我々はこれらのプロトコルの開発への貢献のためにニッキーフォックスとAloisiaシュミットに感謝。この作品は、KZ、NS28182にNIH RO1の助成金によって支えられている。

<ol>
	<li>Patel, N. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+neuronal+subsets+and+other+cell+types+in+whole-mount+Drosophila+embryos+and+larvae+using+antibody+probes.">Imaging neuronal subsets and other cell types in whole-mount Drosophila embryos and larvae using antibody probes.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 44, 445-487 (1994).</li><li>Desai, C. J., Gindhart, J. G., Goldstein, L. S., Zinn, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Receptor+tyrosine+phosphatases+are+required+for+motor+axon+guidance+in+the+Drosophila+embryo.">Receptor tyrosine phosphatases are required for motor axon guidance in the Drosophila embryo.</a> Cell. 84, 599-609 (1996).</li><li>Sun, Q., Schindelholz, B., Knirr, M., Schmid, A., Zinn, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complex+genetic+interactions+among+four+receptor+tyrosine+phosphatases+regulate+axon+guidance+in+Drosophila.">Complex genetic interactions among four receptor tyrosine phosphatases regulate axon guidance in Drosophila.</a> Molecular and cellular neurosciences. 17, 274-291 (2001).</li><li>Schmid, A., Schindelholz, B., Zinn, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combinatorial+RNAi:+a+method+for+evaluating+the+functions+of+gene+families+in+Drosophila.">Combinatorial RNAi: a method for evaluating the functions of gene families in Drosophila.</a> Trends in neurosciences. 25, 71-74 (2002).</li><li>Fox, A. N., Zinn, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+heparan+sulfate+proteoglycan+syndecan+is+an+in+vivo+ligand+for+the+Drosophila+LAR+receptor+tyrosine+phosphatase.">The heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan is an in vivo ligand for the Drosophila LAR receptor tyrosine phosphatase.</a> Curr Biol. 15, 1701-1711 (2005).</li></ol>

我々は、このビデオのデモは、それらが今容易にショウジョウバエの遺伝学と発生学のいくつかの経験を有する者により実行可能であることを十分に詳細で生きている胎児の解剖や染色のために我々の方法を表示していることを願っています。もちろん、かなりの練習が依然として主に解剖自身のために、必要となります。我々の経験では、ライブ解剖の方法を学ぶすべての人は彼/彼...

<table><tbody><tr><td>Borosilicate Tubing With Filament </td><td>Sutter Instrument Co.</td><td>BF120-60-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Narishige model PC-10 needle puller</td><td>Narishige International</td><td></td><td>Tubes pulled using a heater level of 58.9</td></tr></tbody></table>

live dissection of drosophila embryos: streamlined methods for screening mutant collections by antibody staining

胚発生の段階で14と17との間のショウジョウバエの胚は、容易に&quot;フィレット&quot;の準備を生成するために解剖することができます。これらの製剤では、中枢神経系では、真ん中の下に実行され、ボディの壁に挟まれている。多くの異なる表現型は、このような調製物を用いて検討されています。ほとんどの場合、切り身は、抗体染色の固定ホールマウント胚の解剖によって生成されました。これらの&quot;固定された解剖では、&quot;しかし、いくつかの欠点を持っている。彼らは、実行には手間がかかる上に、​​それは突然変異がGFPのバランサー染色体にわたって維持されている銘柄から変異体（GFP陰性）胚をソートすることは困難です。 2002年以来、私たちのグループは、オーファン受容体に対するリガンドを同定するために欠乏し、異所性発現の画面に行ってきました。これを行うために、我々は生きている胎児の解剖とバランスのとれた、数百行を含むコレクションの抗体染色のための合理化されたプロトコルを開発した。我々はそれが固定された解剖ではなく、ライブ解剖による株式の大規模なコレクションの表現型を調べるためにかなり効率的であると結論付けている。ここで記述されたプロトコルを使用して、単一の訓練を受けた個人が化合物の顕微鏡下でそれぞれのラインから4月7日変異体胚を調べて、表現型の1日あたり10行まで選別できます。これは微妙な、低浸透表現型を付与する変異の同定を可能にする、行あたり最大70 hemisegments以降は40X水浸レンズと高倍率で採点されます。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Live Dissection of Drosophila Embryos: Streamlined Methods for Screening Mutant Collections by Antibody Staining at JoVE.com

