作品は、国立衛生研究所からの補助金1K25MH089851、1P01DA028555 - 01A1、2R01 NS034239、2R37 NS36126、NS31492 P01、P20RR 15635、P01MH64570、およびP01 NS43985によってサポートされていました。著者は、原稿と卓越したグラフィックと文学的支援の重要な読書のために氏ロビンテイラーに感謝。また、作者は彼らの技術サポートはエリンマッキンタイア、メリッサメロン、そしてリンゼイライスに感謝します。

<ol>
	<li>Nowacek, A., Gendelman, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NanoART+neuroAIDS+and+CNS+drug+delivery.">NanoART neuroAIDS and CNS drug delivery.</a> Nanomedicine (Lond). 4, 557-574 (2009).</li><li>Nowacek, A., Kosloski, L. M., Gendelman, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurodegenerative+disorders+and+nanoformulated+drug+development.">Neurodegenerative disorders and nanoformulated drug development.</a> Nanomedicine (Lond). 4, 541-555 (2009).</li><li>Nowacek, A. S., Miller, R. L., McMillan, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NanoART+synthesis,+characterization,+uptake,+release+and+toxicology+for+human+monocyte-macrophage+drug+delivery.">NanoART synthesis, characterization, uptake, release and toxicology for human monocyte-macrophage drug delivery.</a> Nanomedicine (Lond). 4, 903-917 (2009).</li><li>Herbein, G., Varin, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+macrophage+in+HIV-1+infection:+from+activation+to+deactivation.">The macrophage in HIV-1 infection: from activation to deactivation.</a> Retrovirology. 7, 33-33 (2010).</li><li>Qian, B. Z., Pollard, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+diversity+enhances+tumor+progression+and+metastasis.">Macrophage diversity enhances tumor progression and metastasis.</a> Cell. 141, 39-51 (2010).</li><li>Nathan, C., Ding, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonresolving+inflammation.">Nonresolving inflammation.</a> Cell. 140, 871-882 (2010).</li><li>McNeill, E., Channon, K. M., Greaves, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammatory+cell+recruitment+in+cardiovascular+disease:+murine+models+and+potential+clinical+applications.">Inflammatory cell recruitment in cardiovascular disease: murine models and potential clinical applications.</a> Clin Sci (Lond). 118, 641-655 (2010).</li><li>Bondeson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activated+synovial+macrophages+as+targets+for+osteoarthritis+drug+therapy.">Activated synovial macrophages as targets for osteoarthritis drug therapy.</a> Curr Drug Targets. 11, 576-585 (2010).</li><li>Benoit, L. A., Holtzman, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+immune+pathways+from+chronic+post-viral+lung+disease.">New immune pathways from chronic post-viral lung disease.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1183, 195-210 (2010).</li><li>Beduneau, A., Ma, Z., Grotepas, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facilitated+monocyte-macrophage+uptake+and+tissue+distribution+of+superparmagnetic+iron-oxide+nanoparticles.">Facilitated monocyte-macrophage uptake and tissue distribution of superparmagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles.</a> PLoS One. 4, e4343-e4343 (2009).</li><li>Dou, H., Grotepas, C. B., McMillan, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+delivery+of+nanoformulated+antiretroviral+drug+to+the+brain+in+a+murine+model+of+neuroAIDS.">Macrophage delivery of nanoformulated antiretroviral drug to the brain in a murine model of neuroAIDS.</a> J Immunol. 183, 661-669 (2009).</li><li>Liu, Y., Uberti, M. G., Dou, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ingress+of+blood-borne+macrophages+across+the+blood-brain+barrier+in+murine+HIV-1+encephalitis.">Ingress of blood-borne macrophages across the blood-brain barrier in murine HIV-1 encephalitis.</a> J Neuroimmunol. 200, 41-52 (2008).</li><li>Hetherington, H. P., Chu, W. J., Gonen, O., Pan, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robust+fully+automated+shimming+of+the+human+brain+for+high-field+1H+spectroscopic+imaging.">Robust fully automated shimming of the human brain for high-field 1H spectroscopic imaging.</a> Magn Reson Med. 56, 26-33 (2006).</li><li>Hasan, K. M., Parker, D. L., Alexander, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+gradient+encoding+schemes+for+diffusion-tensor+MRI.">Comparison of gradient encoding schemes for diffusion-tensor MRI.</a> J Magn Reson Imaging. 13, 769-780 (2001).</li><li>Hasan, K. M., Basser, P. J., Parker, D. L., Alexander, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analytical+computation+of+the+eigenvalues+and+eigenvectors+in+DT-MRI.">Analytical computation of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors in DT-MRI.</a> J Magn Reson. 152, 41-47 (2001).</li><li>Neeman, M., Freyer, J. P., Sillerud, L. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+for+obtaining+cross-term-free+images+for+diffusion+anisotropy+studies+in+NMR+microimaging.">A simple method for obtaining cross-term-free images for diffusion anisotropy studies in NMR microimaging.</a> Magn Reson Med. 21, 138-143 (1991).</li><li>Uberti, M. G., Boska, M. D., Liu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+semi-automatic+image+segmentation+method+for+extraction+of+brain+volume+from+in+vivo+mouse+head+magnetic+resonance+imaging+using+Constraint+Level+Sets.">A semi-automatic image segmentation method for extraction of brain volume from in vivo mouse head magnetic resonance imaging using Constraint Level Sets.</a> J of Neurosci Methods. 179, 338-344 (2009).</li><li>Liu, Y., Uberti, M. G., Dou, H., Mosley, R. L., Gendelman, H. E., Boska, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Image+Warping+Technique+for+Rodent+Brain+MRI-Histology+Registration+Based+On+Thin-Plate+Splines+with+Landmark+Optimization.">An Image Warping Technique for Rodent Brain MRI-Histology Registration Based On Thin-Plate Splines with Landmark Optimization.</a> Proc Soc Photo Opt Instrum Eng. 7259, 72592-K-72597-K (2009).