本研究は韓国健康技術 R & D プロジェクトを通じて、韓国保健産業開発研究所 (KHIDI)、韓国の福祉・厚生省によって資金を供給からの助成金によって支えられた (許可番号: HI15C2651)。

本研究は, 機関動物ケアおよび使用委員会のソウル国立大学病院 (14-0148-C1A1) 評価・実験動物ケアの認定会の認定を受けているに従って国際。
注: 7-8 週古い (200/250 g) の Sprague-dawley (SD) ラットに実験を行った。各動物は、実験開始前 1 週間の実験室の条件に順応だった。定数 12 に温度と湿度管理された部屋で収容された動物-h:12-h: 明暗サイクル無料アクセスと食料と水。
1。 なるほど
<ol><li>オートクレーブの手術器具滅菌パッドをカバーします。70% のエタノールと営業領域を消毒します。滅菌ドレープを使用し、手術中に滅菌状態を維持します。</li>
	<li>ガウンを着用、マスク (カバー鼻と口)、キャップ (頭をカバー) と滅菌手袋のペア。手術器具は、滅菌の表面と接触して来る必要がありますのみ。</li>
	<li>チレタミン チレタミン麻酔薬 (40 mg/kg 体重) を注入または腹腔、大腿内側に筋肉とキシラジン (10 mg/kg 体重) 筋肉内あるいは腹腔。 注: 含むイソフルレン吸入麻酔の他のモードを使用もできます。</li>
	<li>(当初は 42 ° C で設定) 地球温暖化パッドにラットを配置します。麻酔下で目の乾燥を防ぐためにラットの両目に潤滑剤の眼軟膏を適用されます。</li>
	<li>ラットを右側を下に配置します。外科領域で毛皮をバリカンで剃る。70% のエタノールを使用してサイトを消毒します。</li>
	<li>左着けたエリアに 1% リドカイン塩酸塩を皮下注入します。</li>
	<li>#15 のメス刃を使えば、~5.0 cm 着けた切開。独立した筋肉と筋膜虹彩ハサミ (図 1 a) 外耳道を公開します。#15 ブレードまたはアイリスはさみ (図 1 b) を使用して、外耳道を少し開きます。鼓膜 (図 2 a) を広く公開します。</li>
	<li>顕微鏡 (7.5 X 12.5 X)、鼓膜と耳小骨鉗子を用いたアブミ骨を除いてを削除します。#15 ブレードやアイリス ハサミ (図 2 b) で lambdoidal の尾根筋をデタッチします。</li>
	<li>低速でドリルを使用して (< 3000 rpm) ダイヤモンドバー (2.1 または 1.4 mm)、(図 3 a) 顔面神経の出口のポイントのまわりの鼓室胞骨をドリルします。アブミ骨動脈を特定します。掘削のプロセス中にアブミ骨動脈を損傷しないように注意してください。</li>
	<li>アブミ骨動脈に優れた玄関を掘削を続行し、丸い窓と骨の外側半規管を公開します。外側半規管の膨大部付近を開きます。外側半規管の面にドリルを続行し、優れた半規管の膨大部をドリルします。</li>
	<li>18 G、22 G の針を使用して玄関の内容を吸引します。注入し、100% エタノール 3 の 1 cm3を吸い出しなさい x。</li>
	<li>筋肉と単純な縫合の二層で皮膚を閉じます。</li>
	<li>放置しないでください動物までそれは胸骨の横臥を維持するために十分な意識を取り戻しました。それは、加熱パッドまたは熱ランプを使用してキッスまでラットを暖かく保ちます。後に目覚め、ラットを客室に通常の環境条件で個々 のケージに移動します。</li>
	<li>抗生物質の投与 (例えば、セファドロキシル 20 mg/kg、トリメトプリム-スルホンアミド 100 μ L 皮下、またはペニシリン 300,000 IU); 1 日必要に応じて鎮痛薬 (オピオイドではない;例えば、Metacam カルプロフェン 2 mg/kg 5 mg/kg 皮下) 指定もできます。</li>
</ol>2. 偽手術
<ol><li>コントロールとして偽手術、(セクション 1) に従って同じ手術と手術後の手順を実行、外耳道と鼓膜 (ステップ 1.7)、鼓膜と耳小骨、除去の露出など、lambdoidal で筋肉の剥離リッジ (ステップ 1.8) が半規管を開くかエタノールを注入します。</li>
</ol>前庭機能の損失を確認します。
注: 前庭機能の喪失は、どちらかの行動または前庭機能検査を使用して評価できます。13,17,18 には行動テストには、眼振と姿勢の非対称性の評価が含まれます。
<ol><li>自発性または誘発バレル圧延、左側面に落ちたり18破壊側に傾いている間移動を含む姿勢の非対称性を識別します。ビデオ 1を参照してください。</li>
	<li>随意眼球運動の検査、眼振を識別します。自発眼振はいないとき休息状態の動物18頭優しく空気のパフします。ビデオ 2を参照してください。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vestibular+compensation:+the+neuro-otologist's+best+friend.">Vestibular compensation: the neuro-otologist's best friend.</a> Journal of Neurology. 263, S54-S64 (2016).</li><li>Darlington, C. L., Smith, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+of+recovery+from+vestibular+damage+in+mammals:+recent+advances.">Molecular mechanisms of recovery from vestibular damage in mammals: recent advances.</a> Progress in Neurobiology. 62 (3), 313-325 (2000).</li><li>Shinder, M. E., Ramanathan, M., Kaufman, G. 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L., Raffai, G., Feher, E., Schaming, G., Monos, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+standard+technique+for+labyrinthectomy+in+the+rat:+a+methodical+communication+with+a+detailed+description+of+the+surgical+process.">A simple standard technique for labyrinthectomy in the rat: a methodical communication with a detailed description of the surgical process.