Live Dissection of Drosophila Embryos: Streamlined Methods for Screening Mutant Collections by Antibody Staining

我々は、特定の遺伝子型のショウジョウバエの胚の&quot;フィレット&quot;の準備を生成するための合理化プロトコルを記述する。このプロトコルは、遺伝子スクリーニングの様々な効率的な実行が可能になります。また、後期胚における構造物の優れた視覚化することができます。

のライブ解剖ショウジョウバエ胚：抗体染色によってミュータントコレクションをスクリーニングするための合理化手法

Drosophila embryos between stages 14 and 17 of embryonic development can be readily dissected to generate "fillet" preparations.  In these preparations, ...

live-dissection-drosophila-embryos-streamlined-methods-for-screening

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Live Dissection of Drosophila Embryos: Streamlined Methods for Screening Mutant Collections by Antibody Staining

14.2K ビュー.  California Institute of Technology. 我々は、特定の遺伝子型のショウジョウバエの胚の"フィレット"の準備を生成するための合理化プロトコルを記述する。このプロトコルは、遺伝子スクリーニングの様々な効率的な実行が可能になります。また、後期胚における構造物の優れた視覚化することができます。

ビデオ: Live Dissection of Drosophila Embryos: Streamlined Methods for Screening Mutant Collections by Antibody Staining

Novel And Efficient Method for Drosophila Heart Fluorescence Staining with Cryosectioning

Drosophila heart models are widely employed in studying cardiac aging and modeling&#160;human cardiac diseases. However, the dissection of Drosophila hearts before imaging is a meticulous time-intensive process that requires advanced training and motor skills. To address these challenges, we present an innovative protocol that utilizes cryosectioning for the fluorescence imaging of Drosophila heart tissue. The protocol has been demonstrated in imaging the adult Drosophila heart but could be adapted for developmental stages. The method enhances both the efficiency and accessibility of fluorescence staining while preserving the integrity of the tissue. This protocol simplifies the process without compromising the quality of imaging, thereby reducing the dependency on technicians with highly developed training and motor skills. Specifically, we replace complex techniques, such as capillary vacuum suction, with more straightforward methods like tissue embedding. This approach allows for the visualization of cardiac structures with greater ease and reproducibility. We demonstrate the utility of this protocol by effectively detecting key cardiac markers and&#160;achieving high-resolution fluorescence and immunostaining imaging that unveils intricate details of heart morphology and cellular organization. This method provides a robust and accessible tool for researchers exploring Drosophila cardiac biology, facilitating detailed analyses of heart development, function, and disease models.

The Drosophila heart sectioning and fluorescence imaging protocol simplifies studying heart structure and pathologies. This approach involves straightforward sectioning, staining, and imaging, bypassing the technical expertise needed for traditional dissection. It enhances accessibility, making Drosophila a more widely usable model for cardiac-related research within the broader scientific community.

クライオ切片による ショウジョウバエ の心臓蛍光染色のための新規で効率的な方法

Drosophila heart models are widely employed in studying cardiac aging and modeling&#160;human cardiac diseases. However, the dissection of Drosophila ...

遺伝学

Retrograde Tracing of Drosophila Embryonic Motor Neurons Using Lipophilic Fluorescent Dyes

We describe a technique for retrograde labeling of motor neurons in Drosophila. We use an oil-dissolved lipophilic dye and deliver a small droplet to an embryonic fillet preparation by a microinjector. Each motor neuron whose membrane is contacted by the droplet can then be rapidly labeled. Individual motor neurons are continuously labeled, enabling fine structural details to be clearly visualized. Given that lipophilic dyes come in various colors, the technique also provides a means to get adjacent neurons labeled in multicolor. This tracing technique is therefore useful for studying neuronal morphogenesis and synaptic connectivity in the motor neuron system of Drosophila.