</li><li>Uberti, M. G., Liu, Y., Dou, H., Mosley, R. L., Gendelman, H. E., Boska, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Registration+of+in+vivo+MR+to+histology+of+rodent+brains+using+blockface+imaging.">Registration of in vivo MR to histology of rodent brains using blockface imaging.</a> Proc Soc Photo Opt Instrum Eng. 7262, 726213-726213 (2009).</li><li>Basser, P. J., Mattiello, J., LeBihan, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimation+of+the+effective+self-diffusion+tensor+from+the+NMR+spin+echo.">Estimation of the effective self-diffusion tensor from the NMR spin echo.</a> J Magn Reson B. 103, 247-254 (1994).</li><li>Hasan, K. M., Narayana, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retrospective+measurement+of+the+diffusion+tensor+eigenvalues+from+diffusion+anisotropy+and+mean+diffusivity+in+DTI.">Retrospective measurement of the diffusion tensor eigenvalues from diffusion anisotropy and mean diffusivity in DTI.</a> Magn Reson Med. 56, 130-137 (2006).</li><li>Ratiney, H., Sdika, M., Coenradie, Y., Cavassila, S., Ormondt, D. v. a. n., Graveron-Demilly, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-domain+semi-parametric+estimation+based+on+a+metabolite+basis+set.">Time-domain semi-parametric estimation based on a metabolite basis set.</a> NMR Biomed. 18, 1-13 (2005).</li><li>Naressi, A., Couturier, C., Castang, I., Beer, R. d. e., Graveron-Demilly, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Java-based+graphical+user+interface+for+MRUI,+a+software+package+for+quantitation+of+in+vivo/medical+magnetic+resonance+spectroscopy+signals.">Java-based graphical user interface for MRUI, a software package for quantitation of in vivo/medical magnetic resonance spectroscopy signals.</a> Comput Biol Med. 31, 269-286 (2001).</li><li>Boska, L. e. w. i. s., Destache, T. B., J, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+1H+magnetic+resonance+spectroscopic+imaging+determines+therapeutic+immunization+efficacy+in+an+animal+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Quantitative 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging determines therapeutic immunization efficacy in an animal model of Parkinson's disease.</a> J Neurosci. 25, 1691-1700 (2005).</li><li>Mosley, R. L., Benner, E. J., Kadiu, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroinflammation,+Oxidative+Stress+and+the+Pathogenesis+of+Parkinson's+Disease.">Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress and the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease.</a> Clin Neurosci Res. 6, 261-281 (2006).</li><li>Nelson, J. A., Dou, H., Ellison, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coregistration+of+quantitative+proton+magnetic+resonance+spectroscopic+imaging+with+neuropathological+and+neurophysiological+analyses+defines+the+extent+of+neuronal+impairments+in+murine+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type-1+encephalitis.">Coregistration of quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging with neuropathological and neurophysiological analyses defines the extent of neuronal impairments in murine human immunodeficiency virus type-1 encephalitis.</a> J Neurosci Res. 80, 562-575 (2005).</li><li>Boska, H. a. s. a. n., Kibuule, K. M., D, . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+diffusion+tensor+imaging+detects+dopaminergic+neuronal+degeneration+in+a+murine+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Quantitative diffusion tensor imaging detects dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in a murine model of Parkinson's disease.</a> Neurobiol Dis. 26, 590-596 (2007).</li><li>Liu, W., Frank, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+and+quantification+of+magnetically+labeled+cells+by+cellular+MRI.">Detection and quantification of magnetically labeled cells by cellular MRI.</a> Eur J Radiol. 70, 258-264 (2009).</li><li>Balchandani, P., Yamada, M., Pauly, J., Yang, P., Spielman, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-refocused+spatial-spectral+pulse+for+positive+contrast+imaging+of+cells+labeled+with+SPIO+nanoparticles.">Self-refocused spatial-spectral pulse for positive contrast imaging of cells labeled with SPIO nanoparticles.</a> Magn Reson Med. 62, 183-192 (2009).</li><li>Stuber, M., Gilson, W. D., Schar, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positive+contrast+visualization+of+iron+oxide-labeled+stem+cells+using+inversion-recovery+with+ON-resonant+water+suppression+(IRON).">Positive contrast visualization of iron oxide-labeled stem cells using inversion-recovery with ON-resonant water suppression (IRON).</a> Magn Reson Med. 58, 1072-1077 (2007).</li><li>Suzuki, Y., Cunningham, C. H., Noguchi, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+serial+evaluation+of+superparamagnetic+iron-oxide+labeled+stem+cells+by+off-resonance+positive+contrast.">In vivo serial evaluation of superparamagnetic iron-oxide labeled stem cells by off-resonance positive contrast.</a> Magn Reson Med. 60, 1269-1275 (2008).</li><li>Kim, Y. B., Bae, K. H., Yoo, S. S., Park, T. G., H, P. a. r. k. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positive+contrast+visualization+for+cellular+magnetic+resonance+imaging+using+susceptibility-weighted+echo-time+encoding.">Positive contrast visualization for cellular magnetic resonance imaging using susceptibility-weighted echo-time encoding.</a> Magn Reson Imaging. 27, 601-610 (2009).</li><li>Zhou, R., Idiyatullin, D., Moeller, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SWIFT+detection+of+SPIO-labeled+stem+cells+grafted+in+the+myocardium.">SWIFT detection of SPIO-labeled stem cells grafted in the myocardium.</a> Magn Reson Med. 63, 1154-1161 .</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

