私たちは、クリーンルーム施設内のこのビデオのフィルムの部分に私たちを可能にするため、MITのマイクロ技術研究所に感謝したいと思います。

準備 1。マスクを作成する<blockquote> CADソフトウェアを使用して、透明で高解像度印刷用のチャネルを設計する。これは、&quot;マスク&quot;になります。 </blockquote>クリーンルーム内で： 2。ウェハをクリーニングして焼くアセトンと、その後すぐにメタノールで、その後、イソプロパノールで最初に、噴出ウェハ。最後に、窒素を用いてウェハを乾燥させる。 5分間、オーブン（130℃）でウエハを焼く。 3。コー​​ティングウェハースピンコーティングマシンの中心にウェハを置きます。ウェハ上に瓶から注ぐフォトレジスト（SU - 8）。 SU - 8の流れを聞かせて〜10秒間リラックススピンコーターをオンにして、5秒かけて0から500 rpmにその速度を増加させる、10秒間、500rpmで維持、10秒以上の最終的な速度まで上昇し、30秒のために最終的な速度で維持する最終速度は、使用されるターゲットコーティングの厚さとSU - 8によります。詳細はで見ることができます<a href="http://www.microchem.com/">http://www.microchem.com/</a> 4。ソフトベークコー​​ティング後のウェーハは、° C、その後95℃65℃最初にそれを焼く℃に焼成時間は、ターゲットの厚さと使用されるフ​​ォトレジストの種類によって異なります。その後、ウェーハは、少なくとも5分間室温で放置します。 5。露出ウェハの上にマスクを配置し、SU - 8のマニュアルで推奨されている時間のために紫外線にウェハを公開。 6。露光後ベーク 65でウエハを焼くその後° Cおよび95 ° C以下のSU - 8のマニュアルの指示に従ってください。 7。 &quot;マスター&quot;（金型）を取得するためにウェーハを開発開発者（PMMA）で満たされたビーカーを準備します。フォトレジストの未露光部分は洗い流されるまで、非常に静かにビーカーを発振しながらビーカーにウェハを浸し。 私たちの研究室で： 8。 PDMSを準備して、ウェハ上に注ぐカップに10:1の比では硬化剤とPDMSを混ぜる。かき混ぜ、それが均質に混合する：これは、気泡をたくさん生成し、混合物が不透明に見えるようになります。 &quot;マスター&quot;の混合物を注ぐ。 9。真空チャンバー内の脱泡気泡を除去するため、すべての泡がなくなるまで真空チャンバ内にそれをカバーしているマスターとPDMS混合物を置く。 10。オーブンでベーキング 65℃硬化PDMSのオーブンで少なくとも12時間焼く。 11。パンチ穴チャンネルのインレットとアウトレットのためのマスターとパンチ穴からPDMS剥離。 クリーンルーム内（図示せず） 12。プラズマボンディングチャネルは、PDMS層と1分間の酸素プラズマによるガラスのスライドの両方を処理した後、スライドガラスに接着されている。 実験： EXP＃1：マイクロスケールの栄養素層への海洋微生物の走化性応答の調査 1）実験のセットアップ<ol><li>ガラスシリンジに生物と基板を追加します。 </li><li>顕微鏡ステージ上にマイクロ流体チャネルを置き、適切なインレットとアウトレットにチューブを取り付け</li><li>貯水池を無駄にチューブを接続します。チューブが完全に圧力の振動を避けるために、廃液溜めに流体に浸漬されていることを確認します</li><li>シリンジポンプにシリンジを配置し、バルブとチューブに接続</li><li>光条件、倍率等：顕微鏡を設定する</li><li>チャンネル内の適切な位置に焦点を当てる</li><li>人工海水で満たされた大きな注射器を使用してデバブルチャネル</li><li>シリンジポンプの適切な流量を設定します。この場合のチャネルで220μmのs -1の平均流速に対応し2ml /分、 </li></ol> 2）実験の実行<ol><li>チャンネル内の栄養勾配を確立するためにシリンジポンプを起動します。 </li><li>流れが安定していると栄養素のバンドが開発されると、シリンジポンプにフローを停止し、この時点から時間の録音を開始</li><li>栄養バンドは、横方向に拡散し始めます</li><li>定期的な時間間隔で、&quot;ムービー&quot;を作成するフレームのシーケンスを記録するために画像解析ソフトウェアを使用</li><li>私たちは動いていない粒子とバックグラウンドノイズから運動性の細胞を区別できるように、これだけ移動するオブジェクトが現在可視であることを、2つの後続のフレーム間の時間差画像を取ることによって泳ぐ生物を区別する</li><li> Pへの参照を使用して、チャネル内のセルの位置を決定するために映画を取る栄養パッチのosition </li><li> 10-20分のための定期的な間隔で記録映画は、位置と生物の遊泳パターンを分析する</li><li>別のフレーム（各ピクセルに映画の期間にわたってそのピクセルで記録された最大光強度を割り当てる）で生物の位置を重ね合わせ画像解析ソフトを使用することにより、我々は、水泳の細胞のための軌道情報を取得することができます</li></ol> EXP＃2：vortexZで泳いでいる海洋細菌に対する剪断の影響を調査<ol><li>別のチャネル形状を使用して、我々は異なるせん断速度でボルテックスで泳いで細菌の挙動を観察することができます</li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Azam, F., Malfatti, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+structuring+of+marine+ecosystems.">Microbial structuring of marine ecosystems.</a> Nature Reviews Microbiology. 5, 782-791 (2007).</li><li>Blackburn, N., Azam, F., Hagstrom, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatially+explicit+simulations+of+a+microbial+food+web.+.">Spatially explicit simulations of a microbial food web. .</a> Limnology and Oceanography. 42, 613-622 (1997).</li><li>Blackburn, N., Fenchel, T., Mitchell, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microscale+nutrient+patches+in+plankton+habitats+shown+by+chemotactic+bacteria.">Microscale nutrient patches in plankton habitats shown by chemotactic bacteria.</a> Science. 282, 2254-2256 (1998).</li><li>Keymer, J. E., Galajda, P., Muldoon, C., Park, S., Austin, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+metapopulations+in+nanofabricated+landscapes.">Bacterial metapopulations in nanofabricated landscapes.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 103, 17290-17295 (2006).</li><li>Mao, H., Cremer, P. S., Manson, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+sensitive,+versatile+microfluidic+assay+for+bacterial+chemotaxis.">A sensitive, versatile microfluidic assay for bacterial chemotaxis.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 100, 5449-5454 (2003).</li><li>Marcos, R., Stocker, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microorganisms+in+vortices:+a+microfluidic+setup.">Microorganisms in vortices: a microfluidic setup.</a> Limnology and Oceanography: Methods. 4, 392-398 (2006).</li><li>Park, S., Wolanin, P. M., Yuzbahyan, E. A., Lin, H., Darnton, N. C., Stock, J. B., Silberzan, P., Austin, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+topology+on+bacterial+social+interaction.">Influence of topology on bacterial social interaction.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100, 13910-13915 (2003).</li><li>Whitesides, G. M., Ostuni, E., Takayama, S., Jiang, X., Ingber, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soft+lithography+in+biology+and+biochemistry.">Soft lithography in biology and biochemistry.</a> Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. 3, 335-373 (2001).</li></ol>