</a> Physiology International. 103 (3), 354-360 (2016).</li><li>Hitier, M., Besnard, S., Vignaux, G., Denise, P., Moreau, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ventrolateral+surgical+approach+to+labyrinthectomy+in+rats:+anatomical+description+and+clinical+consequences.">The ventrolateral surgical approach to labyrinthectomy in rats: anatomical description and clinical consequences.</a> Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy. 32 (9), 835-842 (2010).</li><li>Flourens, M. 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Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNAs+218a-5p,+219a-5p,+and+221-3p+regulate+vestibular+compensation.">MicroRNAs 218a-5p, 219a-5p, and 221-3p regulate vestibular compensation.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 8701 (2017).</li><li>Bergquist, F., Ludwig, M., Dutia, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+the+commissural+inhibitory+system+in+vestibular+compensation+in+the+rat.">Role of the commissural inhibitory system in vestibular compensation in the rat.</a> The Journal of Physiology. 586 (18), 4441-4452 (2008).</li><li>Cameron, S. A., Dutia, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+basis+of+vestibular+compensation:+changes+in+intrinsic+excitability+of+MVN+neurones.">Cellular basis of vestibular compensation: changes in intrinsic excitability of MVN neurones.</a> NeuroReport. 8 (11), 2595-2599 (1997).</li><li>Park, M. K., Lee, B. D., Lee, J. D., Jung, H. H., Chae, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+profiles+during+vestibular+compensation+in+rats+after+unilateral+labyrinthectomy.">Gene profiles during vestibular compensation in rats after unilateral labyrinthectomy.</a> Annals of Otology, Rhinology &amp; Laryngology. 121 (11), 761-769 (2012).</li><li>Yamamoto, H., Tominaga, M., Sone, M., Nakashima, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+stapedial+artery+to+blood+flow+in+the+cochlea+and+its+surrounding+bone.">Contribution of stapedial artery to blood flow in the cochlea and its surrounding bone.</a> Hearing Research. 186 (1-2), 69-74 (2003).</li><li>Potegal, M., Abraham, L., Gilman, S., Copack, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technique+for+vestibular+neurotomy+in+the+rat.">Technique for vestibular neurotomy in the rat.</a> Physiology &amp; Behavior. 14 (2), 217-221 (1975).</li><li>Tung, V. W., Burton, T. J., Dababneh, E., Quail, S. L., Camp, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+assessment+of+the+aging+mouse+vestibular+system.">Behavioral assessment of the aging mouse vestibular system.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (89), e51605 (2014).</li><li>de Jeu, M., De Zeeuw, C. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Video-oculography+in+mice.">Video-oculography in mice.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 65 (65), e3971 (2012).</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