生体内イメージングの結果と組織の正確な登録は、神経疾患の検出と病期分類のためのイメージングバイオマーカーの開発における重要なステップです。いくつかのイメージングメトリックは、白質疾患と癌の存在を検出するために使用される組織の磁気緩和特性の変化を含めて総形態学的変化と相関している可能性があります。このようなDTIなどの他のより微妙な方法は、、病気によって引き起こされる組織学的変化が疾患の後期になるまで表示されないように検出されない場合があります初期の細胞の変化を検出する可能性があります。このような分光マーカーなど、まだ​​他のマー​​カーは、さらに微妙な細胞の変化に先行する早期かつ可逆的変化の兆候かもしれません。 生体内分布は、種々の方法を用いて非侵襲的に決定することができます。主要な非侵襲的な方法は、陽電子放射断層撮影（PET）、シングルフォトンエミッションCT（SPECT）、光イメージング、およびMRIです。イメージング（PETおよびSPECT）に基づく核医学は、多くの生体内分布のために長年にわたって使用されている、しかしこれらの方法は、特にPETトレーサーのために、化合物やナノ材料のラベルに使わ放射性トレーサーの半減期によって制限されます。光イメージングは​​、小型のげっ歯類に使用することができますが、このような光吸収と光散乱による表面の腫瘍のように簡単にアクセス可能な地域を除いて人間の使用に翻訳することはできません。また、これらの同じ理由により、光信号を定量化することは困難である。 MRIは、数週間の期間にわたって体内で追跡することができるようSPIOなどの永続的なタグを使用しています。ラベルが別のセルに転送することができますまたは体内で再吸収されるので、これは、あまりにも、、注意して使用する必要があります。 MRIにおけるSPIOの検出特異性は、種々の方法によって提供することができる。正と負の信号を提供する検出方法は、組織におけるSPIOの存在を検出するためのMRIの特異性を向上させるために使用されています。本研究で使用したサブトラクション法は、同様に28日 、他のユーザーによって使用されています。他のアプローチは、共鳴の検出29-31、SPIOのボイド32、およびSPIO 33の領域での正の信号強度を生成するためにT1加重を使用してゼロエコー時間の画像の近くに特定のパターンを生成する位相敏感画像をオフに含まれています。ラベルの定量を改善するためのこれらの方法の進歩、感度と特異性は、アクティブな研究分野は、今日です。