海洋微生物は、その局所的な化学および物理的環境との対話方法を理解することは海洋の栄養と炭素循環（アザムとマルファッティ2007）におけるプランクトンの微生物の役割のより完全で正確な認識のために不可欠です。しかし、多くの重要な微生物の相互作用が行われる以上の小スケール（&lt;MM）のために、技術的な限界は、異種生物物理化学的風景の中で微生物の挙動の詳細な検査を妨げている海で泳...

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		<th>Type</th>
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		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<td>PDMS, Sylgard 184</td>
<td>Silicone Elastomer Kit</td>
<td>Dow Corning, Midland, MI, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>http://www.ellsworth.com/sylgard.html</td>
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<td>SU8-2100</td>
<td>Photoresist</td>
<td>MicroChem, Newton, MA, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>www.microchem.com
</td>
</tr>
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<td>Nikon Eclipse TE2000-E inverted microscope</td>
<td>Microscope</td>
<td>Nikon, Japan</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PEEK tubing (0.762 mm ID, 1.59 mm OD)</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Upchurch Scientific, Oak Harbor, WA, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>www.upchurch.com</td>
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<td>Syringes (Luer-Lok Tip)</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Fitting Part P-704-01</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Upchurch Scientific, Oak Harbor, WA, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>To connect tubing to Luer-Lok Tip Syringes</td>
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<tr>
<td>Syringe Pump (PHD 2000 Programmable)</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>CCD Camera (PCO 1600)</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Cooke, Romulus, MI, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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chemotactic response of marine micro-organisms to micro-scale nutrient layers