この手法は、突然、恒久的なかつ完全な前庭機能の損失を作成する便利な方法です。これは、前庭神経炎、聴神経腫瘍やメニエール病などの前庭疾患を勉強される可能性があります。多くの研究は、前庭神経核の神経細胞の可塑性や関連する中央プロセス5,17,18,19を研究するのにこの手法を使用し...

前庭器官は、バランスと目のコントロールは欠かせません。通常の前庭機能は、2 つの内側の耳の前庭器官から対称の求心性信号によって異なります。前庭機能低下または損失は、めまい、眼振、姿勢の不均衡を誘導します。急性損傷後前庭機能が自発的に回復数日前庭代償1,2として知られているプロセス。静的な赤字の前庭代償は、安静時自発同側および対側の前庭神経核間の不均衡に関連する回復のプロセスです。動的赤字の前庭代償を達成した主を介して感覚と行動置換 (視覚や体性感覚の入力を使用して)3。これらのプロセスが神経可塑性研究4、5の魅力的です。
前庭系と前庭代償、外科および化学なるほどなど前庭神経切断5,6 中神経可塑性を支えるメカニズムを検討するいくつかの方法が開発されています。 ,7,8。前庭神経切断完了の前庭系障害を誘発する特定の方法が難しく、侵襲的なプロシージャで、脳損傷8,9を引き起こす可能性があります。このメソッドは、高度な外科的スキルが必要です、なるほどより時間かかります。ゲンタマイシン、arsanilate、テトラカインなど化学なるほどが簡単で信頼性の高い結果10、11,12をもたらすことができます。しかし、蝸牛が壊れているも可能性が、前庭系障害時間11に発展するかもしれない。さらに、化学物質の正確な評価のために維持されるべき、脳に及ぼす影響は明確ではありません。手術なるほど 184215の動物研究で初めて導入されました、1936年16でラットに初めて報告されました。この手法が多く使われており動物研究5,17,18,19。手術なるほど、特定の信頼性の高い、比較的単純な方法であります。13,14また、前庭障害の症状は、手術後すぐに見られています。ここでは、ラットなるほどに対する私たちの手技について述べる。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ASPIRATOR KB-012</td>
			<td>KOH BONG &#38; CO., LTD.</td>
			<td>KB-012</td>
			<td>Medical aspirator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blade: #15</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>#10015-00</td>
			<td>Blades for #7 Scalpel Handles, #15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon Steel Burrs</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>#19007-05</td>
			<td>shaft diameter: 2.3 mm, length: 44 mm, package of 10 burrs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carl Zeiss Surgical GmbH</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>#6627100863</td>
			<td>Surgical microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #3c</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>#11231-20</td>
			<td>Standard tip 0.17 x 0.10 mm, 11 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5SF</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>#11252-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #7B</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>#11270-20</td>
			<td>Serrated 0.17 x 0.10 mm, 11 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Extra Fine Bonn: straight</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>#14084-08</td>
			<td>Iris scissors, best suited for microdissection under high magnification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Iris Scissors: straight</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>#14094-11</td>
			<td>Made from martensitic stainless steel, combined with molybdenum and vanadium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Finger Loop Ear Punch</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>#24212-01</td>
			<td>1 mm. Provides stability and control for researchers using the numbering system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hartman</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>#13002-10</td>
			<td>Tip width: 1 cm, serrated, 10 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Short Scalpel Handle #7 Solid</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>#10003-12</td>
			<td>#7 short, 12 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small Vessel Cauterizer</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>#18000-03</td>
			<td>Replacement tip, straight knife, keeps bleeding to a minimum and therefore provides a surgical field clear of clamps and hemostats</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Strong 207S</td>
			<td>SAESHIN</td>
			<td>207S</td>
			<td>Powerful torque at low speed, available with speed or on/off foot controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suction Tubes</td>
			<td>JEUNGDO B&#38;P CO., LTD.</td>
			<td>H-1927-8</td>
			<td>Frazier, 18 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VICRYL</td>
			<td>ETHICON</td>
			<td>W9570T</td>
			<td>Synthetic absorbable sterile surgical suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weitlaner-Locktite</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>#17012-13</td>
			<td>Maximum spread: 4.5 cm, 2 x 3 blunt teeth, 11 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zoletil</td>
			<td>Virbac, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Tiletamine-zolazepam</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rompun</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rimadyl</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Carprofen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Septra</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Trimethoprim-sulfonamide&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