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Isoflurane</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Medical Oxygen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Isoflurane vaporizer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Rodent gas anesthesia mask</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MRI compatible Stereotactic head holder</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Syringe</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Polyethylene catheter tubing</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Non-magnetic needle</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Eye lubricant</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Gauze</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tape</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Perfusion media</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>OCT compound for embedding tissue</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MRI system</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Digital Camera</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tissue Sectioning Cryostat</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

registered bioimaging of nanomaterials for diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring

Nanomedicationsは細網内皮系（RES、脾臓、肝臓、リンパ節）に血液を媒介と単球 - マクロファージによって行うことができ、臓器を終了する。後者は、肺、RES、および脳が含まれており、ヒト免疫不全ウイルスのいずれかを入力します（HIV - 1）感染時の手術です。組織へのマクロファージのエントリは、アクティブなHIV - 1複製や炎症の部位の分野で顕著である。ナノキャリアとしてのマクロファージの可能性を評価するためには、界面活性剤でコーティングされた超常磁性酸化鉄および/または薬剤を含んだ粒子が非経口HIV - 1脳炎マウスに注入した。これは、定量的に粒子と薬剤の生体内分布を評価するために行われました。磁気共鳴イメージング（MRI）検査の結果は、組織学的coregistrationと強化された画像処理によって検証された。変更された脳の組織学に代表されるようなエンドの臓器の疾患は、MRIにより評価した。限局性脳炎​​の分野にnanoformulationsの堅牢な移行のデモンストレーションは、&quot;マクロファージの遊走を監視する高度なバイオイメージング技術の使用のための&quot;概念実証&quot;を提供します。重要なことは、脳の病理組織学的異常は、実現可能な疾患の細胞の分布の研究ではMRIの一般的なユーティリティを作成するバイオイメージングのパラメータと相関する。このような方法を用いてヒトへの翻訳可能性のある疾患の負担と治療効果のリアルタイムのインデックスを提供できることを我々は仮定。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Registered Bioimaging of Nanomaterials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Monitoring at JoVE.com

Registered Bioimaging of Nanomaterials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Monitoring

ナノ粒子の細胞の生体内分布を評価するために使用されるバイオイメージングの方法はnanoformulated化合物の治療と診断監視に適用できます。本明細書に記載の方法は、組織学的coregistrationで評価した場合、感度と特異性です。方法論は、げっ歯類から人間のアプリケーションへの翻訳経路を提供しています。

診断と治療モニタリングのためのナノ材料の登録バイオイメージング

Nanomedications can be carried by blood borne monocyte-macrophages into the reticuloendothelial system (RES; spleen, liver, lymph nodes) and to end ...

registered-bioimaging-nanomaterials-for-diagnostic-therapeutic

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

10.3K ビュー.  University of Nebraska Medical Center. ナノ粒子の細胞の生体内分布を評価するために使用されるバイオイメージングの方法はnanoformulated化合物の治療と診断監視に適用できます。本明細書に記載の方法は、組織学的coregistrationで評価した場合、感度と特異性です。方法論は、げっ歯類から人間のアプリケーションへの翻訳経路を提供しています。

ビデオ: Registered Bioimaging of Nanomaterials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Monitoring

Low Molecular Weight Protein Enrichment on Mesoporous Silica Thin Films for Biomarker Discovery