浮遊微生物は、マイクロリソースのパッチを利用できる程度は、海洋trophodynamicsと生物地球化学的フラックスにかなりの影響を持つことになります。しかし、海洋における栄養のパッチを利用するために、水泳の微生物は、パッチの可用性と、それらを検索する細菌の能力を制限する分子拡散と乱流せん断、を含む物理的な力の影響を克服する必要があります。最近まで、方法論的限界は、斑状の生息地と現実的な小さなスケールの流れの条件の中で微生物の挙動の直接検査を排除している。したがって、はるかに海の微生物の挙動に関する我々の現在の知識の多く​​は、理論的な予測から調達されています。我々は海洋プロセスに関連する寸法と拡散性の特性を持つ我々が作成するために使用されている2マイクロ流体デバイスは、（i）マイクロ栄養素のパッチを開発するためのソフトリソグラフィ加工技術を適用している海の微生物の餌行動に新しい情報を取得するには、および（ii）マイクロスケール海で予想されるものに相当するせん断速度と渦、。これらのマイクロ流体デバイスは、異種と動的な海の風景の中の微生物水泳と走化性行動の最初の直接検査を認めている。個々の微生物の遊泳行動に加えて、人口レベルの集合反応を観察しながら落射蛍光、位相差顕微鏡の併用は、物理的な寸法や栄養素のパッチの拡散特性の直接検査を可能にする。これらの実験は、植物プランクトン、従属栄養細菌とphagotrophic原生生物のいくつかの種が非常に短い時間枠内に拡散マイクロリソースのパッチを見つけて悪用することに熟達していることを明らかにした。我々はまた、せん断速度を緩和することを示している、海洋細菌は、自発的にその環境を経由して流れ、スイムを戦うことができます。しかし、しきい値高せん断レベルを超えて、細菌はせん断流れに整列し、フローからの外乱なし水泳の少ない能力がありますされています。マイクロフルイディクスは、水生微生物の生態を研究するための新規かつ安価なアプローチを表し、かつ正確にマイクロスケールでの現実的な流れ場と基板のグラデーションを作成するための適性のために、相互作用の最小スケールでの微生物の挙動の試験に理想的に適用可能です。そこで、マイクロフルイディクスは、海の微生物の生態の理解を得るための貴重なツールを表すことを示唆している。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chemotactic Response of Marine Micro-Organisms to Micro-Scale Nutrient Layers at JoVE.com

Meiosis  | Biology Video Collection

Chemotactic Response of Marine Micro-Organisms to Micro-Scale Nutrient Layers

マイクロ流体チャネルおよび斑状の栄養の海の風景とせん断流内細菌の遊泳行動の中で海洋微生物の化学走性採食行動を研究するための実験で、その実装の製造が記載されている。

マイクロスケール栄養層への海洋微生物の走化性応答

The degree to which planktonic microbes can exploit microscale resource patches will have considerable implications for oceanic trophodynamics and ...

chemotactic-response-marine-micro-organisms-to-micro-scale-nutrient

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.2K ビュー.  MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology. マイクロ流体チャネルおよび斑状の栄養の海の風景とせん断流内細菌の遊泳行動の中で海洋微生物の化学走性採食行動を研究するための実験で、その実装の製造が記載されている。

ビデオ: Chemotactic Response of Marine Micro-Organisms to Micro-Scale Nutrient Layers

Layers of Symbiosis - Visualizing the Termite Hindgut Microbial Community

Jared Leadbetter takes us for a nature walk through the diversity of life resident in the termite hindgut - a microenvironment containing 250 different species found nowhere else on Earth.  Jared reveals that the symbiosis exhibited by this system is multi-layered and involves not only a relationship between the termite and its gut inhabitants, but also involves a complex web of symbiosis among the gut microbes themselves.

Jared Leadbetter takes us for a nature walk through the diversity of life resident in the termite hindgut - a microenvironment containing 250 different species found nowhere else on Earth. Jared reveals that the symbiosis exhibited by this system is multi-layered and involves not only a relationship between the termite and its gut inhabitants, but also involves a complex web of symbiosis among the gut microbes themselves.

共生の層 - シロアリ後腸の微生物コミュニティの可視化

Jared Leadbetter takes us for a nature walk through the diversity of life resident in the termite hindgut - a microenvironment containing 250 different ...