surgical labyrinthectomy of the rat to study the vestibular system

前庭系や前庭代償プロセスを研究するため、メソッド数は外科か化学なるほどと前庭神経切断などを含む前庭神経の損傷を引き起こすことしました。手術なるほどは、比較的単純な信頼性、および迅速な方法です。ここでは、ラットなるほどのために手術手技について述べる。耳介後部切開が外耳道と鼓膜、鼓膜と小骨があぶみ骨なし削除される公開全身麻酔下で行われます。あぶみ骨と楕円形の窓との間に位置しているアブミ骨動脈は脆弱な構造を明確な外科的フィールドを取得する保持必要があります。かぎり行うホール前庭で行われます 2.1 mm のドリル バールあぶみ骨に優れた。100% エタノールはこの穴から注入し、数回を吸気します。綿密な解剖顕微鏡および注意深い出血制御の下で、信頼性の高い結果を得るために不可欠です。手術直後後は、前庭系障害、眼振、頭の角度、回転運動などの症状が見られます。Rotarod または回転椅子テストは、客観的・定量的評価前庭機能を使用できます。

手術の成功は、行動テストによって検証されました。すべての動物は、片側性前庭機能低下の典型的な動作を示した。自発的なバレル ローリングは、早期復旧フェーズ (ビデオ 1) で頭や体を軽いタッチで空気のパフで誘発されて、手術後すぐに明白でした。手術後 3 d は、時折破壊側に傾いて移動動物は左側に落ちる。自発眼振は、2 d (動画 2</strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surgical Labyrinthectomy of the Rat to Study the Vestibular System at JoVE.com

Surgical Labyrinthectomy of the Rat to Study the Vestibular System

このプロトコルでは、前庭系を研究するための有用な方法であるラットの手術なるほどについて説明します。

前庭系を研究するラットの手術なるほど

To study the vestibular system or the vestibular compensation process, a number of methods have been developed to cause vestibular damage, including ...

surgical-labyrinthectomy-of-the-rat-to-study-the-vestibular-system

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.9K ビュー.  Chung-Ang University College of Medicine. このプロトコルでは、前庭系を研究するための有用な方法であるラットの手術なるほどについて説明します。

ビデオ: Surgical Labyrinthectomy of the Rat to Study the Vestibular System

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation: A Rat Model to Study the Development of Chronic Vasculopathy