The identification of circulating biomarkers holds great potential for non invasive approaches in early diagnosis and prognosis, as well as for the monitoring of therapeutic efficiency.1-3 The circulating low molecular weight proteome (LMWP) composed of small proteins shed from tissues and cells or peptide fragments derived from the proteolytic degradation of larger proteins, has been associated with the pathological condition in patients and likely reflects the state of disease.4,5 Despite these potential clinical applications, the use of Mass Spectrometry (MS) to profile the LMWP from biological fluids has proven to be very challenging due to the large dynamic range of protein and peptide concentrations in serum.6 Without sample pre-treatment, some of the more highly abundant proteins obscure the detection of low-abundance species in serum/plasma. Current proteomic-based approaches, such as two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and shotgun proteomics methods are labor-intensive, low throughput and offer limited suitability for clinical applications.7-9 Therefore, a more effective strategy is needed to isolate LMWP from blood and allow the high throughput screening of clinical samples. 
Here, we present a fast, efficient and reliable multi-fractionation system based on mesoporous silica chips to specifically target and enrich LMWP.10,11 Mesoporous silica (MPS) thin films with tunable features at the nanoscale were fabricated using the triblock copolymer template pathway. Using different polymer templates and polymer concentrations in the precursor solution, various pore size distributions, pore structures, connectivity and surface properties were determined and applied for selective recovery of low mass proteins. The selective parsing of the enriched peptides into different subclasses according to their physicochemical properties will enhance the efficiency of recovery and detection of low abundance species. In combination with mass spectrometry and statistic analysis, we demonstrated the correlation between the nanophase characteristics of the mesoporous silica thin films and the specificity and efficacy of low mass proteome harvesting. The results presented herein reveal the potential of the nanotechnology-based technology to provide a powerful alternative to conventional methods for LMWP harvesting from complex biological fluids. Because of the ability to tune the material properties, the capability for low-cost production, the simplicity and rapidity of sample collection, and the greatly reduced sample requirements for analysis, this novel nanotechnology will substantially impact the field of proteomic biomarker research and clinical proteomic assessment.

We developed a technology based on mesoporous silica thin film for the selective recovery of low molecular weight proteins and peptides from human serum. The physico-chemical properties of our mesoporous chips were finely tuned to provide substantial control in peptide enrichment and consequently profile the serum proteome for diagnostic purposes.

バイオマーカー探索のためのメソポーラスシリカ薄膜の低分子量蛋白質の濃縮

The identification of circulating biomarkers holds great potential for non invasive approaches in early diagnosis and prognosis, as well as for the ...

生物工学

Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing

The development of a minimally invasive multiplexed monitoring system for rapid analysis of biologically-relevant molecules could offer individuals suffering from chronic medical conditions facile assessment of their immediate physiological state. Furthermore, it could serve as a research tool for analysis of complex, multifactorial medical conditions. In order for such a multianalyte sensor to be realized, it must be minimally invasive, sampling of interstitial fluid must occur without pain or harm to the user, and analysis must be rapid as well as selective.
Initially developed for pain-free drug delivery, microneedles have been used to deliver vaccines and pharmacologic agents (e.g., insulin) through the skin.1-2 Since these devices access the interstitial space, microneedles that are integrated with microelectrodes can be used as transdermal electrochemical sensors. Selective detection of glucose, glutamate, lactate, hydrogen peroxide, and ascorbic acid has been demonstrated using integrated microneedle-electrode devices with carbon fibers, modified carbon pastes, and platinum-coated polymer microneedles serving as transducing elements.3-7,8
This microneedle sensor technology has enabled a novel and sophisticated analytical approach for in situ and simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. Multiplexing offers the possibility of monitoring complex microenvironments, which are otherwise difficult to characterize in a rapid and minimally invasive manner. For example, this technology could be utilized for simultaneous monitoring of extracellular levels of, glucose, lactate and pH,9 which are important metabolic indicators of disease states7,10-14 (e.g., cancer proliferation) and exercise-induced acidosis.15

This article details the construction of a multiplexed microneedle-based sensor. The device is being developed for in situ sampling and electrochemical analysis of multiple analytes in a rapid and selective manner. We envision clinical medicine and biomedical research uses for these microneedle-based sensors.

多重経皮電気化学センシングのための中空マイクロニードルベースの​​センサ

The development of a minimally invasive multiplexed monitoring system for rapid analysis of biologically-relevant molecules could offer individuals ...