生物学

Micro-scale Engineering for Cell Biology

細胞生物学のためのマイクロスケールのエンジニアリング

In vivo Imaging of Deep Cortical Layers using a Microprism

We present a protocol for in vivo imaging of cortical tissue using a deep-brain imaging probe in the shape of a microprism.  Microprisms are 1-mm in size and have a reflective coating on the hypotenuse to allow internal reflection of excitation and emission light.  The microprism probe simultaneously images multiple cortical layers with a perspective typically seen only in slice preparations.  Images are collected with a large field-of-view (~900 &mu;m).  In addition, we provide details on the non-survival surgical procedure and microscope setup.  Representative results include images of layer V pyramidal neurons from Thy-1 YFP-H mice showing their apical dendrites extending through the superficial cortical layer and extending into tufts.  Resolution was sufficient to image dendritic spines near the soma of layer V neurons.  A tail-vein injection of fluorescent dye reveals the intricate network of blood vessels in the cortex.  Line-scanning of red blood cells (RBCs) flowing through the capillaries reveals RBC velocity and flux rates can be obtained. This novel microprism probe is an elegant, yet powerful new method of visualizing deep cellular structures and cortical function in vivo.

In vivo Imaging of Deep Cortical Layers using a Microprism

Right-angle microprisms inserted into the mouse neocortex allows for deep imaging of multiple cortical layers with a viewpoint typically found in slice. One-millimeter microprisms offer a wide field-of-view (~900 &mu;m) and spatial resolutions sufficient to resolve dendritic spines. We demonstrate layer V neuronal imaging and neocortical vascular imaging using microprisms.

マイクロプリズムを使ってDeep皮質層のin vivoイメージング

We present a protocol for in vivo imaging of cortical tissue using a deep-brain imaging probe in the shape of a microprism.  Microprisms are 1-mm in size ...

Using the optokinetic response to study visual function of zebrafish

Optokinetic response (OKR) is a behavior that an animal vibrates its eyes to follow a rotating grating around it. It has been widely used to assess the visual functions of larval zebrafish1-5. Nevertheless, the standard protocol for larval fish is not yet readily applicable in adult zabrafish. Here, we introduce how to measure the OKR of adult zebrafish with our simple custom-built apparatus using a new protocol which is established in our lab. Both our apparatus and step-by-step procedure of OKR in adult zebrafish are illustrated in this video. In addition, the measurements of the larval OKR, as well as the optomotor response (OMR) test of adult zebrafish, are also demonstrated in this video. This OKR assay of adult zebrafish in our experiment may last for up to 4 hours. Such OKR test applied in adult fish will benefit to visual function investigation more efficiently when the adult fish vision system is manipulated.
Su-Qi Zou and Wu Yin contributed equally to this paper.

Optokinetic response has been widely used to assess the visual functions of larval zebrafish. Nevertheless, the standard protocol for larval fish is not yet readily applicable in adults1-5. Here, we introduce how to measure the OKR of adult zebrafish using a new protocol which is established in our lab.

ゼブラフィッシュの視覚機能を研究するために視運動性応答を使用して

Optokinetic response (OKR) is a behavior that an animal vibrates its eyes to follow a rotating grating around it. It has been widely used to assess the ...

Quantification of &gamma;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA lesions with respect to survival and preservation of genomic integrity. An early response to the induction of DSBs is phosphorylation of the H2A histone variant, H2AX, at the serine-139 residue, in the highly conserved C-terminal SQEY motif, forming &gamma;H2AX1. Following induction of DSBs, H2AX is rapidly phosphorylated by the phosphatidyl-inosito 3-kinase (PIKK) family of proteins, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-protein kinase catalytic subunit and ATM and RAD3-related (ATR)2. Typically, only a few base-pairs (bp) are implicated in a DSB, however, there is significant signal amplification, given the importance of chromatin modifications in DNA damage signalling and repair. Phosphorylation of H2AX mediated predominantly by ATM spreads to adjacent areas of chromatin, affecting approximately 0.03% of total cellular H2AX per DSB2,3. This corresponds to phosphorylation of approximately 2000 H2AX molecules spanning ~2 Mbp regions of chromatin surrounding the site of the DSB and results in the formation of discrete &gamma;H2AX foci which can be easily visualized and quantitated by immunofluorescence microscopy2. The loss of &gamma;H2AX at DSB reflects repair, however, there is some controversy as to what defines complete repair of DSBs; it has been proposed that rejoining of both strands of DNA is adequate however, it has also been suggested that re-instatement of the original chromatin state of compaction is necessary4-8. The disappearence of &gamma;H2AX involves at least in part, dephosphorylation by phosphatases, phosphatase 2A and phosphatase 4C5,6. Further, removal of &gamma;H2AX by redistribution involving histone exchange with H2A.Z has been implicated7,8. Importantly, the quantitative analysis of &gamma;H2AX foci has led to a wide range of applications in medical and nuclear research. Here, we demonstrate the most commonly used immunofluorescence method for evaluation of initial DNA damage by detection and quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci in &gamma;-irradiated adherent human keratinocytes9.