Retrograde Tracing of Drosophila Embryonic Motor Neurons Using Lipophilic Fluorescent Dyes

We describe a method for retrograde tracing of the Drosophila embryonic motor neurons using lipophilic fluorescent dyes.

親油性蛍光色素を用いたショウジョウバエ胚性運動ニューロンの逆行トレーシング

We describe a technique for retrograde labeling of motor neurons in Drosophila. We use an oil-dissolved lipophilic dye and deliver a small droplet to an ...

発生生物学

Dissection and Live-Imaging of the Late Embryonic Drosophila Gonad

The Drosophila melanogaster male embryonic gonad is an advantageous model to study various aspects of developmental biology including, but not limited to, germ cell development, piRNA biology, and niche formation. Here, we present a dissection technique to live-image the gonad ex vivo during a period when in vivo live-imaging is highly ineffective. This protocol outlines how to transfer embryos to an imaging dish, choose appropriately-staged male embryos, and dissect the gonad from its surrounding tissue while still maintaining its structural integrity. Following dissection, gonads can be imaged using a confocal microscope to visualize dynamic cellular processes. The dissection procedure requires precise timing and dexterity, but we provide insight on how to prevent common mistakes and how to overcome these challenges. To our knowledge this is the first dissection protocol for the Drosophila embryonic gonad, and will permit live-imaging during an otherwise inaccessible window of time. This technique can be combined with pharmacological or cell-type specific transgenic manipulations to study any dynamic processes occurring within or between the&#160;cells in their natural gonadal environment.

Dissection and Live-Imaging of the Late Embryonic Drosophila Gonad

Here, we provide a dissection protocol required to live-image the late embryonic Drosophila male gonad. This protocol will permit observation of dynamic cellular processes under normal conditions or after transgenic or pharmacological manipulation.

後期胚 性ショウジョウバエ生殖腺 の解剖とライブイメージング

The Drosophila melanogaster male embryonic gonad is an advantageous model to study various aspects of developmental biology including, but not limited to, ...

抗体媒介ライブイメージングによるタンパク質可視化の強化

Visualizing Low-Abundance Proteins and Post-Translational Modifications in Living Drosophila Embryos via Fluorescent Antibody Injection

Visualization of proteins in living cells using GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) and other fluorescent tags has greatly improved understanding of protein localization, dynamics, and function. Compared to immunofluorescence, live imaging more accurately reflects protein localization without potential artifacts arising from tissue fixation. Importantly, live imaging enables quantitative and temporal characterization of protein levels and localization, crucial for understanding dynamic biological processes such as cell movement or division. However, a major limitation of fluorescent tagging approaches is the need for sufficiently high protein expression levels to achieve successful visualization. Consequently, many endogenously tagged fluorescent proteins with relatively low expression levels cannot be detected. On the other hand, ectopic expression using viral promoters can sometimes lead to protein mislocalization or functional alterations in physiological contexts. To address these limitations, an approach is presented that utilizes highly sensitive antibody-mediated protein detection in living embryos, essentially performing immunofluorescence without the need for tissue fixation. As proof of principle, endogenously GFP-tagged Notch receptor that is barely detectable&#160;in living embryos can be successfully visualized after antibody injection. Furthermore, this approach was adapted to visualize post-translational modifications (PTMs) in living embryos, allowing the detection of temporal changes in tyrosine phosphorylation patterns during early embryogenesis and revealing a novel subpopulation of phosphotyrosine (p-Tyr) underneath apical membranes. This approach can be modified to accommodate other protein-specific, tag-specific, or PTM-specific antibodies and should be compatible with other injection-amenable model organisms or cell lines. This protocol opens new possibilities for live imaging of low-abundance proteins or PTMs that were previously challenging to detect using traditional fluorescent tagging methods.