Mass Cytometry: Protocol for Daily Tuning and Running Cell Samples on a CyTOF Mass Cytometer

In recent years, the rapid analysis of single cells has commonly been performed using flow cytometry and fluorescently-labeled antibodies. However, the issue of spectral overlap of fluorophore emissions has limited the number of simultaneous probes. In contrast, the new CyTOF mass cytometer by DVS Sciences couples a liquid single-cell introduction system to an ICP-MS.1 Rather than fluorophores, chelating polymers containing highly-enriched metal isotopes are coupled to antibodies or other specific probes.2-5 Because of the metal purity and mass resolution of the mass cytometer, there is no "spectral overlap" from neighboring isotopes, and therefore no need for compensation matrices. Additionally, due to the use of lanthanide metals, there is no biological background and therefore no equivalent of autofluorescence. With a mass window spanning atomic mass 103-203, theoretically up to 100 labels could be distinguished simultaneously. Currently, more than 35 channels are available using the chelating reagents available from DVS Sciences, allowing unprecedented dissection of the immunological profile of samples.6-7
Disadvantages to mass cytometry include the strict requirement for a separate metal isotope per probe (no equivalent of forward or side scatter), and the fact that it is a destructive technique (no possibility of sorting recovery). The current configuration of the mass cytometer also has a cell transmission rate of only ~25%, thus requiring a higher input number of cells.
Optimal daily performance of the mass cytometer requires several steps. The basic goal of the optimization is to maximize the measured signal intensity of the desired metal isotopes (M) while minimizing the formation of oxides (M+16) that will decrease the M signal intensity and interfere with any desired signal at M+16. The first step is to warm up the machine so a hot, stable ICP plasma has been established. Second, the settings for current and make-up gas flow rate must be optimized on a daily basis. During sample collection, the maximum cell event rate is limited by detector efficiency and processing speed to 1000 cells/sec. However, depending on the sample quality, a slower cell event rate (300-500 cells/sec) is usually desirable to allow better resolution between cells events and thus maximize intact singlets over doublets and debris. Finally, adequate cleaning of the machine at the end of the day helps minimize background signal due to free metal.

The steps necessary for daily tuning and optimization of the performance of a CyTOF mass cytometer are described. Comments on optimal sample preparation and flow rate are discussed

ミササイトメトリー：CyTOFマスメーターで毎日のチューニングと実行した細胞サンプルのためのプロトコル

In recent years, the rapid analysis of single cells has commonly been performed using flow cytometry and fluorescently-labeled antibodies. However, the ...

Determination of the Transport Rate of Xenobiotics and Nanomaterials Across the Placenta using the ex vivo Human Placental Perfusion Model

Decades ago the human placenta was thought to be an impenetrable barrier between mother and unborn child. However, the discovery of thalidomide-induced birth defects and many later studies afterwards proved the opposite. Today several harmful xenobiotics like nicotine, heroin, methadone or drugs as well as environmental pollutants were described to overcome this barrier. With the growing use of nanotechnology, the placenta is likely to come into contact with novel nanoparticles either accidentally through exposure or intentionally in the case of potential nanomedical applications. Data from animal experiments cannot be extrapolated to humans because the placenta is the most species-specific mammalian organ 1. Therefore, the ex vivo dual recirculating human placental perfusion, developed by Panigel et al. in 1967 2 and continuously modified by Schneider et al. in 1972 3, can serve as an excellent model to study the transfer of xenobiotics or particles.
Here, we focus on the ex vivo dual recirculating human placental perfusion protocol and its further development to acquire reproducible results.
The placentae were obtained after informed consent of the mothers from uncomplicated term pregnancies undergoing caesarean delivery. The fetal and maternal vessels of an intact cotyledon were cannulated and perfused at least for five hours. As a model particle fluorescently labelled polystyrene particles with sizes of 80 and 500 nm in diameter were added to the maternal circuit. The 80 nm particles were able to cross the placental barrier and provide a perfect example for a substance which is transferred across the placenta to the fetus while the 500 nm particles were retained in the placental tissue or maternal circuit. The ex vivo human placental perfusion model is one of few models providing reliable information about the transport behavior of xenobiotics at an important tissue barrier which delivers predictive and clinical relevant data.

Determination of the Transport Rate of Xenobiotics and Nanomaterials Across the Placenta using the ex vivo Human Placental Perfusion Model

The ex vivo dual recirculating human placental perfusion model can be used to investigate the transfer of xenobiotics and nanoparticles across the human placenta. In this video protocol we describe the equipment and techniques required for a successful execution of a placenta perfusion.

使用プラ​​センタアクロス異物およびナノ材料の輸送速度の決定<em&gt; ex vivoで</em&gt;ヒト胎盤灌流モデル

Decades ago the human placenta was thought to be an impenetrable barrier between mother and unborn child. However, the discovery of thalidomide-induced ...