Research models of chronic rejection are essential to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes during the development of transplant vasculopathy (TVP).
The commonly used animal model for cardiovascular chronic rejection studies is the heterotopic heart transplant model performed in laboratory rodents. This model is used widely in experiments since Ono and Lindsey (3) published their technique. To analyze the findings in the blood vessels, the heart has to be sectioned and all vessels have to be measured.
Another method to investigate chronic rejection in cardiovascular questionings is the aortic transplant model (1, 2). In the orthotopic aortic transplant model, the aorta can easily be histologically evaluated (2). The PVG-to-ACI model is especially useful for CAV studies, since acute vascular rejection is not a major confounding factor and Cyclosporin A (CsA) treatment does not prevent the development of CAV, similar to what we find in the clinical setting (4). A7-day period of CsA is required in this model to prevent acute rejection and to achieve long-term survival with the development of TVP.
This model can also be used to investigate acute cellular rejection and media necrosis in xenogeneic models (5).

This video demonstrates the orthotopic aortic transplant model as a simple model to study the development of transplant vasculopathy (TVP) in rats.

同所性大動脈移植：慢性血管障害の発生研究のラットモデル

Research models of chronic rejection are essential to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes during the development of transplant ...

医学

Method for Novel Anti-Cancer Drug Development using Tumor Explants of Surgical Specimens

The current therapies for malignant glioma have only palliative effect. For therapeutic development, one hurdle is the discrepancy of efficacy determined by current drug efficacy tests and the efficacy on patients. Thus, novel and reliable methods for evaluating drug efficacy are warranted in pre-clinical phase. In vitro culture of tumor tissues, including cell lines, has substantial phenotypic, genetic, and epigenetic alterations of cancer cells caused by artificial environment of cell culture, which may not reflect the biology of original tumors in situ. Xenograft models with the immunodeficient mice also have limitations, i.e., the lack of immune system and interspecies genetic and epigenetic discrepancies in microenvironment. Here, we demonstrate a novel method using the surgical specimens of malignant glioma as undissociated tumor blocks to evaluate treatment effects. To validate this method, data with the current first-line chemotherapeutic agent, temozolomide (TMZ), are described.


We used the freshly-removed surgical specimen of malignant glioma for our experiments. We performed intratumoral injection of TMZ or other drug candidates, followed by incubation and analysis on surgical specimens. Here, we sought to establish a tumor tissue explant method as a platform to determine the efficacy of novel anti-cancer therapies so that we may be able to overcome, at least, some of the current limitations and fill the existing gap between the current experimental data and the efficacy on an actual patient's tumor. This method may have the potential to accelerate identifying novel chemotherapeutic agents for solid cancer treatment.

Here, we established a method for drug efficacy testing with surgical specimens of brain tumors, termed &#x201C;tumor explant method&#x201D;. With this method, we can evaluate drug efficacy without breaking the microenvironment of solid tumors. To validate reliability of this method, we describe representative data with our glioma specimen treated with the current first-line chemotherapeutic agent, temozolomide.

手術標本の腫瘍外植片を用いて新規抗がん薬の開発のための方法


The current therapies for malignant glioma have only palliative effect. For therapeutic development, one hurdle is the discrepancy of efficacy determined ...