著者スポットライト:動物の形態形成研究における機械的および生化学的シグナルのダイナミクスの解明 

This protocol describes the customized antibody-based fluorescence labeling and injection into early Drosophila embryos to enable live imaging of low-abundance proteins or post-translational modifications that are challenging to detect using traditional GFP/mCherry-tag approaches.

蛍光抗体注入によるショウジョウバエの生きた胚における低存在量タンパク質と翻訳後修飾の可視化

Visualization of proteins in living cells using GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) and other fluorescent tags has greatly improved understanding of protein ...

Preparation of Adult Drosophila Eyes for Thin Sectioning and Microscopic Analysis

Drosophila has long been used as model system to study development, mainly due to the ease with which it is genetically tractable. Over the years, a plethora of mutant strains and technical tricks have been developed to allow sophisticated questions to be asked and answered in a reasonable amount of time. Fundamental insight into the interplay of components of all known major signaling pathways has been obtained in forward and reverse genetic Drosophila studies. The fly eye has proven to be exceptionally well suited for mutational analysis, since, under laboratory conditions, flies can survive without functional eyes. Furthermore, the surface of the insect eye is composed of some 800 individual unit eyes (facets or ommatidia) that form a regular, smooth surface when looked at under a dissecting microscope. Thus, it is easy to see whether a mutation might affect eye development or growth by externally looking for the loss of the smooth surface ('rough eye' phenotype; Fig. 1) or overall eye size, respectively (for examples of screens based on external eye morphology see e.g.1). Subsequent detailed analyses of eye phenotypes require fixation, plastic embedding and thin-sectioning of adult eyes.
The Drosophila eye develops from the so-called eye imaginal disc, a bag of epithelial cells that proliferate and differentiate during larval and pupal stages (for review see e.g. 2). Each ommatidium consists of 20 cells, including eight photoreceptors (PR or R-cells; Fig. 2), four lens-secreting cone cells, pigment cells ('hexagon' around R-cell cluster) and a bristle. The photoreceptors of each ommatidium, most easily identified by their light sensitive organelles, the rhabdomeres, are organized in a trapezoid made up of the six "outer" (R1-6) and two "inner" photoreceptors (R7/8; R8 [Fig. 2] is underneath R7 and thus only seen in sections from deeper areas of the eye). The trapezoid of each facet is precisely aligned with those of its neighbors and the overall anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes of the eye (Fig. 3A). In particular, the ommatidia of the dorsal and ventral (black and red arrows, respectively) halves of the eye are mirror images of each other and correspond to two chiral forms established during planar cell polarity signaling (for review see e.g. 3).
The method to generate semi-thin eye sections (such as those presented in Fig. 3) described here is slightly modified from the one originally described by Tomlinson and Ready4. It allows the morphological analysis of all cells except for the transparent cone cells. In addition, the pigment of R-cells (blue arrowheads in Fig. 2 and 3) can be used as a cell-autonomous marker for the genotype of a R-cell, thus genetic requirements of genes in a subset of R-cells can readily be determined5,6.

Preparation of Adult Drosophila Eyes for Thin Sectioning and Microscopic Analysis

A standard approach to prepare adult Drosophila eyes for semi-thin sectioning and light microscopic analysis is presented here. The protocol can be used for gross morphological analysis of eye defects, or with the indicated adjustments can be used to determine genetic requirements of genes in specific cell types of the eye (e.g. clonal analysis of photoreceptors) or for electron microscopic analysis.

大人の準備ショウジョウバエ</emシンセクショニングおよび顕微鏡分析のための>アイズ

Drosophila has long been used as model system to study development, mainly due to the ease with which it is genetically tractable. Over the years, a ...