Rapid and Low-cost Prototyping of Medical Devices Using 3D Printed Molds for Liquid Injection Molding

Biologically inert elastomers such as silicone are favorable materials for medical device fabrication, but forming and curing these elastomers using traditional liquid injection molding processes can be an expensive process due to tooling and equipment costs. As a result, it has traditionally been impractical to use liquid injection molding for low-cost, rapid prototyping applications. We have devised a method for rapid and low-cost production of liquid elastomer injection molded devices that utilizes fused deposition modeling 3D printers for mold design and a modified desiccator as an injection system. Low costs and rapid turnaround time in this technique lower the barrier to iteratively designing and prototyping complex elastomer devices. Furthermore, CAD models developed in this process can be later adapted for metal mold tooling design, enabling an easy transition to a traditional injection molding process. We have used this technique to manufacture intravaginal probes involving complex geometries, as well as overmolding over metal parts, using tools commonly available within an academic research laboratory. However, this technique can be easily adapted to create liquid injection molded devices for many other applications.

We have devised a method for low-cost and rapid prototyping of liquid elastomer rubber injection molded devices by using fused deposition modeling 3D printers for mold design and a modified desiccator as a liquid injection system.

液体射出成形用の3Dプリント金型を用いた医療機器を迅速かつ低コストプロトタイピング

Biologically inert elastomers such as silicone are favorable materials for medical device fabrication, but forming and curing these elastomers using ...

Multicolor Fluorescence Detection for Droplet Microfluidics Using Optical Fibers

Fluorescence assays are the most common readouts used in droplet microfluidics due to their bright signals and fast time response. Applications such as multiplex assays, enzyme evolution, and molecular biology enhanced cell sorting require the detection of two or more colors of fluorescence. Standard multicolor detection systems that couple free space lasers to epifluorescence microscopes are bulky, expensive, and difficult to maintain. In this paper, we describe a scheme to perform multicolor detection by exciting discrete regions of a microfluidic channel with lasers coupled to optical fibers. Emitted light is collected by an optical fiber coupled to a single photodetector. Because the excitation occurs at different spatial locations, the identity of emitted light can be encoded as a temporal shift, eliminating the need for more complicated light filtering schemes. The system has been used to detect droplet populations containing four unique combinations of dyes and to detect sub-nanomolar concentrations of fluorescein.

Multicolor fluorescence detection in droplet microfluidics typically involves bulky and complex epifluorescence microscope-based detection systems. Here we describe a compact and modular multicolor detection scheme that utilizes an array of optical fibers to temporally encode multicolor data collected by a single photodetector.

光ファイバを用いて、液滴マイクロフルイディクスのための多色蛍光検出

Fluorescence assays are the most common readouts used in droplet microfluidics due to their bright signals and fast time response. Applications such as ...

Synthesis of Cationized Magnetoferritin for Ultra-fast Magnetization of Cells

Many important biomedical applications, such as cell imaging and remote manipulation, can be achieved by labeling cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). Achieving sufficient cellular uptake of SPIONs is a challenge that has traditionally been met by exposing cells to elevated concentrations of SPIONs or by prolonging exposure times (up to 72 hr). However, these strategies are likely to mediate toxicity. Here, we present the synthesis of the protein-based SPION magnetoferritin as well as a facile surface functionalization protocol that enables rapid cell magnetization using low exposure concentrations. The SPION core of magnetoferritin consists of cobalt-doped iron oxide with an average particle diameter of 8.2 nm mineralized inside the cavity of horse spleen apo-ferritin. Chemical cationization of magnetoferritin produced a novel, highly membrane-active SPION that magnetized human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) using incubation times as short as one minute and iron concentrations as lows as 0.2 mM.

A protocol for the synthesis and cationization of cobalt-doped magnetoferritin is presented, as well as a method to rapidly magnetize stem cells with cationized magnetoferritin.

細胞の超高速磁化のためのカチオン化Magnetoferritinの合成

Many important biomedical applications, such as cell imaging and remote manipulation, can be achieved by labeling cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide ...