Quantification of &amp;#947;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

Quantification of DNA double-strand streaks using &gamma;H2AX formation as a molecular marker has become an invaluable tool in radiation biology. Here we demonstrate the use of an immunofluorescence assay for quantification of &gamma;H2AX foci after exposure of cells to radiation.

電離放射線への応答でγH2AX病巣の定量化

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA ...

Measurement of Survival Time in Brachionus Rotifers: Synchronization of Maternal Conditions

Rotifers are microscopic cosmopolitan zooplankton used as models in ecotoxicological and aging studies due to their several advantages such as short lifespan, ease of culture, and parthenogenesis that enables clonal culture. However, caution is required when measuring their survival time as it is affected by maternal age and maternal feeding conditions. Here we provide a protocol for powerful and reproducible measurement of the survival time in Brachionus rotifers following a careful synchronization of culture conditions over several generations. Empirically, poor synchronization results in early mortality and a gradual decrease in survival rate, thus resulting in weak statistical power. Indeed, under such conditions, calorie restriction (CR) failed to significantly extend the lifespan of B. plicatilis although CR-induced longevity has been demonstrated with well-synchronized rotifer samples in past and present studies. This protocol is probably useful for other invertebrate models, including the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, because maternal age effects have also been reported in these species.

Measurement of Survival Time in Brachionus Rotifers: Synchronization of Maternal Conditions

Rotifers are microscopic zooplankton used as models in ecotoxicological and aging studies. Here we provide a protocol for powerful and reproducible measurement of survival time in Brachionus rotifers. Synchronization of culture conditions over several generations is of particular importance because maternal condition affects life history of offspring.

生存時間の測定で<em&gt; Brachionus</em&gt;ワムシ：母性条件の同期

Rotifers are microscopic cosmopolitan zooplankton used as models in ecotoxicological and aging studies due to their several advantages such as short ...

Hydroponics: A Versatile System to Study Nutrient Allocation and Plant Responses to Nutrient Availability and Exposure to Toxic Elements

Hydroponic systems have been utilized as one of the standard methods for plant biology research and are also used in commercial production for several crops, including lettuce and tomato. Within the plant research community, numerous hydroponic systems have been designed to study plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here we present a hydroponic protocol that can be easily implemented in laboratories interested in pursuing studies on plant mineral nutrition.
This protocol describes the hydroponic system set up in detail and the preparation of plant material for successful experiments. Most of the materials described in this protocol can be found outside scientific supply companies, making the set up for hydroponic experiments less expensive and convenient.
The use of a hydroponic growth system is most advantageous in situations where the nutrient media need to be well controlled and when intact roots need to be harvested for downstream applications. We also demonstrate how nutrient concentrations can be modified to induce plant responses to both essential nutrients and toxic non-essential elements.

Here, we present an easy-to-follow protocol to establish a successful hydroponic system for plant nutrition studies. This protocol has been extensively tested in Arabidopsis and can easily be adapted to other plant species to study specific nutritional requirements or the effect of non-essential elements on plant growth and development.

水耕：栄養アベイラビリティと毒性元素への曝露に栄養の割り当てと植物の応答を研究するための汎用性の高いシステム

Hydroponic systems have been utilized as one of the standard methods for plant biology research and are also used in commercial production for several ...