生物学

Visualization of the Axonal Projection Pattern of Embryonic Motor Neurons in Drosophila

The establishment of functional neuromuscular circuits relies on precise connections between developing motor axons and target muscles. Motor neurons extend growth cones to navigate along specific pathways by responding to a large number of axon guidance cues that emanate from the surrounding extracellular environment. Growth cone target recognition also plays a critical role in neuromuscular specificity. This work presents a standard immunohistochemistry protocol to visualize motor neuron projections of late stage-16 Drosophila melanogaster embryos. This protocol includes a few key steps, including a genotyping procedure, to sort the desired mutant embryos; an immunostaining procedure, to tag embryos with fasciclin II (FasII) antibody; and a dissection procedure, to generate filleted preparations from fixed embryos. Motor axon projections and muscle patterns in the periphery are much better visualized in flat preparations of filleted embryos than in whole-mount embryos. Therefore, the filleted preparation of fixed embryos stained with FasII antibody provides a powerful tool to characterize the genes required for motor axon pathfinding and target recognition, and it can also be applied to both loss-of-function and gain-of-function genetic screens.

Visualization of the Axonal Projection Pattern of Embryonic Motor Neurons in Drosophila

This work details a standard immunohistochemistry method to visualize motor neuron projections of late stage-16 Drosophila melanogaster embryos. The filleted preparation of fixed embryos stained with FasII antibody provides a powerful tool to characterize the genes required for motor axon pathfinding and target recognition during neural development.

胎児運動ニューロンの軸索突起パターンの視覚化<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em

The establishment of functional neuromuscular circuits relies on precise connections between developing motor axons and target muscles. Motor neurons ...

神経科学

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) mechanism is an active signal, which monitors the interaction between chromosome kinetochores and spindle microtubules to prevent anaphase onset until the chromosomes are properly connected. Cells use this mechanism to prevent aneuploidy or genomic instability, and hence cancers and other human diseases like birth defects and Alzheimer's1. A number of the SAC components such as Mad1, Mad2, Bub1, BubR1, Bub3, Mps1, Zw10, Rod and Aurora B kinase have been identified and they are all kinetochore dynamic proteins2. Evidence suggests that the kinetochore is where the SAC signal is initiated. The SAC prime regulatory target is Cdc20. Cdc20 is one of the essential APC/C (Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome) activators3 and is also a kinetochore dynamic protein4-6. When activated, the SAC inhibits the activity of the APC/C to prevent the destruction of two key substrates, cyclin B and securin, thereby preventing the metaphase to anaphase transition7,8. Exactly how the SAC signal is initiated and assembled on the kinetochores and relayed onto the APC/C to inhibit its function still remains elusive.
Drosophila is an extremely tractable experimental system; a much simpler and better-understood organism compared to the human but one that shares fundamental processes in common. It is, perhaps, one of the best organisms to use for bio-imaging studies in living cells, especially for visualization of the mitotic events in space and time, as the early embryo goes through 13 rapid nuclear division cycles synchronously (8-10 minutes for each cycle at 25 &deg;C) and gradually organizes the nuclei in a single monolayer just underneath the cortex9.
Here, I present a bio-imaging method using transgenic Drosophila expressing GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) or its variant-targeted proteins of interest and a Leica TCS SP2 confocal laser scanning microscope system to study the SAC function in flies, by showing images of GFP fusion proteins of some of the SAC components, Cdc20 and Mad2, as the example.

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

The kinetochore is where the SAC initiates its signal monitoring the mitotic segregation of the sister chromatids. A method is described to visualize the recruitment and turnover of one of the kinetochore proteins and its coordination with the chromosome motion in Drosophila embryos using a Leica laser scanning confocal system.

リビングでの動的動原体タンパク質の挙動と染色体の動きを図解して有糸分裂チェックポイントを勉強<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;合胞体胚

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) mechanism is an active signal, which monitors the interaction between chromosome kinetochores and spindle ...