Synthesis of Infectious Bacteriophages in an E. coli-based Cell-free Expression System

A new generation of cell-free transcription-translation (TXTL) systems, engineered to have a greater versatility and modularity, provide novel capabilities to perform basic and applied sciences in test tube reactions. Over the past decade, cell-free TXTL has become a powerful technique for a broad range of novel multidisciplinary research areas related to quantitative and synthetic biology. The new TXTL platforms are particularly useful to construct and interrogate biochemical systems through the execution of synthetic or natural gene circuits. In vitro TXTL has proven convenient to rapidly prototype regulatory elements and biological networks as well as to recapitulate molecular self-assembly mechanisms found in living systems. In this article, we describe how infectious bacteriophages, such as MS2 (RNA), &#934;&#935;174 (ssDNA), and T7 (dsDNA), are entirely synthesized from their genome in one-pot reactions using an all Escherichia coli, cell-free TXTL system. Synthesis of the three coliphages is quantified using the plaque assay. We show how the yield of synthesized phage depends on the biochemical settings of the reactions. Molecular crowding, emulated through a controlled concentration of PEG 8000, affects the amount of synthesized phages by orders of magnitudes. We also describe how to amplify the phages and how to purify their genomes. The set of protocols and results presented in this work should be of interest to multidisciplinary researchers involved in cell-free synthetic biology and bioengineering.

Synthesis of Infectious Bacteriophages in an E. coli-based Cell-free Expression System

A new generation of cell-free transcription-translation platforms has been engineered to construct biochemical systems in vitro through the execution of gene circuits. In this article, we describe how bacteriophages, such as MS2, &#934;&#935;174, and T7, are synthesized from their genome using an all E. coli cell-free TXTL system.

大腸菌の伝染性のバクテリオファージの合成による無細胞発現系

A new generation of cell-free transcription-translation (TXTL) systems, engineered to have a greater versatility and modularity, provide novel ...

An Ultrahigh-throughput Microfluidic Platform for Single-cell Genome Sequencing

Sequencing technologies have undergone a paradigm shift from bulk to single-cell resolution in response to an evolving understanding of the role of cellular heterogeneity in biological systems. However, single-cell sequencing of large populations has been hampered by limitations in processing genomes for sequencing. In this paper, we describe a method for single-cell genome sequencing (SiC-seq) which uses droplet microfluidics to isolate, amplify, and barcode the genomes of single cells. Cell encapsulation in microgels allows the compartmentalized purification and tagmentation of DNA, while a microfluidic merger efficiently pairs each genome with a unique single-cell oligonucleotide barcode, allowing &gt;50,000 single cells to be sequenced per run. The sequencing data is demultiplexed by barcode, generating groups of reads originating from single cells. As a high-throughput and low-bias method of single-cell sequencing, SiC-seq will enable a broader range of genomic studies targeted at diverse cell populations.

Single-cell sequencing reveals genotypic heterogeneity in biological systems, but current technologies lack the throughput necessary for the deep profiling of community composition and function. Here, we describe a microfluidic workflow for sequencing &gt;50,000 single-cell genomes from diverse cell populations.

単一細胞のゲノムの配列のための超高スループット マイクロ流体プラットフォーム

Sequencing technologies have undergone a paradigm shift from bulk to single-cell resolution in response to an evolving understanding of the role of ...

Human Neural Organoids for Studying Brain Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases

The lack of relevant in vitro neural models is an important obstacle on medical progress for neuropathologies. Establishment of relevant cellular models is crucial both to better understand the pathological mechanisms of these diseases and identify new therapeutic targets and strategies. To be pertinent, an in vitro model must reproduce the pathological features of a human disease. However, in the context of neurodegenerative disease, a relevant in vitro model should provide neural cell replacement as a valuable therapeutic opportunity. 
Such a model would not only allow screening of therapeutic molecules but also can be used to optimize neural protocol differentiation [for example, in the context of transplantation in Parkinson's disease (PD)]. This study describes two in vitro protocols of 1) human glioblastoma development within a human neural organoids (NO) and 2) neuron dopaminergic (DA) differentiation generating a three-dimensional (3D) organoid. For this purpose, a well-standardized protocol was established that allows the production of size-calibrated neurospheres derived from human embryonic stem cell (hESC) differentiation. The first model can be used to reveal molecular and cellular events occurring during in glioblastoma development within the neural organoid, while the DA organoid not only represents a suitable source of DA neurons for cell therapy in Parkinson's disease but also can be used for drug testing.

This study introduces and describes protocols to derive two specific human neural organoids&#160;as a relevant and accurate model for studying 1) human glioblastoma development within human neural organoids exclusively in humans and 2) neuron dopaminergic differentiation generating a three-dimensional organoid.

脳癌と神経変性疾患を研究するためのヒト神経オルガノイド

The lack of relevant in vitro neural models is an important obstacle on medical progress for neuropathologies. Establishment of relevant cellular models ...