2.7 : Map Projections - I

Map Projections I

A map projection is a way to show the Earth’s round surface on a flat piece of paper or a screen. Since Earth is a sphere, flattening it always causes some distortion—meaning shapes, sizes, or distances may not be perfectly accurate. Scientists and cartographers (mapmakers) use different projections depending on what they need to show.

Types of Map Projections

1. Mercator Projection – Makes straight lines easy to follow for navigation, but it stretches land near the poles, making places like Greenland look much bigger than they really are.
2. Robinson's Projection – Balances shape and size to create a more realistic view of the world, though it slightly distorts everything.
3. Equal-Area Projection – Keeps land areas accurate in size but may change their shape.

Each projection has strengths and weaknesses, and no single map can perfectly represent Earth. Scientists and geographers choose the best projection based on what they need to study or display.

Science and Engineering Practices (SEP): Developing and Using Models

Maps are models of the real world. Different map projections change how the Earth appears, making some areas look bigger or smaller than they actually are.

Activity Ideas:

• Draw a world map on an orange, then peel it and try to flatten it. Notice how the shape stretches and changes. This demonstrates how different projections distort the Earth.
• Compare different types of maps, such as a political map and a satellite map. What information does each provide?
• Investigate how maps represent scale by measuring distances between two locations on a map.

As you explore, ask these questions:

• Why do some maps make Greenland look bigger than Africa?
• How do different map designs help us understand geography better?
• What are some ways maps can be improved to be more accurate?

Crosscutting Concept (CCC): Stability and Change

Maps have evolved over time. Long ago, people made simple sketches of land and water. Today, satellite technology and GPS allow us to create detailed, interactive maps. Even the way we use maps has changed; now, we can pull out a phone and find our location instantly.

Maps also help us track changes on Earth, such as expanding cities or shifting coastlines. By studying different maps, you can see how the world changes over time and how maps play a key role in exploring, learning, and understanding our planet.