An In Vitro System to Study Tumor Dormancy and the Switch to Metastatic Growth

Recurrence of breast cancer often follows a long latent period in which there are no signs of cancer, and metastases may not become clinically apparent until many years after removal of the primary tumor and adjuvant therapy. A likely explanation of this phenomenon is that tumor cells have seeded metastatic sites, are resistant to conventional therapies, and remain dormant for long periods of time 1-4.
The existence of dormant cancer cells at secondary sites has been described previously as quiescent solitary cells that neither proliferate nor undergo apoptosis 5-7. Moreover, these solitary cells has been shown to disseminate from the primary tumor at an early stage of disease progression 8-10 and reside growth-arrested in the patients' bone marrow, blood and lymph nodes 1,4,11. Therefore, understanding mechanisms that regulate dormancy or the switch to a proliferative state is critical for discovering novel targets and interventions to prevent disease recurrence. However, unraveling the mechanisms regulating the switch from tumor dormancy to metastatic growth has been hampered by the lack of available model systems.
in vivo and ex vivo model systems to study metastatic progression of tumor cells have been described previously 1,12-14. However these model systems have not provided in real time and in a high throughput manner mechanistic insights into what triggers the emergence of solitary dormant tumor cells to proliferate as metastatic disease. We have recently developed a 3D in vitro system to model the in vivo growth characteristics of cells that exhibit either dormant (D2.OR, MCF7, K7M2-AS.46) or proliferative (D2A1, MDA-MB-231, K7M2) metastatic behavior in vivo . We demonstrated that tumor cells that exhibit dormancy in vivo at a metastatic site remain quiescent when cultured in a 3-dimension (3D) basement membrane extract (BME), whereas cells highly metastatic in vivo readily proliferate in 3D culture after variable, but relatively short periods of quiescence. Importantly by utilizing the 3D in vitro model system we demonstrated for the first time that the ECM composition plays an important role in regulating whether dormant tumor cells will switch to a proliferative state and have confirmed this in in vivo studies15-17. Hence, the model system described in this report provides an in vitro method to model tumor dormancy and study the transition to proliferative growth induced by the microenvironment.

An In Vitro System to Study Tumor Dormancy and the Switch to Metastatic Growth

A modified 3-D in vitro system is presented in which growth characteristics of several tumor cell lines in reconstituted basement membrane correlate with the dormant or proliferative behavior of the tumor cells at a metastatic secondary site in vivo.

アンインビトロ</em転移性増殖に腫瘍の休眠とスイッチを研究する>システム

Recurrence of breast cancer often follows a long latent period in which there are no signs of cancer, and metastases may not become clinically apparent ...

Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been in use for more than 20 years 1, and has grown exponentially in popularity over the past decade. While the use of TMS has expanded to the study of many systems and processes during this time, the original application and perhaps one of the most common uses of TMS involves studying the physiology, plasticity and function of the human neuromuscular system. Single pulse TMS applied to the motor cortex excites pyramidal neurons transsynaptically 2 (Figure 1) and results in a measurable electromyographic response that can be used to study and evaluate the integrity and excitability of the corticospinal tract in humans 3. Additionally, recent advances in magnetic stimulation now allows for partitioning of cortical versus spinal excitability 4,5. For example, paired-pulse TMS can be used to assess intracortical facilitatory and inhibitory properties by combining a conditioning stimulus and a test stimulus at different interstimulus intervals 3,4,6-8. In this video article we will demonstrate the methodological and technical aspects of these techniques. Specifically, we will demonstrate single-pulse and paired-pulse TMS techniques as applied to the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle as well as the erector spinae (ES) musculature. Our laboratory studies the FCR muscle as it is of interest to our research on the effects of wrist-hand cast immobilization on reduced muscle performance6,9, and we study the ES muscles due to these muscles clinical relevance as it relates to low back pain8. With this stated, we should note that TMS has been used to study many muscles of the hand, arm and legs, and should iterate that our demonstrations in the FCR and ES muscle groups are only selected examples of TMS being used to study the human neuromuscular system.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive tool to gain insight on the physiology and function of the human nervous system. Here, we present our TMS techniques to study cortical excitability of the upper limb and lumbar musculature.

人間の神経筋システムを研究するために経頭蓋磁気刺激の活用

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been in use for more than 20 years 1, and has grown exponentially in popularity over the past decade.  While ...

Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several techniques, including infusion of exogenous bacterial toxin (endotoxemia) or bacteria (bacteremia), as well as surgical perforation of the cecum by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)1-3. CLP allows bacteria spillage and fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity, mimicking the human clinical disease of perforated appendicitis or diverticulitis. The severity of sepsis, as reflected by the eventual mortality rates, can be controlled surgically by varying the size of the needle used for cecal puncture2. In animals, CLP induces similar, biphasic hemodynamic cardiovascular, metabolic, and immunological responses as observed during the clinical course of human sepsis3. Thus, the CLP model is considered as one of the most clinically relevant models for experimental sepsis1-3.
Various animal models have been used to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of experimental sepsis. The lethal consequence of sepsis is attributable partly to an excessive accumulation of early cytokines (such as TNF, IL-1 and IFN-&gamma;)4-6 and late proinflammatory mediators (e.g., HMGB1)7. Compared with early proinflammatory cytokines, late-acting mediators have a wider therapeutic window for clinical applications. For instance, delayed administration of HMGB1-neutralizing antibodies beginning 24 hours after CLP, still rescued mice from lethality8,9, establishing HMGB1 as a late mediator of lethal sepsis. The discovery of HMGB1 as a late-acting mediator has initiated a new field of investigation for the development of sepsis therapies using Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine. In this paper, we describe a procedure of CLP-induced sepsis, and its usage in screening herbal medicine for HMGB1-targeting therapies.

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection, and can be simulated by a surgical technique termed cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Here we describe a method to use CLP-induced animal model to screen medicinal herbs for therapeutic agents.

新しいハーブ治療法を評価するために敗血症の動物モデルの使用

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several ...

Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function

The oculomotor system involves a large number of brain areas including parts of the basal ganglia, and various neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's and Huntington's can disrupt it. People with Parkinson's disease, for example, tend to have increased saccadic latencies. Consequently, the quantitative measurement of saccadic eye movements has received considerable attention as a potential biomarker for neurodegenerative conditions. A lot more can be learned about the brain in both health and disease by observing what happens to eye movements when the function of specific brain areas is perturbed. Deep brain stimulation is a surgical intervention used for the management of a range of neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease, in which stimulating electrodes are placed in specific brain areas including several sites in the basal ganglia. Eye movement measurements can then be made with the stimulator systems both off and on and the results compared. With suitable experimental design, this approach can be used to study the pathophysiology of the disease being treated, the mechanism by which DBS exerts it beneficial effects, and even aspects of normal neurophysiology.

This paper describes the use of quantitative measurement of eye movements in conjunction with stimulation of focal areas of the deep brain in order to study physiology, pathophysiology, and the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation.

正常および病的脳機能を研究するために脳深部刺激でSaccadometryを使用します

The oculomotor system involves a large number of brain areas including parts of the basal ganglia, and various neurodegenerative diseases including ...

Intravascular Delivery of Biologics to the Rat Kidney

The renal microvascular compartment plays an important role in the progression of kidney disease and hypertension, leading to the development of End Stage Renal Disease with high risk of death for cardiovascular events. Moreover, recent clinical studies have shown that renovascular structure and function may have a great impact on functional renal recovery after surgery. Here, we describe a protocol for the delivery of drugs into the renal artery of rats. This procedure offers significant advantages over the frequently used systemic administration as it may allow a more localized therapeutic effect. In addition, the use of rodents in pharmacodynamic analysis of preclinical studies may be cost effective, paving the way for the design of translational experiments in larger animal models. Using this technique, infusion of rat recombinant Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) protein in rats has induced activation of VEGF signaling as shown by increased expression of FLK1, pAKT/AKT, pERK/ERK. In summary, we established a protocol for the intrarenal delivery of drugs in rats, which is simple and highly reproducible.

The administration of drugs for recovery of kidney function requires control of the localization and distribution of the therapeutic compound. Here, we describe in detail a simple technique for intrarenal delivery of drugs in rats. This procedure may be easily performed with no mortality and high reproducibility.

ラット腎臓への生物製剤の血管内デリバリー

The renal microvascular compartment plays an important role in the progression of kidney disease and hypertension, leading to the development of End Stage ...