Sonication-facilitated Immunofluorescence Staining of Late-stage Embryonic and Larval Drosophila Tissues In Situ

Studies performed in Drosophila melanogaster embryos and larvae provide crucial insight into developmental processes such as cell fate specification and organogenesis. Immunostaining allows for the visualization of developing tissues and organs. However, a protective cuticle that forms at the end of embryogenesis prevents permeation of antibodies into late-stage embryos and larvae. While dissection prior to immunostaining is regularly used to analyze Drosophila larval tissues, it proves inefficient for some analyses because small tissues may be difficult to locate and isolate. Sonication provides an alternative to dissection in larval Drosophila immunostaining protocols. It allows for quick, simultaneous processing of large numbers of late-stage embryos and larvae and maintains in situ morphology. After fixation in formaldehyde, a sample is sonicated. Sample is then subjected to immunostaining with antigen-specific primary antibodies and fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies to visualize target cell types and specific proteins via fluorescence microscopy. During the process of sonication, proper placement of a sonicating probe above the sample, as well as the duration and intensity of sonication, is critical. Additonal minor modifications to standard immunostaining protocols may be required for high quality stains. For antibodies with low signal to noise ratio, longer incubation times are typically necessary. As a proof of concept for this sonication-facilitated protocol, we show immunostains of three tissue types (testes, ovaries, and neural tissues) at a range of developmental stages.

Sonication-facilitated Immunofluorescence Staining of Late-stage Embryonic and Larval Drosophila Tissues In Situ

Immunostaining is an effective technique for visualizing specific cell types and proteins within tissues. By utilizing sonication, the protocol described here alleviates the need to dissect Drosophila melanogaster tissues from late-stage embryos and larvae before immunostaining. We provide an efficient methodology for the immunostaining of formaldehyde-fixed whole mount larvae.

後期胚および幼虫の超音波処理により促進免疫蛍光染色<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;組織<em&gt;その場で</em

Studies performed in Drosophila melanogaster embryos and larvae provide crucial insight into developmental processes such as cell fate specification and ...

のライブ解剖ショウジョウバエ胚：抗体染色によってミュータントコレクションをスクリーニングするための合理化手法

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

クライオ切片によるショウジョウバエの心臓蛍光染色のための新規で効率的な方法

親油性蛍光色素を用いたショウジョウバエ胚性運動ニューロンの逆行トレーシング

後期胚性ショウジョウバエ生殖腺の解剖とライブイメージング

蛍光抗体注入によるショウジョウバエの生きた胚における低存在量タンパク質と翻訳後修飾の可視化

蛍光抗体注入によるショウジョウバエの生きた胚における低存在量タンパク質と翻訳後修飾の可視化

蛍光抗体注入によるショウジョウバエの生きた胚における低存在量タンパク質と翻訳後修飾の可視化

大人の準備ショウジョウバエアイズ

胎児運動ニューロンの軸索突起パターンの視覚化

リビングでの動的動原体タンパク質の挙動と染色体の動きを図解して有糸分裂チェックポイントを勉強

後期胚および幼虫の超音波処理により促進免疫蛍光染色

のライブ解剖ショウジョウバエ胚：抗体染色によってミュータントコレクションをスクリーニングするための合理化手法

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

クライオ切片による ショウジョウバエ の心臓蛍光染色のための新規で効率的な方法

親油性蛍光色素を用いたショウジョウバエ胚性運動ニューロンの逆行トレーシング

後期胚 性ショウジョウバエ生殖腺 の解剖とライブイメージング

蛍光抗体注入によるショウジョウバエの生きた胚における低存在量タンパク質と翻訳後修飾の可視化

蛍光抗体注入によるショウジョウバエの生きた胚における低存在量タンパク質と翻訳後修飾の可視化

蛍光抗体注入によるショウジョウバエの生きた胚における低存在量タンパク質と翻訳後修飾の可視化

大人の準備ショウジョウバエアイズ

胎児運動ニューロンの軸索突起パターンの視覚化

リビングでの動的動原体タンパク質の挙動と染色体の動きを図解して有糸分裂チェックポイントを勉強

後期胚および幼虫の超音波処理により促進免疫蛍光染色

クライオ切片によるショウジョウバエの心臓蛍光染色のための新規で効率的な方法

後期胚性ショウジョウバエ生殖腺の解剖とライブイメージング