Characterization of Calcification Events Using Live Optical and Electron Microscopy Techniques in a Marine Tubeworm

Characterizing the first event of biological production of calcium carbonate requires a combination of microscopy approaches. First, intracellular pH distribution and calcium ions can be observed using live microscopy over time. This allows identification of the life stage and the tissue with the feature of interest for further electron microscopy studies. Life stage and tissues of interest are typically higher in pH and Ca signals. 
Here, using H. elegans, we present a protocol to characterize the presence of calcium carbonate structures in a biological specimen on the scanning electron microscope (SEM), using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to visualize elemental composition, using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to determine the presence of crystalline structures, and using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to analyze the composition and structure of the material. In this protocol, a focused ion beam (FIB) is used to isolate samples with dimension suitable for TEM analysis. As FIB is a site specific technique, we demonstrate how information from the previous techniques can be used to identify the region of interest, where Ca signals are highest.

We demonstrate the use of various microscopy methods that are useful in observing the calcification of a tubeworm, Hydroides elegans, as well as locating and characterizing the first calcified material. Live microscopy and electron microscopy are used together to provide functional and material information that are important in studying biomineralization.

マリンTubewormでライブ光学および電子顕微鏡技術を用いた石灰化イベントのキャラクタリゼーション

Characterizing the first event of biological production of calcium carbonate requires a combination of microscopy approaches. First, intracellular pH ...

Detection of Ligand-activated G Protein-coupled Receptor Internalization by Confocal Microscopy

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is an optical imaging technique for high-contrast imaging. It is a powerful approach to visualize fluorescent fusion proteins, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP), to determine their expression, localization, and function. The subcellular localization of target proteins is important for identification, characterization, and functional analyses. Internalization is one of the predominant mechanisms controlling G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling to ensure the appropriate cellular responses to stimuli. Here, we describe an experimental method to detect the subcellular localization and internalization of GPCR in HEK293 cells with confocal microscopy. In addition, this experiment provides some details about cell culture and transfection. This protocol is compatible with a variety of widely available fluorescent markers and is applicable to the visualization of the subcellular localization of a majority of proteins, as well as of the internalization of GPCR. This technique should enable researchers to efficiently manipulate GPCR gene expression in mammalian cell lines and should facilitate studies on GPCR subcellular localization and internalization.

This protocol describes confocal microscopy detection of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) internalization in mammalian cells. It includes the basic cell culture, transfection, and confocal microscopy procedure and provides an efficient and easily interpretable method to detect the subcellular localization and internalization of fusion-expressed GPCR.

共焦点顕微鏡により、リガンド活性化Gタンパク質共役型受容体内在化の検出

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is an optical imaging technique for high-contrast imaging. It is a powerful approach to visualize fluorescent ...

Assessment of Dictyostelium discoideum Response to Acute Mechanical Stimulation

Chemotaxis, or migration up a gradient of a chemoattractant, is the best understood mode of directed migration. Studies using social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum revealed that a complex signal transduction network of parallel pathways amplifies the response to chemoattractants, and leads to biased actin polymerization and protrusion of a pseudopod in the direction of a gradient. In contrast, molecular mechanisms driving other types of directed migration, for example, due to exposure to shear flow or electric fields, are not known. Many regulators of chemotaxis exhibit localization at the leading or lagging edge of a migrating cell, as well as show transient changes in localization or activation following global stimulation with a chemoattractant. To understand the molecular mechanisms of other types of directed migration we developed a method that allows examination of cellular response to acute mechanical stimulation based on brief (2 - 5 s) exposure to shear flow. This stimulation can be delivered in a channel while imaging cells expressing fluorescently-labeled biosensors to examine individual cell behavior. Additionally, cell population can be stimulated in a plate, lysed, and immunoblotted using antibodies that recognize active versions of proteins of interest. By combining both assays, one can examine a wide array of molecules activated by changes in subcellular localization and/or phosphorylation. Using this method we determined that acute mechanical stimulation triggers activation of the chemotactic signal transduction and actin cytoskeleton networks. The ability to examine cellular responses to acute mechanical stimulation is important for understanding the initiating events necessary for shear flow-induced motility. This approach also provides a tool for studying the chemotactic signal transduction network without the confounding influence of the chemoattractant receptor.

Assessment of Dictyostelium discoideum Response to Acute Mechanical Stimulation

Here we describe methods for assessing cellular response to acute mechanical stimulation. In the microscopy-based assay, we examine localization of fluorescently-labeled biosensors following brief stimulation with shear flow. We also test activation of various proteins of interest in response to acute mechanical stimulation biochemically.

キイロタマホコリカビ急性の機械的刺激に対する応答の評価

Chemotaxis, or migration up a gradient of a chemoattractant, is the best understood mode of directed migration. Studies using social amoeba Dictyostelium ...