームをナビゲートするマウスの海馬でのカルシウム信号を記録するミニスコープ

Mice navigate an odor plume with a complex spatiotemporal structure in the dark to find the source of odorants. This article describes a protocol to ...

プリザーブドラットの采 - 脳弓の病変後に香りのトラッキングが障害推測航法による操縦のビデオデモ

要約

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ラットの近位および遠位前肢の機能を評価するための新手法：アーバイン、ビーティーズやブレスナハン（IBB）前肢のスケール

ダブルH迷路：げっ歯類での学習と記憶のための堅牢な行動試験

外傷性脳損傷後のラットの行動の赤字を検出

ラットの歩行の質的分析のための方法としてRotorodの使用

ディグタスク：シンプル香り差別は前頭葉脳損傷後の赤字を明かす

ピロカルピン誘導てんかんマウスにおける記憶機能の評価

多目的な自家製ビデオカメラとDeepLabCutを使用して、オペラコンディショニングチャンバー内のラットを追跡する

モーターと脳卒中とアルツハイマー病のトランスジェニックラットモデルにおける海馬依存性の空間学習とリファレンスメモリ評価

匂いプルームをナビゲートするマウスの海馬でのカルシウム信号を記録するミニスコープ

匂いプルームをナビゲートするマウスの海馬でのカルシウム信号を記録するミニスコープ