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

The retina offers a unique &#8220;window&#8221; to study pathophysiological processes of dementia in the brain, as it is an extension of the central nervous system (CNS) and shares prominent similarities with the brain in terms of embryological origin, anatomical features and physiological properties.&#160; The vascular and neuronal structure in the retina can now be visualized easily and non-invasively using retinal imaging techniques, including fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT), and quantified semi-automatically using computer-assisted analysis programs. Studying the associations between vascular and neuronal changes in the retina and dementia could improve our understanding of dementia and, potentially, aid in diagnosis and risk assessment.&#160; This protocol aims to describe a method of quantifying and analyzing retinal vasculature and neuronal structure, which are potentially associated with dementia. This protocol also provides examples of retinal changes in subjects with dementia, and discusses technical issues and current limitations of retinal imaging.

The retina shares prominent similarities with the brain and thus represents a unique window to study vasculature and neuronal structure in the brain non-invasively. This protocol describes a method to study dementia using retinal imaging techniques. This method can potentially aid in diagnosis and risk assessment of dementia.

眼底イメージングを使用して認知症を研究するには

The retina offers a unique &#8220;window&#8221; to study pathophysiological processes of dementia in the brain, as it is an extension of the central ...

Using a Knee Arthrometer to Evaluate Tissue-specific Contributions to Knee Flexion Contracture in the Rat

Normal knee range of motion (ROM) is critical to well-being and allows one to perform basic activities such as walking, climbing stairs and sitting. Lost ROM is called a joint contracture and results in increased morbidity. Due to the difficulty of reversing established knee contractures, early detection is important, and hence, knowing risk factors for their development is essential. The rat represents a good model with which the effect of an intervention can be studied due to the similarity of rat knee anatomy to that of humans, the rat's ability to tolerate long durations of knee immobilization in flexion, and because mechanical data can be correlated with histologic and biochemical analysis of knee tissue.
Using an automated arthrometer, we demonstrate a validated, precise, reproducible, user-independent method of measuring the extension ROM of the rat knee joint at specific torques. This arthrometer can be used to determine the effects of interventions on knee joint ROM in the rat.

The goal of the protocol is to measure the extension range of motion of the rat knee. The effects of various diseases that increase the stiffness of the knee joint and the effectiveness of treatments can be quantified.

膝 Arthrometer を使用してラットの膝関節屈曲拘縮への組織固有の貢献を評価するには

Normal knee range of motion (ROM) is critical to well-being and allows one to perform basic activities such as walking, climbing stairs and sitting. Lost ...

A Rat Lung Transplantation Model of Warm Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Optimizations to Improve Outcomes

From our experience with rat lung transplantation, we have found several areas for improvement. Information in the existing literature regarding methods for choosing appropriate cuff sizes for the pulmonary vein (PV), pulmonary artery (PA), or bronchus (Br) are varied, thus making the determination of proper cuff size during rat lung transplantation an exercise of trial and error. By standardizing the cuffing technique to use the smallest effective cuff appropriate for the size of the vessel or bronchus, one can make the transplantation procedure safer, faster, and more successful. Since diameters of the PV, PA, and Br are related to the body weight of the rat, we present a strategy to choosing an appropriate size using a weight-based guide. Since lung volume is also related to body weight, we recommend that this relationship should also be considered when choosing the proper volume of air for donor lung inflation during warm ischemia as well as for the proper volume of PBS to be instilled during bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid collection. We also describe methods for 4th intercostal space dissection, wound closure, and sample collection from both the native and transplanted lobes.

Here, we present optimizations to a rat lung transplantation model that serve to improve outcomes. We provide a size guide for cuffs based on body weight, a measurement strategy to ascertain the 4th intercostal space, and methods of wound closure and BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) fluid and tissue collection.

温虚血/再灌流損傷のラット肺移植モデル:転帰を改善するための最適化

From our experience with rat lung transplantation, we have found several areas for improvement. Information in the existing literature regarding methods ...